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[pt] Esta tese explora a potência da noção de quase-acontecimento no campo dos estudos literários. Buscando tal noção na esfera do perspectivismo ameríndio, soma-se a investigações contemporâneas que, comprometidas com o imperativo de não presumir vantagem epistemológica nos encontros com os povos indígenas, vêm se interessando em pensar a experiência artística sob o impacto desses encontros. No universo ameríndio, o quase acontecer é um evento recorrentemente associado ao trânsito ontológico (viagens aos mundos dos mortos, dos espíritos, dos animais, das coisas etc.), sendo a quasidade um vetor crucial em narrativas míticas e práticas xamânicas. Em contraste com estados de fusão ou anulação, a experiência com a quasidade só pode se manifestar em termos suspensivos. A disposição para habitar, assim em suspensão, zonas de vizinhança entre mundos humanos e não humanos já foi muitas vezes evocada e convocada em conexão com a experiência artística em contextos ditos ocidentais: tomando parte nesse movimento, as reflexões de Deleuze e Guattari são, de modo geral, uma influência importante nos materiais etnofilosóficos aqui em foco, notadamente, os trabalhos de Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Tania Stolze Lima e Manuela Carneiro da Cunha. Dois aspectos do pensamento da dupla de filósofos franceses importam em especial para este estudo: por um lado, mais teórico, está a insistência no devir feiticeiro do artista; e, por outro lado, mais metodológico, está o caminho que abrem ao construir seu pensamento por meio da invenção de séries heterogêneas de intercessores. Compondo-se de um conjunto eclético de materiais poéticos capazes de perturbar certo modo ocidental de conceber a imaginação, esta tese dedica-se a investigar vínculos possíveis entre imaginação poética e quase acontecimento. Apresentando-se e discutindo-se modos singulares com que poéticas ameríndias e ocidentais mobilizam o quase acontecer, mostra-se que o diálogo com práticas interligadas da vida ameríndia abre caminhos férteis para (re)pensar e (re)viver a potência do corpo na imaginação e os vínculos entre práticas teórico-críticas e práticas artísticas. A tese reflete em sua própria escritura este último ponto: os exercícios de leitura aqui realizados fazem transbordar entre si minhas atividades como pesquisadora e como escritora. Por este viés e num recorte que bastará aos interesses deste estudo, tais exercícios respondem à natureza paradoxal das imagens xapiri na narrativa xamânica de David Kopenawa em A queda do céu; à atmosfera mítico-ritualística de contato dos Ikpeng e dos Yanomami com a morte; e ao desordenamento de corpos que infestam o mito Pu iito – práticas e poéticas ameríndias que ponho em fricção com as seguintes experiências artísticas ocidentais: os livros O imitador de vozes, de Thomas Bernhard e Amada, de Toni Morrison; o poema Qvasi , de Edimilson de Almeida Pereira; e o conto O sofredor do ver , de Maura Lopes Cançado. / [en] This thesis explores the potency of the notion of the quasi-event in the field of literary studies. By locating this notion within the sphere of Amerindian perspectivism, it makes use of contemporary investigations that, committed to the imperative of not assuming an epistemological advantage in encounters with indigenous peoples, have been interested in considering the artistic experience under the impact of these encounters. In the Amerindian universe, a quasi-event-taken is an event recurrently associated with ontological transit (i.e., trips to the worlds of the dead, spirits, animals, things etc.), in which quasidade is a crucial vector in mythical narratives and shamanic practices. In contrast to states of fusion and annulment, this experience with quasidade can only manifest itself in suspensive terms. The willingness to inhabit (thus in suspension) neighboring zones between human and non-human worlds has often been evoked and summoned in connection with the artistic experience in so-called Western contexts: taking part in such movement, the reflections of Deleuze and Guattari are, in general, important influences on the ethnophilosophical materials in focus, most notably the works of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Tania Stolze Lima and Manuela Carneiro da Cunha. Moreover, two aspects of the French philosophers thinking are especially relevant to this study: on the one hand, a more theoretical approach is the insistence on the becoming sorcerer of the artist; and, on the other hand, more methodological, is the path they open when constructing their thinking through the invention of a heterogeneous series of intercessors. Composed of an eclectic set of poetic materials capable of disturbing a certain Western way of conceiving the imagination, this thesis investigates possible links between poetic imagination and quasi-event . Hence, introducing and discussing the unique ways in which Amerindian and Western poetics mobilize quasi-event-taken, it is shown that the dialogue with interconnected practices of Amerindian life clears the path for alternative ways to (re)think and (re)live the potency of the body in the imagination, as well as the links between theoretical-critical and artistic practices. This last matter is reflected in this work s writing process: the reading exercises carried out here make my activities as a researcher and as a writer to overflow with each other. By this bias and in a cut-off that will be enough for the interests of this study, such exercises respond to the paradoxical nature of xapiri images in David Kopenawa s shamanic narrative in A queda do céu; the mythical-ritualistic atmosphere of Ikpeng and Yanomami contact with death; and the disorder of bodies that infest the myth Pu iito – Amerindian practices and poetics that I put in friction with the following Western artistic experiences: the books O Imitador de Vozes, by Thomas Bernhard and Amada, by Toni Morrison; the poem Qvasi , by Edimilson de Almeida Pereira; and the short story O sofredor do ver , by Maura Lopes Cançado.

Bipolar disorder is a condition rarely approached in anthropological research, and even less so through the eyes of people living with the disorder. Therefore, to focus on understanding the experience of the state in-between episodes, here referred to as a “white space”, is rare and in need of further examination. The aim of this study was to explore the various experiences of a “white space”, how it is constructed, disrupted, and maintained. The thesis is also an attempt to look at what factors affect these experiences using the anthropology of becoming, and concepts of power and agency. With the interviews of eleven individuals that have experienced different lengths of “white spaces”, a representative of a non-profit organization, a clinical psychologist, and minor participant observation, the author explores the complex views, interpretations, and experiences of a life within a “white space”. Apart from the sub-field of medical anthropology, the thematic framework and concepts involve the anthropology of becoming, agency, and power to explain and discuss the “white space” experience. The analysis shows that a “white space” has many different forms and that agency and power have a great impact on the experience. What the author also discusses in the analysis is the dynamic between what they define as knowledge-production and knowledge-sharing, alongside agency and power in relation to these “white space” experiences. The author emphasizes the importance in using these concepts to further understand and affect the experiences of “white spaces” positively. The conclusion summarizes the findings and emphasizes the need to explore this form of research further.

The aim of this thesis is to report on a transdisciplinary approach, regarding the complexity of thinking about human embodiment in relation to machine embodiment. A practical dimension of this thesis is to elicit some principles for the design and evaluation of virtual embodiment. The transdisciplinary approach suggests, firstly, that a single discipline or reality is, on its own, not sufficient to explain the complexity and dynamism of the embodied interaction between the human and machine. Secondly, the thesis argues for thinking of transdisciplinary research as a process of individuation, becoming or transduction, that is, as a process of mediation between heterogeneous approaches rather than perceiving research as a stabilized cognitive schema designed to accumulate new outcomes to the already-there reality. Arguing for going beyond the individualized approaches to embodiment, this thesis analyzes three cases where the problems that appear in one case are resolved through the analysis of the following one. Consisting of three phases, this research moves from objective scientific ¿reality¿ to more phenomenological, subjective and complex realities. The first study employs a critical review of embodied conversational agents in human¿computer interaction (HCI) in a learning context using a comparative meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was applied because most of the studies for evaluating embodiment are experimental. A learning context was selected because the number of studies is suitable for meta-analysis and the findings could be generalized to other contexts. The analysis reveals that there is no ¿persona effect¿, that is, the expected positive effect of virtual embodiment on the participant¿s affective, perceptive and cognitive measures. On the contrary, it shows the reduction of virtual embodiment to image and a lack of consideration for the participant¿s embodiment and interaction, in addition to theoretical and methodological shortcomings. The second phase solves these problems by focusing on Mark Hansen¿s phenomenological account of embodiment in new media. The investigation shows that Hansen improves on the HCI account by focusing on the participant¿s dynamic interaction with new media. Nevertheless, his views of embodied perception and affection are underpinned by a subjective patriarchal account leading to object/subject and body/work polarizations. The final phase resolves this polarization by analyzing the controversial work of Alan Turing on intelligent machinery. The research provides a different reading of the Turing Machine based on Simondon¿s concept of individuation, repositioning its materiality from the abstract non-existent to the actual-virtual realm and investigating the reasons for its abstraction. It relates the emergence of multiple human¿machine encounters in Turing¿s work to the complex counter-becoming of what it describes as ¿the Turing Machine compound¿. / Ministry of Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman

Данная работа нацелена на осуществление историко-философского анализа концептов музыки и времени в философии жизни и выявление степени их взаимовлияния. Исследуются представления о концептах музыки и времени А. Шопенгауэра, Ф. Ницше, Р. Вагнера, Д. Бергсона и о. Шпенглера. Анализируется влияние романтизма на объяснение данных концептов в философии жизни. / Тhe master's thesis is aimed at carrying out a historical and philosophical analysis of the concepts of music and time in the philosophy of life and identifying the degree of their mutual influence. The ideas about the concepts of music and time by A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, R. Wagner, D. Bergson and O. Spengler are investigated. The influence of Romanticism on the explanation of these concepts in the philosophy of life is analyzed.

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This qualitative study explores the perspective and practice of educators in after-school care through a child centered approach regarding the playground environment, rules, and resources aimed at promoting children's participation and well-being. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with educators in after-school care settings to investigate their perceptions and approaches. Educators strive to create an inclusive and meaningful playground environment by implementing clear and understandable rules. These rules aim not only to organize children's activities but also to break down gender norms and promote current societal issues. Educators are flexible and willing to adapt rules according to children's needs and interests to enhance their participation and autonomy. Regarding resources and play materials, educators aim to keep children active and engaged by providing a varied and stimulating environment. By allowing children to co-create their own play environment, their creativity and imagination are fostered. The study highlights the crucial role of educators in after-school care in creating an inclusive and meaningful playground environment for children. By implementing clear rules and providing appropriate resources, they aim to promote children's well-being and development effectively. By working with a child centered approach and being responsive to children's needs and interests, educators can create a positive and supportive environment where all children are given the opportunity to grow and thrive.

El propósito de este estudio es abordar el concepto de espacio y, en particular, su desocupación, a través de tres obras: Caja Vacía/Metafísica de Jorge Oteiza, Who´s afraid of red, yellow and blue de Barnett Newman y el Pabellón de Alemania de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. El discurso se construye a través de un transitar sobre la banda de Moebius y en su vaivén y en su doblez aparecen y desparecen imágenes, ideas y textos sobre los que fluye la voluntad de construir una interpretación nueva sobre el objeto descrito. Martin Heidegger, Gilles Deleuze y Gaston Bachelard son los tres sostenes teóricos de esta estructura. Y más cerca y más lejos de este texto siempre se mantiene la difícil tarea de entender cuál es la forma de habitar y de ser (Ich bin) del hombre en la tierra. / The purpose of this study is to address the concept of space and, in particular, its disoccupation through three different pieces of work: Empty/Metaphysical Box by Jorge Oteiza, Who´s afraid of red, yellow and blue by Barnett Newman and German Pavilion by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The discourse is constructed through a move on the Moebius band, its swing and double apparition and disappearance of images, ideas and texts which build a new interpretation of the subject matter. Martin Heidegger, Gilles Deleuze and Gaston Bachelard are the three theorists of this structure. The difficult task of understanding what is the way of living and being of man (Ich bin) on earth always remains what is closer and further away from this text.

過去，我們常以旁觀者的觀點出發，以局外人的角度設想身心障礙者所面對的問題，對身心障礙者的了解十分有限。不當的對待或歧視，往往限制了身心障礙者的生存機會，使其處於弱勢中的弱勢，導致身心障礙者及其家庭陷於重重困境之中。 鑒於過去研究對於身心障礙者之統計資訊的缺乏，以及個案分析難以釐清人口群之特徵，本研究著眼於解析障礙圖像，並以不同生命階段可能面對之危機及重要生命事件做為切入的角度，探討身心障礙者在過去三十餘年生存機會與社會適應之差異。由於公務統計之資訊無法呈現細部的障礙者生命歷程，本研究輔以身心障礙國民生活需求調查資料，釐清導致障礙的時點對障礙者可能產生的影響，並分析其需求與福利資源之契合度，以檢討政策施行對身心障礙者造成行為或生存機會的改變。 研究使用民國101年（2012）內政部統計處社會經濟資料庫，以及衛生福利部之統計資訊為主，透過地理資訊系統的呈現，描繪出身心障礙者的分布狀況，以及資源分配的情況。有關生存機會的差異，採用民國99年人口及住宅普查全臺閩地區資料與民國100年身心障礙者生活狀況調查原始資料相互對照，以不同生命歷程作為主要的軸線，釐清障礙者與非障礙者的生存機會（就學、就業、婚育）與多元差異。 研究發現，都會區的障礙人口龐大，偏鄉、山地區域的障礙人口佔總人口比例卻十分驚人。身心障礙者之教育程度較低、成為非勞動力的比例較高，此外，身心障礙者較一般人不易進入婚姻，在進入婚姻後，又曝露於更高的離婚風險。從不同致障時間來看，先天致障者面臨較低的教育、婚育機會，但是在就業部分沒有較大的差異；智能障礙者、慢性精神病患者面臨各種機會的弱勢，然而，兩者致障的時間卻有不一樣的情境；自閉症則是在婚育機會中與智能障礙者同等弱勢，但是在教育和就業面向則有較好的表現。 研究建議，障礙發生的時程反映不同的情境，如以同一套的處遇模式，是無法滿足障礙者的需求。在地方資源分配不均的情況下，應考量福利介入最佳的時點與資源，改善身心障礙者不利的處境，增強其社會適應之可能。 / In the past, misunderstanding of people with disabled resulted in improper treatment or discrimination. This perspective of an outsider vision limited their life chances, and their families were caught in a predicament. Given the lack of previous studies for the disabilities of statistical information, as well as case studies is difficult to clarify the characteristics of population groups, this study focuses on displaying maps of disability, and exploring different life courses in which people may be in face of crisis and major life events. Since the official statistics of the information cannot render detail of life course, researcher supplemented by survey data, to clarify the impact on the time of becoming disabled, to analyze the fitness of welfare resources and needs, and to review the implementation of the policy. Research on the use of the Republic of China 101 years (2012) at the Ministry of the Interior statistics socio-economic database, as well as the Ministry of Health and Welfare statistics information mainly through geographic information system, depicting the distribution of people with disabilities, and the distribution of resources. Researcher also use the data of Republic of China 2010 Population and Housing Census in Taiwan and Fujian area, and 2011 Physically and Mentally Disabled Citizens Living and Demand Assessment Survey to clarify differences life chances about education, employment, marriage and child rearing. The study found that a large number of people with disability live in urban area; however, the proportion of disability is alarming in mountainous regions and rural area. People with disability are lower educated, have less chances to become labor forces. In addition, compared with people without disability, people with disability have less chances to get married. Even getting married, they are easier to be divorced. People born to be disabled are lower educated, have less chances to get married and to have babies, compared with those who are not born to be disabled. People with mentally disability and chronic psychosis face disadvantaged opportunities, but their time of being disabled are totally different. People with autism and mentally disability have less chances of getting married and having babies, but the former with higher educated and higher chances to be employed. Research suggested that the time of becoming disability reflecting different situations. As a result, we have to concern the life course and timing of becoming disabled, and to provide appropriate resources for people with disability. Owing to uneven distribution of resources, we should consider the welfare of the best intervention point with the right resources to improve the well-being of people with disability and enhance their social adaptation.