Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation focuses on strategic partnership initiatives or ‘inclusive business model’ arrangements initiated between land restitution beneficiaries and private sector interests. It explores to what extent the introduction of strategic partnerships since 2005 reflects a dominant underlying land reform policy narrative premised on the superiority of large-scale commercial farming that contradicts other policy statements emphasizing support for small-scale farming. The effects of a hegemonic notion of “viability” – framed in terms of the large-scale commercial farm model - on partnership initiatives in the large Moletele claim in the Hoedspruit area of Limpopo Province is the primary concern of the study. I adopt a political economy perspective to examine both processes and the range of outcomes of the commercial partnerships established on Moletele land. Informed by this perspective, I explore the strategies pursued by, and the alliances formed between differently positioned actors that are engaged in contestations and negotiations over access to resources within these partnerships, which I conceptualize as “arenas of struggle”. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed (mixed method approach), by means of a small sample of claimant households and in relation to joint ventures established between claimants and different private sector partners

The main goal of thesis is to analyze the financial performance of multifunctional sports arena in Pardubice (MFA) with emphasis on variability using a multifunctional sports arena. The theoretical part is drawing on the findings that relate to the issue, mainly from the demand characteristics of sport and its determinants. Further attention is paid to the history, development of sports infrastructure with emphasis on multifunctional arena. Mentioned is the structure of income and types of investors sporting infrastructure. The practical part is characterized by multi-service arena Pardubice MRFP, Inc. and its partial results for the period 2006-2010. Another chapter is devoted to evaluate the usability arena. Are then discussed in detail the various cultural events in own-account operators MFA. In conclusion, it offered a comparison between the halls and across the whole country. The following is the summary of the identified findings and suggestions for improvements and future developments in the use of MFA in Pardubice.

The popularity of beach volleyball is rising especially thanks to the Olympic Games 2012 in London. Czech professionals Markéta Sluková with her partner Kristýna Sluková got there unbelievable 5th place. The first part of this thesis would like to summarize theoretical knowledge of sport marketing and marketing plan of sport product. The second part would like to analyze marketing mix of beach volleyball arenas in the Czech Republic. According to the knowledge gained by this analysis will be created Marketing Plan of Beach Volleyball Arena in Benešov u Prahy. Finally this thesis would like to be an inspiration for existing and potential arenas which would like to exploit this market opportunity to provide beach services.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns skillnader i den politisk kommunikationen på digitala plattformar beroende på vilken målgrupp kommunikationen riktar sig till samt analysera hur dessa skillnader utspelar sig. Målet är att ge en djupare förståelse för hur politisk kommunikation är anpassad till olika målgrupper och hur strategier och budskap är utformade för att nå och engagera väljare i olika åldersgrupper. Forskningsfrågan som ska besvaras är: Hur anpassar politiska partier sin kommunikation på digitala plattformar för att nå sin målgrupp? Huvudmaterialet består i första hand av primärkällor, men även sekundära källor förekommer. Till de primära källorna hör bland annat Instagraminlägg från Moderaterna (MUF) och Socialdemokraternas Ungdomsförbunds (SSU) sidor samt Facebookinlägg från Moderaterna (M) och Socialdemokraternas (S) officiella sidor. De sekundära källorna består huvudsakligen av tidigare forskning och artiklar. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bygger på Gunnar Sjöbloms teorier om de tre politiska arenorna och Jürgen Habermas teorier om det offentliga samtalet och det fria ordet, metoden som används är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att ungdomsförbund, som riktar sig till en yngre målgrupp, tenderar att ha en mer informell och humoristisk ton medans de officiella partierna, som riktar sig till en äldre målgrupp, tenderar att kommunicera mer objektivt och formellt. / The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are differences in political communication on digital platforms depending on which target group the communication is aimed at and to analyze how these differences play out. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of how political communication is adapted for different target groups and how strategies and messages are designed to reach and engage voters in different demographic groups. The research question to be answered is: How do political parties adapt their communication on digital platforms to reach their target group? The main material consists primarily of primary sources, but secondary sources also occur. The primary sources include, among other things, Instagram posts from the pages of the Moderate Youth Union (MUF) and the Social Democrats Youth Union (SSU), as well as Facebook posts from the official pages of the Moderates (M) and the Social Democrats (S). The secondary sources mainly consist of previous research and articles. The study's theoretical framework is based on Gunnar Sjöblom's theories about the three political arenas and Jürgen Habermas theories about the public sphere and free speech, the method used is a qualitative content analysis. The conclusions show, among other things, that youth associations, which are aimed at a younge target group, tend to have a more informal and humorous tone, while the official parties, which are aimed at an older target group, tend to communicate more objectively and formally.

<p>In Stockholm there are currently five women, out of a total of 102 employees, working in public sports arenas. In sports arenas men are numerically superior amongst the workers as well as the visitors. These arenas are in many ways male dominated, masculinized environments. In this essay I investigate the reasons behind the uneven distribution, in terms of gender, among sports arena workers. I do this by interviewing seven female sports arena workers (the five current and two former), and by observing their workplaces. Through discourse analysis of their narratives, I seek to use these women’s experiences, as being part of a minority, as a way to render sports arenas more available for a larger public. In the study I have a feminist, post-structural standpoint, and I relate my results to theories on gender and organization as well as research on gender and sports. From a doing gender perspective<em> </em>I focus on how the women that I have interviewed talk about themselves, their workplaces and their choices of profession, as well as how they talk about gender and gender equality.</p><p>The aim of this study is to present these women’s perspectives on sports arenas as organizations, and to draw links between these particular workplaces and larger social discursive patterns. Another aim with the study is to problematize the very effort to achieve (numerical) equality between the sexes, and to uncover underlying biases. Except for gender biases I also consider intersections between gender and age, social class and sexuality. One of my main findings is that there are quite specific discourses surrounding this profession, reproducing it as masculine. An equalization of the distribution in terms of gender among the employees is not necessarily the entire solution to the inequality problem. A more qualitative effort is needed, for instance a redistribution of power resources within the organization. In the essay I present a list of concrete proposals on how to diversify the personnel in the future, based on the interviews. The main goal with this work is to destabilize the gender based gap in the Swedish labor market, and to increase the availability to all spheres in society, for everyone, on equal terms.</p>

Between 2002 and 2006, an ongoing conflict surrounding Umeå-based biotech company UmanGenomics and the Medical Biobank at Umeå University played out in the media. The conflict involved researchers, business leaders, politicians, the university board, journalists and the general public. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the public media-mediated conflict surrounding UmanGenomics and Medical Biobank from a media and communication sciences perspective and thereby contribute to research into Science Journalism and media-mediated science-related conflicts. The questions examined by the study are as follows: how was the conflict portrayed in local and national newspapers, respectively, and how did these portrayals change over time? Were there any similarities, or was there any relationship between the media-mediated conflict and the »internal« debate, which are able to be traced via the events registered in Umeå University’s journal of daily events? Which parties elected to involve themselves in the conflict and did their descriptions of what happened differ? Were there any particular aspects of the conflict that were portrayed by the media as »failures«, and if so, what was it that was considered a failure? In total, 654 texts from the local and national media were analysed, as well as the university’s journal. The study has largely been carried out using quantitative content analysis, supplemented by general argumentation analysis. The study’s theoretical bases are taken from research on the relationship between science and the media, from rhetoric research, but also from Science and Technology Studies (STS) in a broader sense. This dissertation shows that the conflict was reported on differently depending on the newspaper’s proximity to the conflict itself, and on which arena the conflict was played out in. This also demonstrates that the conflict, most especially as played out in local news coverage, can be divided into different phases. While the media reports include many instances of those involved laying blame at each other’s feet, it is the market and the conflict that are considered to have been the primary factors in UmanGenomics’ ultimate demise. This study presents five suggestions as to what lessons can be learnt from this media-mediated conflict. The first is that the conflict provides an example of mutual exploitation: the media exploited the events surrounding the conflict in order to produce newsworthy, sensational and descriptive stories. Whereas within the university, the main figures embroiled in the conflict used the media as a front to either introduce or support their own points of view. The second is that the conflict should have given the »university world« an inducement to discuss media strategies and its transparency policies in greater depth. The third suggestion is that the media’s ability to make citizens’ opinions on science-related questions heard is problematic. Fourthly, many of those involved used the conflict to try to position themselves in relation to a rival counterpart, rather than to try to provide the general public with a clear and accurate picture of the conflict. Finally, it is suggested that the use of the »goldmine« metaphor, used to refer to both UmanGenomics and Medical Biobank, may have played a part in limiting media debate on the issue within the confines of a certain type of rhetoric.

In Stockholm there are currently five women, out of a total of 102 employees, working in public sports arenas. In sports arenas men are numerically superior amongst the workers as well as the visitors. These arenas are in many ways male dominated, masculinized environments. In this essay I investigate the reasons behind the uneven distribution, in terms of gender, among sports arena workers. I do this by interviewing seven female sports arena workers (the five current and two former), and by observing their workplaces. Through discourse analysis of their narratives, I seek to use these women’s experiences, as being part of a minority, as a way to render sports arenas more available for a larger public. In the study I have a feminist, post-structural standpoint, and I relate my results to theories on gender and organization as well as research on gender and sports. From a doing gender perspective I focus on how the women that I have interviewed talk about themselves, their workplaces and their choices of profession, as well as how they talk about gender and gender equality. The aim of this study is to present these women’s perspectives on sports arenas as organizations, and to draw links between these particular workplaces and larger social discursive patterns. Another aim with the study is to problematize the very effort to achieve (numerical) equality between the sexes, and to uncover underlying biases. Except for gender biases I also consider intersections between gender and age, social class and sexuality. One of my main findings is that there are quite specific discourses surrounding this profession, reproducing it as masculine. An equalization of the distribution in terms of gender among the employees is not necessarily the entire solution to the inequality problem. A more qualitative effort is needed, for instance a redistribution of power resources within the organization. In the essay I present a list of concrete proposals on how to diversify the personnel in the future, based on the interviews. The main goal with this work is to destabilize the gender based gap in the Swedish labor market, and to increase the availability to all spheres in society, for everyone, on equal terms.

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Bakgrund: Världshälsoorganisationen, WHO klassar våld i nära relation som ett globalt folkhälsoproblem som drabbar mer än en tredjedel av kvinnor runt om i världen. Trots att mycket forskning pekar på att kvinnor i åldern 16-24 är en särskilt utsatt grupp för våld i nära relation, är våld som förekommer i ungas parrelationer relativt ouppmärksammat i Sverige. Forskning visar vidare att unga ofta har en bristfällig kunskap i att definiera vilka beteenden som är lämpliga och våldsamma i en parrelation. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kvantitativt undersöka förekomst av våld i ungas parrelationer samt genom fokusgrupper att undersöka unga tjejers attityder till våld i ungas parrelationer. Metod: För att undersöka förekomst av våld i ungas parrelationer användes tvärsnittsdata från en nationell kartläggning om våld mot barn. För att undersöka de unga tjejernas attityder till våld i ungas parrelationer användes en kvalitativ ansats och åtta tjejer i åldrarna 15-16 intervjuades i tre fokusgrupper. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades därefter genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultaten från den kvantitativa undersökningen visade att det är vanligare att tjejer både är offer och förövare gällande fysiskt våld i sina parrelationer. Totalt uppgav 2,5 procent av tjejerna att de hade blivit slagna av en partner och respektive 1,1 procent av tjejerna uppgav att de hade slagit en partner. Motsvarande siffror för pojkarna var 0,9 procent respektive 0,2 procent. Resultaten visade också att tjejer i större utsträckning utsätts för sexuellt och fysiskt våld som kräver sjukvård i sina parrelationer än pojkar.Analysen av intervjumaterialet resulterade i två kategorier: Attityd och definition och vidare kategorin ”Möjligheter och utmaningar för stöd”. Kategorin ”Attityd och definition” lyfter de unga tjejernas definitioner av olika våldstyper samt vilka situationer de betraktar som förmildrande för att använda våld i en parrelation. Kategorin ”Möjligheter och utmaningar för stöd” lyfter olika arenor unga söker sig till för att få stöd om de mår dåligt i sina parrelationer samt olika utmaningar som försvårar hjälpsökande ur en destruktiv parrelation. / Background: World Health Organization, WHO lists intimate partner violence as a global health problem affecting about a third of women around the world. Despite that a lot of research show that women in the ages of 16-24 are particularly vulnerable of being exposed to intimate partner violence, intimate partner violence that occur in adolescent relationships is relatively unattended in Sweden. Further research has shown that adolescent’s often lack knowledge about what constitutes appropriate and abusive behaviors in an intimate relationship. Aim: The aim of the study was to quantitatively examine the prevalence of dating violence among adolescent’s and by focus groups examine young girls attitudes towards dating violence among adolescent’s. Method: In order to examine prevalence of dating violence among adolescent’s cross-sectional data from a national survey about violence against children was used. To examine the young girl’s attitudes towards dating violence among adolescents a qualitative approach was used and eight girls aged 15-16 was interviewed using three focus groups. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and later analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results from the quantitative analysis showed that it is more common that girls are victims and perpetrators of physical violence in their intimate relationships. Totally 2,5 percent of the girls in the study had been hit by a partner and 1,1 percent of the girls reported that they had used physical violence against a partner. Corresponding numbers regarding the boys were 0,9 and 0,2 percent. The results also showed that girls to a greater extent are exposed to sexual and physical violence requiring health care in their intimate relationships than boys.The qualitative content analysis resulted in two categories: “Attitude and definition” and “Possibilities and challenger for support”. The category “Attitude and definition” raises the young girl’s definitions of different types of violence and which situations they consider to be mitigating for using violence in a relationship. The category “Possibilities and challenges for support” raise different arenas young girl’s reach for in order to get support if they feel bad in their relationships and also different challenges that prevent help searching from a destructive relationship.

I takt med fotbollens kommersialisering har det blivit vanligt att europeiska fotbollsklubbar flyttat från klassiska arenor till multiarenor. Det hela är ett nytt fenomen i svensk och nordisk fotboll, där endast ett fåtal arenor kan klassas som multiarenor. Studien har till syfte att ge ökad förståelse för hur en allsvensk fotbollsklubb påverkas av att flytta till en multiarena, utifrån klubbekonomi och viktiga intressenter som supportrar och sponsorer. Uppsatsen avgränsar sig till de svenska klubbarna AIK och Hammarby, då klubbarna har flyttat till vardera multiarena i Stockholmsregionen, Friends Arena och Tele2 Arena. En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. En teoretisk referensram bestående av intressentmodellen, interaktionsritualer, A-ERIC-modellen och Economic Impact Analysis har valts ut för att analysera fenomenet. Sett ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv har flytten varit positiv för klubbarna, då faciliteterna på en multiarena har öppnat upp nya möjligheter gällande sponsring och affärsnätverk. Lyftet har visat sig i form av ökade intäkter från både sponsring och publik. Studien visar även att en flytt till en multiarena kan vara krävande för en allsvensk fotbollsklubb, då de traditionella arenorna var omtyckta av klubbarnas supportrar. För att kraftigt öka sitt publiksnitt vid en flytt till en multiarena visade det sig vara viktigt att tidigt engagera sig i flytten, för att skapa entusiasm och anpassa arenan efter klubbens behov. / In line with the development of profit-oriented football, it has become common for European football clubs to move from classic stadiums to modern multi arenas. The phenomena is new for Swedish and Nordic football, where only few stadiums can be classified as multi arenas. This study examines how a Swedish football club is affected by a move to a multi arena based on club finances and important stakeholders as supporters and sponsors. The study is limited to two of Sweden's largest clubs, AIK and Hammarby. AIK and Hammarby are chosen because of their moves to one of each multi arenas in Stockholm, Friends Arena and Tele2 Arena. A qualitative research strategy has been applied by semi-structured interviews to investigate it further. Following theories are applied: Stakeholder model, Interaction rituals, A-ERIC model and Economic Impact Analysis. Above mentioned theories have been applied to analyze the phenomena. According to the study the clubs have experienced an improvement from an economic point of view. The facilities at the multi arenas developed opportunities for the club sponsors and business networks with increased revenue from sponsorship and ticket sales. A move to a multi arena might be challenging to the clubs and their supporters because the old stadiums were popular among supporters. It was proven important for the clubs to engage in their move to the multi arenas at an early point to create enthusiasm and adjust the arena after the club’s needs.