Background: In 2019 a new virus by the name Sars-coronavirus-2 that caused a disease named Covid-19 and spread globally creating a pandemic. Due to the pandemic, restrictions were created that limited people's everyday life. There were many variations of the restrictions between countries, but they were all based on distancing. The nursing theorist Katie Eriksson describes the suffering in life and everything it means to be a human among humans which makes the pandemic a part of the humans suffering.  Nurses have many ethic codes and core competencies to apply in their work to prevent suffering. Aim: To illustrate the impact of social isolation on the elderly's health during the covid-19 pandemic from a nursing perspective Method: A systematic literature study including 13 scientifically articles that related to the aim. Result: Three themes and five subthemes were identified. These indicate a reduced health among older people, mostly regarding loneliness, worrying, anxiety but also subjective age, ageism and resources and the use of resources among the elderly in order to handle the situation. Conclusion: The health among the elderly have decreased due to the social isolation which, according to Katie Eriksson is part of the human suffering in life. Nurses have, with support from their core competencies and ethics codes a big responsibility to reduce the suffering and encourage health during the pandemic / Bakgrund: År 2019 upptäcktes de nya viruset Sars-coronavirus-2 som gav upphov till sjukdomen Covid-19 vilket fick global spridning och utvecklades till en pandemi. Till följd av pandemin skapades ett flertal restriktioner som begränsat människor i sin vardag. Det fanns stora variationer mellan olika länders restriktioner men de hade distansering som gemensam nämnare. Omvårdnadsteorietikern Katie Eriksson beskriver att livslidande är allt det innebär att vara människa bland människor, vilket gör pandemin till en del av människans livslidande. Sjuksköterskorna har flera etiska koder och kärnkompetenser att förhålla sig till i arbetet mot att lindra lidandet för människor.  Syfte: Att belysa den sociala isoleringens inverkan på äldre människors hälsa under covid-19 pandemin ur ett omvårdnadsperspektiv. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie som inkluderade 13 vetenskapliga artiklar som svarade på syftet. Resultat: Tre teman och fem underteman identifierades. Dessa påvisar en ökad ohälsa bland äldre människor, främst i form av ökad ensamhet, oro och ångest men även problem som berör subjektiv ålder, åldersdiskriminering samt vilka resurser äldre människorna har och hur de använt dessa för att hantera sin situation. Konklusion: Det finns en ökad ohälsa bland de äldre människorna till följd av den sociala isoleringen vilket enligt Katie Eriksson är en del av människans livslidande. Sjuksköterskan har med stöd i sina kärnkompetenser och etiska koder ett stort ansvar för att lindra lidandet och främja hälsan under pandemin.

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This study sought to explore the challenges faced by older workers who do not fit the age-type of their jobs and how older workers adapt to overcome those challenges. Specifically, I surveyed a national sample of 227 workers 50 years of age and older, in a wide variety of jobs, on measures of perceived age discrimination and adaptation behaviors. I found that fit, as determined by career timetables theory, but not prototype matching theory, successfully predicted perceived age discrimination. Specifically, more age discrimination was perceived when fewer older workers occupied a job. Additionally, multiple regression analysis showed that career timetables theory, prototype matching theory, and measures of perceived discrimination interacted to predict adaptation behaviors. That is, older workers made more efforts appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs occupied by fewer older workers and older women expressed greater desires to appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs viewed as more appropriate for younger workers. Although older workers made a wide variety of efforts to appear younger at work, from changing the way they dressed to undergoing surgical procedures, the adaptation efforts believed to be the most effective against age discrimination were more oriented toward enhancing job performance than one’s appearance. It is especially troubling that greater perceived age discrimination was found in young-typed jobs (than in old-typed jobs) given that the number of older workers occupying young-typed jobs is expected to rapidly grow in the near future and perceived discrimination is associated with mental and physical consequences for older adults. Understanding effective adaptations to age discrimination is a valuable first step in helping older workers overcome the iv disadvantages they may face in the workplace, especially when they occupy young-typed jobs. Implications for theory and research are discussed

An all-of-society approach is foundational for increasing disaster resilience and creating adaptive capacity in the face of disasters and climate change. Youth participation within disaster risk reduction (DRR) and disaster risk management (DRM) is an inclusive strategy to engage youth in an all-of-society approach. While this is an emerging and fast-growing area of study, ingraining social inclusion in practice is slow. Through a series of four articles, this dissertation describes two separate qualitative studies exploring youth participation in DRR and DRM through the youth perspective. Participatory research methodologies dismantle power dynamics inherent in traditional research, and they are well-suited for research on youth participation. As such, our first study used Photovoice methodology to explore youth perceptions of youth capabilities in disasters, and to understand their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of youth participation initiatives in DRR are scattered, necessitating exploration of the process of participation in diverse contexts and types of disaster events. We conducted the second study using case study methodology to explore facilitators of - and barriers to - youth contributions towards DRR efforts in the context of local flooding, tornado, and pandemic events in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. This dissertation provides insight on how to promote youth resilience, capacity, and strengths in disasters. Based on these findings, we argue that a paradigm shift in DRR towards an asset-based approach is essential to implement youth participation in practice. An asset-based approach aligns with the capability-oriented worldview in youth participation literature and theories. The complexity arises in attempting to apply asset-based lessons from the literature into the traditionally needs-based orientation of DRR policy and DRM practice. More research is needed to document youth actions in DRR and to determine asset indicators to evaluate implementation efforts. This dissertation begins an important conversation around applying an asset-based approach to youth participation in DRR through the perspectives of youth.

Att det finns problem i sammanhanget med livslångt lärande för mogna studenter på universitets-nivå utomlands finns dokumenterat i många tidigare studier där mogna studenter utsätts för marginalisering och försummelse m.m. Man kan i sammanhanget exempelvis tala om vardaglig ålderism eller strukturerad ålderism eller inbyggd ålderism eller institutionell ålderism. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur student-guppen 55 år och äldre (55+) på universitet/högskola i Sverige uppfattar sin egen ålder i relation till ålderism, Sociokulturellt lärande, Andragogik och livslångt lärande. Metodansatsen Hermeneutik och en 7-stegsmodell från Fenomenografi är den metodansats som använts och som teorianvänds Sociokulturell teori och Andragogik samt tidigare forskning. Fem universitets-studeranden 55+ har intervjuats i individuella face-to-face-intervjuer. Informanterna uppger först att de inte explicit uppfattat någon ålderism i sammanhanget med sina studier men implicit framkommer att det kan finnas en känsla av ålderism som man inte riktigt kan ta på utan som mer är en känsla. De pratar exempelvis om en grupp i sammanhanget som de kallar för 25-åringarna och som de relaterar till (men inte vice versa). Vissa använder stereotyper såsom”äldre”, ”gammal gubbe”, ”gammal som gatan” etc när de talar om sig själva. Detta kan leda till att man själv implicit pekar ut sin egen ålder i studiesammanhanget när man interagerar med med studenter och lärare vilket blir en kategorisering som kan ligga till grund för ojämlikhet. Man kan här använda sig av exempelvis ”kritisk språkmedvetenhet” för att mota ”Olle i grind”. Den akademiska miljön är en speciell miljö som det gäller att förstå sig på både för studenter och för lärare när det exempelvis gäller inkludering. Själva utlärningstekniken har förändrats till det bättre över tid och 55-plussarna använder sig av nya strategier i sin in-lärnings-teknik. De pekar också på att klasskillnaderna utjämnas mer bl.a. via att studier på universitet/högskola i Sverige är avgiftsfria. På det stora hela är 55-plussarna mycket positiva till att studera på universitet/högskola som 55+ och rekommenderar andra 55-plussare att också göra det. Det är roligt och intressant och det höjer deras livskvalitet och därmed förstärks deras hälsa. Riksdag och regering uttrycker i offentliga texter att det är önskvärt med ett livslångt lärande i Sverige. Informanterna här anser att de via att studera på universitet/högskola som 55+ bidrar i samhället och därmed stärks också, via den sociala inkluderingen, demokratin i Sverige.

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме дискриминации по возрасту в трудовой сфере, которая с повышением пенсионного возраста в России актуализировалась еще больше. Сегодняшняя ситуация, связанная с мерами противодействия распространения короновируса в России, также грозит усилением проявлений эйджизма. Цель исследования: оценить влияние повышения пенсионного возраста на масштабы распространения возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда и разработать рекомендации по противодействию возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда в Свердловской области в связи с последствиями, вызванными повышением пенсионного возраста. Методология исследования основана на сочетании количественных и качественных методов сбора необходимой информации, обеспечивающих рассмотрение проблемы как с позиции работников (метод массового анкетного опроса населения), так и с точки зрения работодателя (методы: контент-анализ объявлений о вакансиях в Свердловской области и глубинные интервью с работодателями). В исследовании проанализированы социально-экономические последствия повышения пенсионного возраста для рынка труда; выявлены основные проблемы крайних возрастных групп на рынке труда, дана оценка масштаба распространения возрастной дискриминации в сфере труда; определены оптимальные способы для преодоления выявленных проблем. Результатом работы стала разработка ряда рекомендаций для противодействия возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда в Свердловской области. / The master's thesis is devoted to the problem of age discrimination in the labor sector, which has become even more relevant with the increase in the retirement age in Russia. The current situation related to measures to counteract the spread of coronovirus in Russia also threatens to increase the manifestations of ageism. Objective: to assess the impact of raising the retirement age on the prevalence of age discrimination in the labor market and to develop recommendations for countering age discrimination in the labor market in the Sverdlovsk region in connection with the consequences caused by the increase in the retirement age. The research methodology is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for gathering the necessary information, ensuring the consideration of the problem both from the position of employees (mass questionnaire survey of the population) and from the point of view of the employer (methods: content analysis of job ads in the Sverdlovsk region and in-depth interviews with employers). The study analyzes the socio-economic consequences of raising the retirement age for the labor market; identifies the main problems of extreme age groups in the labor market, assesses the scale of age discrimination in the labor sphere; identifies the best ways to overcome the identified problems. The work resulted in the development of a number of recommendations to counteract age discrimination in the labor market in the Sverdlovsk region.

This explorative study originated from the researcher’s personal encounters with “disappointment, regret and purposelessness” in retirement. The aim of this research study is thus exploring what the opposite of these negative sentiments, namely “successful” aging or "successful" adaptation to retirement could constitute and, most importantly, the role of FLOW therein. Initial indications are that FLOW could play a key role in “successful” retirement. Another focus has been to explore whether and how retirees with post-matric qualifications or training could redeploy their accumulated expertise in the post-retirement years. Various models of social entrepreneurship, ranging from voluntary work to paid work, were found to enhance successful adaptation to retirement, addressing society’s needs at the same time. In this qualitative research study, I have followed a case study approach, interviewing nine participants, whose results were analysed individually and then integrated in a comparative fashion to answer the research questions. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This explorative study originated from the researcher’s personal encounters with “disappointment, regret and purposelessness” in retirement. The aim of this research study is thus exploring what the opposite of these negative sentiments, namely “successful” aging or "successful" adaptation to retirement could constitute and, most importantly, the role of FLOW therein. Initial indications are that FLOW could play a key role in “successful” retirement. Another focus has been to explore whether and how retirees with post-matric qualifications or training could redeploy their accumulated expertise in the post-retirement years. Various models of social entrepreneurship, ranging from voluntary work to paid work, were found to enhance successful adaptation to retirement, addressing society’s needs at the same time. In this qualitative research study, I have followed a case study approach, interviewing nine participants, whose results were analysed individually and then integrated in a comparative fashion to answer the research questions. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)