Utvecklingen av digital vård sker i en snabb takt vilket bland annat informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) och Covid-19 pandemin tillsammans ligger till grund för. Litteratur inom området lyfter att digital vård ökar arbetsbelastningen inom vården då det bland annat sätter högre krav på vårdpersonals tekniska kunskap och medicinska bedömning. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om vårdpersonals upplevelser av användningen av videosamtal i digitala patientmöten. Vi har använt en kvalitativ forskningsansats grundad i litteratur som behandlar digital vård där åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med legitimerad vårdpersonal genomförts. I analysen av dessa åtta intervjuer framkom det fyra teman med tillhörande subteman, nämligen flexibilitet (individanpassad vård och digifysiskt arbetssätt), tillgänglighet (jämlik vård och tidsschema), effektivitet (arbetsbelastning och tid & rum) och teknik (personlig inställning, användning av systemen och digital kvalitet). De fyra temana har delats in i tre kategorier av upplevelser: moraliskt ansvar, dynamisk tidsbalans och mottaglighet. Slutsatsen som denna studie drar är att vårdpersonal inte upplever att fysisk eller digital vård är optimal som solitär, utan att digifysisk vård är det mest gynnsamma alternativet för samhället i stort. Det vill säga för såväl individ i form av både patient och vårdpersonal som för organisationer. Studien bidrar därför med kunskapen om att digital och fysisk vård kompletterar varandra och att systemen bör sammanflätas för att en sådan kombination skulle vara optimal. / The development of digital healthcare is happening at a rapid pace which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) along with the Covid-19 pandemic is the main reason for. Existing literature highlights that digital care increases the workload within health care because the demand and requirements on the healthcare workers technical knowledge and medical assessment is elevated. The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge of health care workers experiences in the use of video consultations in digital healthcare. This was done through a qualitative research approach based on existing litteratur where eight semi structured interviews with legitimised healthcare workers were performed. The analysis of the interviews resulted in four themes with sub themes, which were flexibility (individualised care and digiphysic work method), accessibility (equal care and time schedule), efficiency (workload and time & space) and technology (personal attitude, use of systems and digital quality). The themes have been categorised into three categories of experiences: moral responsibility, dynamic time balance and receptiveness. In conclusion the health care workers do not experience either physical care or digital care to be optimal individually, but that a combination of the two would be the most favourable alternative for society as a whole. That is, for both the individual in the form of both patient and health care workers as well as health organisations. The study therefore contributes with the knowledge that digital and physical care complements each other and that the systems should be intertwined for such a combination to be possible and optimised.

Aktiebolag är en av de vanligaste bolagsformerna och förekommer i två skilda former, publika och privata. Vid uppstart av ett aktiebolag, oavsett form, krävs ett aktiekapital, men det som skiljer dem åt är dess storlek. För att starta ett privat aktiebolag krävs idag ett aktiekapital på 25 000 kr, vilket ändrades från 50 000 kr den 1 januari 2020 som följd av att förslaget Ds 2019:6 fick genomslagskraft. Förslaget sändes ut till ett antal utvalda instanser som Justitiedepartementet ville erhålla synpunkter från. Samtidigt hade övriga allmänheten också möjlighet att inkomma med synpunkter, utan att det blivit tillfrågade. Responsen till förslaget Ds 2019:6 utgjordes av totalt 47 remissvar från olika instanser.  Problemdiskussionen i studien indikerar på att det råder delad mening angående aktiekapitalets storlek och funktion. Detta leder fram till studiens syfte, att undersöka intressenternas attityder, utifrån inkomna remissvar, gällande lagändringen av aktiekapitalets sänkning från 50 000 kr till 25 000 kr för privata aktiebolag. Utöver detta syftar studien även till att undersöka om intressenternas attityder har haft en påverkan på beslutet att sänka aktiekapitalet. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys valts, då huvudmomentet i studien består av att analysera de inkomna remissvaren gällande förslaget Ds 2019:6. I studien har även en abduktiv forskningsansats valts, då en ren induktiv ansats eller en ren deduktiv ansats inte anses vara aktuell. Studien omfattar ett totalurval på 47 instanser, då samtliga remissvar har bearbetats, vilket utgör studiens empiri och ligger till grund för studiens analys.  De instanser som utgör studiens empiri har delats in i olika intressentkategorier utifrån en modifierad intressentmodell. Kategorierna som förekommer i studien är följande: myndigheter, lärosäten, ideella föreningar, domstolar, branschorganisationer och företagsfrämjande organisationer. Utifrån intressentkategorierna presenteras instansernas initiala inställning samt en redogörelse av remissvaren, där det skapas en uppfattning att instanserna har relativt liknande synpunkter. Till följd av studiens analys dras slutsatserna att det är svårt att generalisera den allmänna attityden samt att instanserna inte har haft en större påverkan än vad den initiala inställningen indikerat på gällande attityden till förslaget Ds 2019:6. / Limited companies are one of the most common forms of company and occur in two different forms, public and private. When starting a limited company, regardless of form, a share capital is required, but what distinguishes them is its size. To start a private limited company, a share capital of SEK 25,000 is required today, which was changed from SEK 50,000 on January 1st, 2020 as a result of the impact of proposal Ds 2019:6. The proposal was sent out to a number of selected instances from which the Justitiedepartementet wanted to receive comments. At the same time, the rest of the public also had the opportunity to submit comments, without being asked. The response to the proposal Ds 2019: 6 consisted of a total of 47 consultation responses from various instances.  The problem discussion in the study indicates that there is a divided opinion regarding the size and function of the share capital. This leads to the purpose of the study, to examine the stakeholders' attitudes, based on comments received, regarding the law change of the share capital reduction from SEK 50,000 to SEK 25,000 for private limited companies. In addition to this, the study also aims to investigate whether the stakeholders' attitudes have had an impact on the decision to reduce the share capital. To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative content analysis has been chosen, as the main part of the study consists of analyzing the comments received regarding the proposal Ds 2019:6. In the study, an abductive research approach has also been chosen, as a pure inductive approach or a pure deductive approach is not considered relevant. The study comprises a total sample of 47 instances, as all consultation responses have been processed, which constitutes the study's empirical data and forms the basis for the study's analysis.  The instances that make up the study's empirical data have been divided into different stakeholder categories based on a modified stakeholder model. The categories that appear in the study are the following: authorities, universities, non-profit associations, courts, industry associations and business promotion organizations. Based on the stakeholder categories, the instances' initial attitude is presented, as well as an account of the consultation responses, where an opinion is created that the instances have relatively similar views. As a result of the study's analysis, the conclusions are drawn that it is difficult to generalize the general attitude and that the instances have not had a greater impact than what the initial attitude indicated on the current attitude to the proposal Ds 2019: 6.

Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Introduction: The provision of quality nutrition care services is needed to address the national burden of diseases, and to reduce under- and overnutrition in South Africa. Globally, there is a lack of information and data about the perceptions, experience of, and satisfaction with the quality of nutrition care services, both from patients and dietitians. Patients and dietitians are in the best position to provide useful information pertaining to their perception and experience of nutrition care service delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of patients and dietitians on the quality of nutrition care service delivery in the Klipfontein/Mitchells Plain Sub-Structure (KMPSS). Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study design employed a mixed method approach. All patients consulted by the dietitians on the dates of data collection were conveniently sampled (n=120) across three Primary Health Care facilities in KMPSS (Hanover Park Community Health Centre (CHC), Mitchells Plain CHC and Heideveld Community Day Centre (CDC)) for participation in the quantitative component of the study. An interview-administered survey was used to gather information about patients’ perceptions and experiences of nutrition care services. For the qualitative component, an all-inclusive sample of the four dietitians’ employed in KMPSS participated in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The FGD included open-endAnalysis: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to generate descriptive statistics for the quantitative data. Thematic analysis was used for the transcriptions of the FGD audio-recordings. The themes and sub-themes was identified through summaries and key findings on the perceptions of the quality of nutrition care service delivery through views and opinions.ed questions developed by the researcher to explore the perceptions of the dietitians on the quality of nutrition care service delivery. Results: The quantitative results found that participants strongly agreed with positive statements regarding the dietitians’ interpersonal skills, manner in which they presented themselves, and communicating health information. Nearly 80% of the participants perceived dietitians as being well presented, courteous, friendly, and polite, created a comfortable environment and were always on time for their appointments. Eighty percent (80%) of the participants were also satisfied with the nutrition care services provided by the dietitians in KMPSS. The qualitative findings revealed that the dietitians’ had both negative and positive perceptions of the nutrition care service delivered within KMPSS. The dietitians’ expressed the need to improve the quality of nutrition care through management making and availability of necessary resources. This would enhance their work performance, communication and leadership skills. Conclusion: The key results and findings of this study concur with other research that has been done within the dietetics profession. There is a need to promote quality nutrition care in dietetics by utilizing perceptions and experiences of patients and dietitians. It is imperative for continuous quality improvement initiatives in nutrition care to improve patient health outcomes in South Africa.

This prospective descriptive study describes the referral patterns to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. The study was conducted from 1st July to 31st December 1987 and entailed the collection of all referral letters presented (9288) to the hospital and the analysis of a sample of these letters (4702). The results indicated: * The patients are similar in terms of age and sex to those attending the Outpatients Department except that relatively fewer referred patients are Black. * The private sector, i.e. general practitioners, is the largest referral agency followed by Day Hospitals. * Most patients were ref erred to the Outpatients Department without an appointment. * Of the specialist clinics, the surgical clinics, i.e. Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat Clinics, were utilised the most. * The majority of patients (84,90%) were not admitted. * The contact made by the hospital with referral agents was poor (only in 30,30%). * The quality of information in referral letters was generally poor and did not contribute to patient care. Recommendations are made to the hospital and relevant health authorities.

No description available.

Utvecklingen av digitala kontaktvägar har ökat inom primärvården i Sverige. Detta har lett till att antalet digitala vårdbesök har stigit där fler vårdgivare erbjuder möjligheten för patienter att söka vård digitalt. Telemedicin, medicinsk vård på distans, ökade under Covid-19-pandemin och har visat sig kan hjälpa med förkortning av vårdköer och minska spridning av virus, vilket kan minska belastningen på vården. Samtidigt visar forskning att kommunikation mellan patient och vårdpersonal försvåras vid videosamtal samt att videosamtal kan försvåra diagnossättning för vårdpersonal. Denna studie syftar till att genom åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med svenska allmänläkare vidare utforska deras upplevelser och attityder av hur digitala vårdbesök påverkar mötet och relationsbyggandet mellan läkare och patient samt hur det påverkar allmänläkares möjligheter till diagnossättning och upprätthållande av patientsekretess. Resultatet av de transkriberade intervjuerna visar att digitala patientmöten inte kan mäta sig med fysiska när läkare ska bygga en relation med nya patienter samt att fysiska patientmöten ger läkare mest information att använda sig av vid diagnossättning. Det framgår även att läkare upplever att de kan hantera och upprätthålla patientsekretessen vid digitala vårdbesök lika bra som vid fysiska vårdbesök och att den tillgänglighet som digitala patientmöten erbjuder kan användas som komplement till traditionella, fysiska möten. / The development of digital contact routes has increased within primary healthcare in Sweden. This has led to an increase in the number of digital healthcare visits, where more healthcare providers offer the opportunity for patients to seek healthcare digitally. Telemedicine, the provision of remote clinical services, increased during the Covid-19 pandemic and has been shown to help shorten healthcare waiting time and reduce the spread of viruses, which can reduce the burden on healthcare. Simultaneously, research shows that communication between patient and healthcare staff is made more difficult during video calls and that video calls can make diagnosis difficult for healthcare staff. This study aims to, through eight semi-structured interviews with Swedish general practitioners, further explore their experiences and attitudes of how digital healthcare visits affect the meeting and relationship building between doctor and patient, as well as how it affects general practitioners' opportunities for diagnosis and maintaining patient confidentiality. The results of the transcribed interviews show that digital patient meetings cannot measure up to physical ones when doctors have to build a relationship with new patients and that physical patient meetings give doctors the most information to use when making a diagnosis. It also appears that doctors feel that they can manage and maintain patient confidentiality during digital healthcare visits as well as during physical healthcare visits and that the accessibility that digital patient meetings offer can be used as a supplement to traditional, physical meetings.

”Att inte se varandra någonsin, det är det som är det farliga för ett samhälle” –  (efter Per Svensson, Expressens dåvarande kulturredaktör, 2006)1 Staden uppfattas av de flesta som en tät bebyggelse med strukturer och former som skapar den miljö många av oss lever i idag. Grunden till att staden är så populär och befolkad beror på att vi vill vara närvarande där saker och ting sker. Det är det mänskliga myllret i stadens centrum som lockar, där det pågående samspelet mellan liv och form utspelar sig. Trots detta är det en fortsatt utmaning hur vi ska uppnå drömbilden vi bär inom oss av staden som socialt fenomen.  Enligt flera arkitektur- och samhällsteorier har arkitekturen en betydande roll både estetiskt och planeringsmässigt att erbjuda den livfullhet och ömsesidig respekt som får staden att fungera som ett hållbart samhälle. Däremot är det inte arkitekterna som står ensamma för stadens design. Det fordras gott samarbete och tydlig kommunikation mellan flera yrkesdiscipliner som medverkar inom stadsplanering. Samtidigt ska också medborgarnas åsikter inkluderas och utlovas aktivt deltagande i processer som berör deras livsmiljö.  Avsikten med denna forskningsstudie är att undersöka definitionen av begreppet social hållbarhet när det är kopplat till arkitektur och stadsplanering. I all utveckling av städer och samhällen ska de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna social, ekonomisk och ekologisk värderas lika. Det finns en ovisshet om den sociala dimensionens roll i de fysiska planeringsprocesser som sker i Sverige. Anledningen är att begreppet blir aktivt i flera kunskapsområden och berör många kompetenser som behöver kommunicera och samarbeta på ett effektivt sätt.  Forskningsarbetet har utförts under våren 2022. Inom arbetet har tre pågående stadsutvecklingsprojekt i Skåne studerats. Genom läsning av kommunernas olika styrdokument tillsammans med databassökningar och litteratur skapades ett teoretiskt ramverk. Det resulterade i en förklaring av social hållbarhet vars aspekter använts som analysverktyg i arbetet. Platsbesök gjordes och intervjuer hölls med projektansvariga i de olika fallen, samt en utomstående kulturstrateg. Slutligen sammanställdes en enkät till studerande inom arkitektur och stadsplanering vid Malmö Universitet för att erhålla deras förklaring av begreppet.  I resultatet framkommer att förklaringen av begreppet social hållbarhet kan försåts genom nyckelorden från analysverktyget. Däremot finns ingen uttalad och entydig definition som används i stadsplaneringen avseende arkitekturens och stadsbyggnadens roll för en bättre gestaltad livsmiljö. Svaret ligger troligen i att det är svårt att mäta sociala värden. Det skapar dilemma med att tillsätta lämplig kompetens med nyanserat perspektiv på människan och staden.  Staden behöver arkitektur som är närvarande och relationsskapande, vilket innebär rum som gestaltas i human skala som människor uppfattar som gemensam. En socialt hållbar arkitektur handlar om upplevelser, känslor, personliga erfarenheter och relationer som inte går att mäta med siffror likt ekonomi och ekologi. Det förutsätter att vi utvecklar nya metoder som på ett respektfullt sätt kan förstå och utvärdera humana uppfattningar. Arbetet med att gestalta socialt hållbara städer är ingen lätt uppgift som kommer med färdiga lösningar. Det innebär att frångå det fyrkantiga tänkandet för att nyfiket upptäcka nya idéer genom olika samarbeten. Nyckelord: Social hållbarhet, arkitektur, stadsplanering, samråd, politik 1 Per Svensson fungerade som inspiratör i planarbetet för Vision Norra Sorgenfri och citeras i en rapport om visionsarbetet (Malmö Stad, 2006). / ”Never be able to see each other, that’s what’s the most dangerous to a society”  (Per Svensson, 2006)2 The city is most often perceived as dense settlements with structures and forms that shapes the environment in which many of us live today. The reason for why the city is so popular and densely populated is our will to be present where things happen. It is the human life that attracts, this continuous exchange between life and living that takes place in the city’s central crowds. Still, it seems to be a continuing challenge in how to achieve the dreamt image that we have of the city as a social phenomenon. According to several architectural and social theories, architecture plays a significant role both aesthetically and in terms of physical planning to offer the liveliness and mutual respect that makes the city into sustainable society. On the other hand, it is not the architects alone who bear the responsibility for the city’s shape. It requires good cooperation and communication between several different professions that are involved in urban planning. In a similar manner, the citizens must be included in the process and promised an active participation in designing their living environment.  The purpose of this research is to explore the meaning of the concept social sustainability in relation to architecture and urban planning. In all development processes of cities there must be a equal valuation of the tree dimensions of social, economic and ecological sustainability. There is an uncertainty about the implication of the social dimension in sustainable planning processes in Sweden. One reason is that it is an overlapping concept that extends over several topics and affects many competencies that need to communicate and collaborate effectively.  This research study focused on three ongoing urban development projects in Skåne in southern Sweden. By reading the municipalities’ governing documents together with database searches and literature, a theoretical framework was created. This resulted in an explanation of social sustainability, created by aspects with were used analytical throughout the work. Site visits were made and project managers and a cultural strategist were interviewed. Finally, a survey was compiled for architecture and urban planning students at Malmö University to gain their explanation of the concept social sustainability. The study shows that the explanation of the concept of social sustainability can be provided by the keywords from the analytical tool. On the other hand, there is no explicit and unambiguous definition used in urban planning regarding the role architecture plays for designing better living environments. The answer probably lies in the fact that it is difficult to measure social values. It creates a dilemma in adding appropriate skills with a nuanced perspective on human life and the city. The city need architecture that is present and relationship-creating, which means spaces designed on a human scale that people perceive as common. A socially sustainable architecture is all about impressions, feelings, personal experiences and realities that cannot be assessed in numbers in the same way as economics and ecology. This presupposes that we develop new methods for respectfully understanding and evaluating human perceptions. The work of shaping socially sustainable cities is not an easy task that comes with ready-made solutions. It implies to give up the square thinking in order to curiously discover new ideas through various collaborations. Keywords: Social sustainability, architecture, urban planning, consultation, politics. 2 Per Svensson was an inspirer in the planning work for Vision Norra Sorgenfri and was quoted in a report about the vision work (Malmö Stad, 2006). Original quote translated from Swedish by the author: ”Att inte se varandra någonsin, det är det som är det farliga för ett samhälle”

Action for retrial and for nullity Abstract This diploma thesis presents two institutes of Czech civil procedural law - an action for retrial and an action for nullity. Both actions are considered extraordinary remedies under Czech law and both can challenge a final court decision. An action for retrial serves to rectify defects in factual findings; an action for nullity serves to rectify procedural defects. Specific court decisions of the district, regional, and high courts are demonstrated in the thesis and prove that despite the scarce employment, the position of the actions within the legal system is justified and deserved. Both actions can further be found, slightly modified, in the upcoming new Civil Procedure Code, which should in the future replace the current Civil Procedure Code. The thesis presents several partial aims and one main aim. The partial aims are to introduce to the reader the actions for retrial and for nullity, to analyse their frequency and the reasons for which the actions were granted, and to make a comparison of Czech and Swedish civil procedural law. Fulfilling the partial aims accomplishes the main goal of the thesis: to provide a critical analysis of the substantive intent of the Civil Procedure Code based on the acquired knowledge. The diploma thesis is divided into six...

To categorize groups of people is a necessity in our society. Categorization of people is used by decision makers and authorities. In the national social service legislation, categorization can be used to instruct municipalities to prioritize vulnerable groups of clients in need of support and services. The negative aspect of categorizing is that people are being labeled in a certain way, which can affect how people are being treated. The current Social Services Act in Sweden contains specific regulations to certain groups in society. One of the proposals in the extensive investigation for a new Social Services Act is to tone down these certain groups. The investigation for a new Social Services Act was sent out for consultation to 193 relevant community actors, including municipalities, government authorities and interest groups. These are given the opportunity to submit opinions and comments before the legislation is amended. This study is based on the received responses from the community actors through a qualitative text analysis. 55 of the received 157 responses addressed categorization of the target groups in the legislation. The results show that the majority of the 55 responses are in favour of target groups being toned down. In the responses there are arguments that highlight an increased individual perspective and a holistic view in social work. Other actors highlight risks with toning down the target groups, such as an increased difficulty for individuals to claim their rights and that it increases the risk of inequality. The results also show that there is a difference in the responses depending on whether the respondent is a municipality, a government authority or an interest group. The municipalities are in favour of the target groups being toned down while we find government authorities and interest groups on both sides of the argument. It also shows how different organizations take their interests into account in a consultation procedure.

Hintergrund: Die Digitalisierung der Patientendokumentation und die Einführung der elektronischen Patientenakte (ePA) stellen den klinischen Alltag vor große Herausforderungen. - Fragestellung:Wir untersuchten die Akzeptanz und den Stand der Digitalisierung von Patientendaten sowie die Einführung der ePA bei den deutschen Urologen. Material und Methoden: Nach einem iterativen Entwicklungsprozess erhielten wir einen Fragebogenmit 30 Items,welcher über den Forschungsnewsletter der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e.V. versendet wurde. - Ergebnisse: Insgesamt beantworteten 80 Urologen den Fragebogen (Rücklaufquote 2%). Digitale Plattformen wie Urotube oder Researchgate wurden von 63% der Teilnehmer verwendet. Die komplette Einführung der digitalen Patientendokumentation erfolgte bei 72% der ambulant Tätigen und bei 54% der in der Klinik Tätigen (p= 0,042). 76%der Befragten sahen den Digitalisierungsprozess als sinnvoll an. 34% äußerten teilweise oder starke Bedenken bzgl. einer kompletten Digitalisierung der Patientendokumentation. Nur 14% der Teilnehmer haben eine Videosprechstunde angeboten. Als Vorteile für die ePA wurden u. a. die bessere Vernetzung des Gesundheitswesens 73%), die Verbesserung der Diagnose, der Indikations- (41%) und der Behandlungsqualität (48%) sowie die Vermeidung von Fehlmedikation (70%) gesehen. - Schlussfolgerung: Die deutschen Urologen stehen der Digitalisierung der Patientendokumentation und der ePA insgesamt offen gegenüber. Insbesondere jüngere Urologen nutzen digitale Medien. Die Vorteile der Digitalisierung sind insbesondere eine Verbesserung der Behandlungsabläufe. Für eine reibungslose Einführung sind eine bereichsübergreifende Etablierung und ggf. eine Anpassung der Behandlungsprozesse notwendig.