The period around the end of the First World War saw the organization of tech­nological research in Sweden. It was at this time that work began at the Wood Pulp Research Association, at the Swedish Institute for Metals Research and at the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. The latter organization had as its basic aim the promotion of technical and scientific research and thereby the support of Swedish industry and the utilization of natural resources. The disser­tation is concerned with the background of these institutions. The indirect cause of the founding of the Academy was a parliamentary motion in 1916 which resulted in an enquiry into an institute responsible for energy and fuel matters. The enquiry led to the conclusion that there existed a need for a central institution for technological research as a whole. Other issues which played a part in the sequence of events that led to the founding of the Academy, were the demand from industry for a modernization of Swedish government administration and the conflict that existed between scientifically- oriented engineers with roots in civil service traditions and the »modern» engine­ers who emphasized the role of the engineer as an industrial manager trained in economics etc. The Academy came into being with the aim of bridging this conflict and of establishing a state agency corresponding to the older Swedish Academy of Agriculture. The Wood Pulp Research Association was founded by the pulp industry, which originally had not been based on any systematic research or development work. After the turn of the century, interest in the chemistry of wood and other related substances began to increase. All early research efforts had one aim in common: the utilization of waste material from the forestry industry. The Asso­ciation was established at the end of 1917 and was jointly owned by a majority of the larger pulp companies. Due to an economic crisis in the pulp industry, the organization was abolished in 1922. The Swedish Institute for Metals Research was originally a metalographic research laboratory established as a result of cooperation between State and industry. The Institute was engaged primarily in basic research, dominated by work based on advanced X-ray spectroscopy. / digitalisering@umu

Background: The concept of countries as brands has been increasingly accredited once the postmodern global world became an every day experience. A strong country brand can provide corporate brands with a unique set of values, which supports their positioning on the international market. Simultaneously, once corporate brands achieve worldwide success, they contribute actively to developing new features of the country brand. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to design a model with regard to the value- transfer from country brands to corporate brands. The model is evaluated in accordance with the relationship between Sweden and Scania, respectively Oriflame, chosen as frames of research. The researchers assess whether the process occurrence is conscious or not, be it from inside (on the corporate level) or outside (from the audiences’ perspective), as well as its consistency (the values involved in the transfer). Results: According to the research results, Scania displays a spontaneous value- transfer with Sweden the brand, whereasOriflame actively capitalises on the national set of common values. Either unconsciously present at the corporate level of Scania, or consciously exploited by Oriflame, these Swedish values repeat for both studied companies.

The aim of this narrative research was to explore the relationship between lifestyle and self-confidence within adolescent football players. The research questions were formulated as follow; (1) What sources let adolescent football players build self-confidence? (2) What issues characterize adolescent football player’s lifestyles? (3) How do adolescent football players perceive an association between lifestyle and self-confidence in sport? The results showed eight different sources for building self-confidence, where earlier performances and social support were considered as the strongest. Ten different lifestyle factors were observed. Football, social support, performance intent and good health were common factors for all the participants. The study showed three types of perceived associations between self-confidence and lifestyle. First of all, there is an overlap between the lifestyle issues and sources of self-confidence. Second lifestyle issues influence the degree to which sources of self-confidence work for the participant to build self-confidence. Third lifestyle pattern provides a balance (or misbalance) which influences particular sources of self-confidence and in the end self-confidence itself. The author discuss how the result can be interpreted in perspective of every single participant and in common for all the participants.

The cultural differences in the consumers' perspectives are an important factor that affects the image of brands around the world. A brand's image may be affected even though the company gives the same message across different cultures. In order to analyze these effects, the authors have conducted a qualitative study, chosen the chocolate brand Kinder and studying how Kinder's brand image perception varies in four different cultures by conducting 16 in-depth interviews. The data was afterwards categorized, analyzed and compared to each other in order to find differences and similarities of the brand image in the interviewee's perspectives. This work’s focus is on the problem how the cultural differences can affect the perspective of individuals brand image even though this one can try to have a global standardized image.

Marketing is an important tool for companies to use in today’s consumptions society, to reach out with products and services. The message that has been sent out is also important, because the message can be distort or reach wrong customer group. Above all this the competition and the struggle round the customer’s increases and it has become more common that the customers tend to be less loyal towards the company. To keep and to develop customer relations it has been more common that the companies consider their trademark has become a very important strategic competition means. A strong trademark gives competitor advantages and more loyal customers, and this has led to more efficient ways for companies to find methods to create value around their trademark. Many new trademarks and products are presented every year. In the same time market salesmen are working hard to reach out with these and old trademarks and products and old commercial methods are loosing its effect. The company can use different marketing strategies to strength their trademark to reach out to their customers. One way that has been used by many companies is presenting different TV-series. The purpose with this paper is to study how companies are using TV-series in their marketing, what image the company wants to mediate and what they want to achieve by marketing through TV-series. An abductive way has been used in this study and the authors have chosen to use a qualitative method, because the method agrees with the problem and purpose of the study. Interviews will be used in this study. The study shows that the reason why companies choose to present TV-series is to be seen and remind consumers about the company and its products. They also want the consumers to be aware of their trademarks and new products. The companies furthermore want to reach out to as many as possible and create knowledge and an association to their trademark thru the TV-series. The companies choose their TV-series in relation to their target group so that the right target group is reached and can identify with the TV-series and the companies. / Marknadsföring är ett viktigt redskap för företag att använda i dagens konsumtionssamhälle för att nå ut med sina produkter och tjänster. Det budskap som sänds ut av företagen är också av stor vikt, då budskapet kan förvrängas på vägen eller nå ut till fel kundgrupp. Dessutom ökar konkurrensen och kampen om kunderna och det har blivit vanligare att kunderna i större utsträckning tenderar att vara mindre lojala gentemot företagen. För att bibehålla och utveckla sina kundrelationer har det därmed blivit vanligare att företagen betraktar sitt varumärke som ett strategiskt mycket viktigt konkurrensmedel. Ett starkt varumärke ger konkurrensfördelar och lojalare kunder, och har följaktligen lett till att företag försöker hitta effektivare metoder i att skapa värde kring sitt varumärke. Varje år introduceras mängder av nya varumärken och produkter. Samtidigt som marknadsförare arbetar för att nå ut med både dessa och befintliga varumärken och produkter avtar den effekt som dagens reklam har. För att stärka sitt varumärke kan företagen använda sig av olika marknadsföringsstrategier för att nå ut till sina kunder. Ett sätt som många företag använder sig av är att presentera olika tv-serier. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur företag använder sig av tv-serier i sin marknadsföring, vilken bild företagen vill förmedla av sig själva och vad de vill uppnå genom att marknadsföra sig genom tv-serier. I denna studie har ett abduktivt angreppssätt använts och författarna har valt att använda sig av en kvalitativ metod, då metoden bäst överrensstämmer med problemformuleringen och syftet. I denna studie ska intervjuer användas. Studien visar att anledningen till att företag presenterar tv-serier är för att de vill synas och påminna konsumenterna om företaget och dess produkter. Dessutom vill de ge konsumenterna en medvetenhet om deras varumärke och nya produkter. Vidare vill företagen nå ut till så många som möjligt och skapa kännedom och association till deras varumärke genom tv-serien. Valet av tv-serie påverkas av företagets målgrupp där rätt målgrupp ska nås så att målgruppen kan identifiera sig med tv-serien och företaget.

Mirrors of Change is a cross-sectional study of micro and macro institutional environments that envisages to analyse shifts in the sources of institutional legitimacy since the 1960s. The main aim is to understand whether homogenising macro institutions are adopted at the micro institutional levels. In order to do this, the study examines the heterogenising elements that are specific to local environments. At the micro level, the focus is on two industry associations, namely, the Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay (CIU) and Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF). At the macro level, the investigation is centred on what is termed in this study as ‘World-Culture’, composed of a group of global institutions. As the study shows, World-culture is a source of new social identities, norms, rules and values through which individuals and organisations rationally organise and pursue their interests. An important question is whether the role of the nation-state in Chile and Uruguay has changed since the 1960s. The study concludes that there is a clear shift from national to global and regional sources of legitimacy. In both cases, the intensity of interaction with macro institutions (World-culture) has been greater in the 1990s compared to the 1960s. The role of the state as prime source of institutional legitimacy at the national environmental level has decreased since global institutions through carriers like International Organisations that are beyond the reach of the state. While the homogenising exogenous institutions wielded greater influence in Chilean and Uruguayan environments, the clashes with traditional domestic institutions had a different character that stimulated new and particular forms of ‘remix’. The CIU went through a process of NGOisation, while the SFF increased its interaction with the state and the region. The two cases examined in this study show distinct responses to common problems owing to different cultural environments.

Syftet är att beskriva hur en svensk ideell förening mäter och redovisar effektivitet samt vilka effekter det har på verksamheten. I och med att ideella föreningar till skillnad från företag inte har ett vinstdrivande syfte så kan således inte effektivitet mätas på samma sätt som i den privata sektorn. I denna uppsats studeras ett fall, en kristen församling, för att få en inblick i hur en ideell förening mäter effektivitet och redovisar den. Denna uppsats utförs genom en fallstudie av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karraktär. Författarna har besökt församlingen och genomfört en enkätundersökning av medlemmarna och deras attityder kring effektivitet och hur den redovisas till medlemmarna. Vidare har författarna intervjuat styrelsemedlemmar för att få en djupare inblick i ämnet. Vad som skiljer ideella föreningar från vinstdrivande organisationer är att de har ett icke-ekonomiskt syfte och att de bedrivs mestadels på frivillig basis. En ideell förening är beroende av bidrag från medlemmar och kommun. Normer och praxis inom redovisning är utarbetad utifrån den privata sektorn och präglas då av ett vinstdrivande syfte och finansiella mått. För den ideella sektorn lämpar sig ickefinanseella mått i form av måluppfyllelse bättre. I och med att ideella föreningar inte har en egen lagstiftning så påverkas redovisningens utformning också av ett vinstdrivande perspektiv. Den effektivitet som församlingen mäter och redovisar i sin årsredovisning är statistik på antalet medlemmar och deltagare i församlingens olika verksamheter. Däremot redovisas effektivitet i form av målsättning snarare verbalt på församlingsmöten. Genom synen på redovisning som ett informationssystem är verbal kommunikation också en form av redovisning. Icke finansiella mått är viktigast för församlingen, anser styrelsemedlemmarna, för att de kan påverka medlemmarna till att engagera sig mer i verksamheten. Finansiella mått kan församlingen också ha användning för så länge redovisningen av dem genomförs på ett sätt så medlemmarna kan ta till sig den informationen. Om redovisningen genomförs så att medlemmarna förstår informationen kan den få en positiv effekt på verksamheten för att den kan motivera medlemmarna att engagera sig mer. Studien har lett till en modell som visar hur effektivitets-redovisningen kan påverka en förening positivt. Genom att sätta upp mätbara delmål både för styrelsen och för medlemmarna kan motivationen ökas och mer resurser bli tillgängliga för verksamheten. Med fler motiverade medlemmar och mer resurser kan församlingen nå sina mål och öka effetkiviteten. Utvärdering av de uppnådda målen och redovisning av resultaten ska inspirera medlemmarna till att sätta nya mål och en enighet bland medlemmarna att sträva efter att uppnå de nya målen. / The purpose with this thesis is to describe how a non-profit association measures and presents efficiency and its effects on the organization. Non-profit organizations cannot measure efficiency in the same way as profit-driven organizations since they do not have a financial purpose. In this thesis a christian congregation is studied to attain a deeper insight in how non-profit organizations measures and presents efficiency. This thesis is conducted through a case study of both qualitatative and quantitatative character. The authors have visited the congregation in question and made a questionnaire among the members about their attitudes towards efficiency and how it is presented to them. The authors have also interviewed four members of the board to get a deeper insight in the subject. What distinguishes non-profit organizations from profit-driven ones is that they have a non-financial purpose. And also that they mostly are operated on a voluntary basis. A non-profit organization is depending on subsidies from members and the municipality. Norms within accounting are designed from a profit-driven view and is mostly focusing on financial measures. For the non-profit sector measures of non financial character is more appropriate to use. The accounting within non-profit organizations are heavily affected by a profit-driven perspective since they do not have an exclusive legislation. The efficiency that the congregation measures and presents in their annual report is statistics of members and participants in their activities. However they do present efficiency in sense of objectives verbally through their meetings. Verbal communication can from a informationsystem kind of view be considered as a way of accounting. Non financial measures is the most important ones for the congregation since it can make the members become more engaged in the activities. If the accounting is created in a way that the members can relate to, it may have a positive and motivative effect on the organisation. The study resulted in a model that shows the positive effects of presenting efficiency in an organization. By introducing measureable goals more members will become engaged and more resources will be available in the organization. Through this the congregation more easily can reach its goals. Evaluation of reached goals will inspire the members to set up new ones and to become more united.

We have in this master thesis chosen to evaluate limit us to the non-profit fundraising associations. The evaluation is based on what Vedung(1998) the side-effect model, where we have the purposes of the law as the point of departure, to see that these law purposes are fulfilled. With this model we have also seen if there are any side-effects that were not foreseen. In the analysis we have compared the non-profit associations’ annual reports with each other and with one profit making limited company. The evaluation shows that the annual reports are now more alike than before, both between each other and with the profit making limited company. However there is still room for the associations to use the annual report in a marketing-oriented way, to “sell” themselves to the stakeholders. Before 2001 it was almost impossible to compare the non-profit associations’ annual reports. The profit making limited companies annual reports are much more focused on numbers, this probably has to do with that the stakeholders’ wishes return on investment. A donor to a non-profit association rather wants to know that his/her money have done someone’s life to the better. Our conclusions in this master thesis are that the new accounting law have affected the non-profit associations’ annual reports, this when they now are obligated to form its accounting according to ÅRL. But in the same time we also believe that the law not only has affected how the annual reports are formed. The expectations from the stakeholders, the accountants etc. also forms how they arrange the annual report, have also been affected. If any side effects that have arisen since the law changed among the non-profit associations’ annual reports are not easy to find. This is because it is still differences between a profit making limited company and a non-profit association, but they are now under the same annual report rules. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att utvärdera om årsredovisningarna hos ideella föreningar har påverkats efter att man 2001 valde att skriva om bokföringslagen så den nu gäller ett större antal företag. Anledningen till att man valde att ändra bokföringslagen var att få normgivningen mer enhetlig och generell. Innan 2001 var normgivningen spridd på flera olika lager, vilket ledde till att allt blev mer komplicerat än vad det behövde vara, menade vissa. Vi har i denna uppsats valt att utvärdera ideella insamlingsorganisationer för att avgränsa oss. Utvärderingen utgår från vad Vedung (1998) kallar bieffektmodellen, där vi har som utgångspunkt syften med lagen, för att se om dessa syften levdes upp till. Vi har även i och med denna modell sett på om det blev sidoeffekter av lagen, som inte var meningen från början. I analysen jämför vi de ideella föreningarnas årsredovisning med varandra och med ett vinstdrivande företag. Utvärderingen visar på att årsredovisningarna nu är mer lika varandra, både mellan varandra och med ett vinstdrivande företag. Dock finns det ett utrymme i årsredovisningen som föreningarna använder på ett reklaminriktat sätt, för att sälja in sig till intressenterna. Innan 2001 var det i princip omöjligt att jämföra de ideella föreningarnas årsredovisningar. Det vinstdrivande företagets årsredovisning är mycket mer inriktat på siffror och detta har antagligen att göra med att deras intressenter är vinstintresserade. En bidragsgivare till en ideell förening vill förmodligen istället veta att det man har skänkt pengar till har gjort att någon har det bättre nu. Våra slutsatser i uppsatsen är att bokföringslagen har påverkat de ideella föreningarnas årsredovisningar, detta då de nu är tvingade till en mall enligt ÅRL. Men samtidigt tror vi att inte bara lagen har påverkat hur årsredovisningarna utformas. Förväntningar från intressenterna, samma revisor eller andra mallar på hur de kan lägga upp årsredovisningar påverkar även det. Sidoeffekter som har uppstått i och med att lagen ändrades är att årsredovisningarna hos ideella föreningar inte är helt enkla att läsa av. Detta då det i grunden ändå är skillnader mellan ett vinstdrivande företag och en ideell förening, men att de nu går under samma redovisningsregler.

During recent years, the trend of Swedish students’ negative performance and results in mathematics has been discussed. It is agreed that a change in teaching methods is necessary in order to solve this issue. Thus we found it interesting to take a closer look at an alternative way of teaching. The purpose of this study was to find out what teachers and students associate concrete mathematics with and make a comparison between them. A qualitative method based on interviews was used to reach the purpose. The data was analyzed and the result was that two groups took form: Knowledge and Game. Both teachers and students agree on the fact that concrete mathematics brings a positive variation into the classroom and motivates the students. Concrete mathematics also contributes with practicing, collaboration and discussions. The most distinctive difference between teachers and students’ associations is their view on knowledge. On one hand the teachers claimed that concrete mathematics contributes with better learning, but on the other hand the students claimed that they learn better or just as well by using workbooks in mathematics. The study also showed that students tended to see concrete mathematics as if it were a game. Based on this result we think that it is important that the teachers have a clear purpose with their teaching methods and make the students aware of their purpose. We claim that this is decisive in order to make the students feel that their activities are meaningful. / Svenska elevers försämrade resultat i matematik har under de senaste åren diskuterats. Ett förändrat arbetssätt i matematik anses ibland vara det som behövs för att vända denna negativa trend. Detta fick oss att vilja titta närmare på ett alternativt arbetssätt. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vad lärare och elever på högstadiet associerar ett laborativt arbetssätt i matematik med, samt göra jämförelser mellan dessa associationer. För att kunna uppnå syftet genomfördes en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer. Intervjumaterialet analyserades sedan och de associationer som framkom delades in i två grupper, Lärande och lek. Både elever och lärare förknippar ett laborativt arbetssätt i matematik med att det leder till variation och ökad motivation. Arbetssättet bidrar, enligt lärarna även till att eleverna kan hjälpa varandra samt att de får träning i att samarbeta och diskutera. Den tydligaste skillnaden är att lärarna associerar ett laborativt arbetssätt som gynnsamt för lärandet, medan eleverna här menar att de lär sig lika bra eller bättre med läroboken. Studien visade även att ett laborativt arbetssätt ofta likställs med lek från elevernas sida. Utifrån detta finner vi det viktigt att lärarna har ett tydligt syfte med laborationerna, klargör syftet för eleverna, samt även följer upp genomförda laborationer. Detta för att undervisningen ska vara meningsfull och utvecklande för eleverna. Risken tror vi annars är att görandet hamnar i fokus på bekostnad av lärandet.

Swedish voluntary associations, folkrörelser have been honoredwith a gilt-edged history, a chronicle in need of criticalnuance. Those mass movements which at the time of thebreakthrough of democracy and the welfare society were bearers ofcivic ideals and visions have changed in character and metcompetition from other organizations. Over the years theorganizational sphere as well as its enviroment have evolved intosomething of a completely different nature.The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the communityfunctions of voluntary associations; and to identify theconditions under which voluntary associations are able to promotedifferent political cultures.The analyses prove that voluntary associations in the welfaresociety occupy community functions located between the extremesof a service and a pressure function. Extrapolated to themacro-level they are on the way to a privatist and pluralistsociety, respectively. Few, if any, organizations maintain forcesthat point in the direction of a civil or state society.Organizations push society onto a path leading towards pluralismand individualism, but what does this imply for the developmentof the whole social formation? A variety of forces maycounterbalance the aspirations of voluntary associations. In thewelfare society key emphasis must be placed on what happens whenorganizations meet the challenge imposed by the volumnious growthof the public sector.The capacity of organizations to change the enviroment isdependent on the scale and thoroughness of public intervention:the more extensive government interventionism, the harder it isfor organizations to leave their imprint on the making of apolitical culture. If, however, the integration of the economic,social, and political arenas was to disintegrate or the arenaswere to become softer in their contours, organization potentialswould grow stronger. Voluntary associations are more reactivethan active in political conditions characterized by integratedarenas and government interventionism; reducing publicintervention is a prerequisite for organizations to be able toreshape the political culture. / digitalisering@umu