Este estudo histórico sobre as origens do espetáculo cinematográfico em Porto Alegre investiga as práticas que caracterizaram a exploração comercial do cinematógrafo para fins de entretenimento desde a sua introdução na cidade em novembro de 1896 até a abertura das primeiras salas permanentes especializadas na exibição cinematográfica, em 1908, e que deram início ao processo de sedentarização da atividade exibidora. O cinema não surgiu como um gênero espetacular acabado e tampouco foi uma prática inédita enquanto espetáculo de projeções, mas esteve estreitamente vinculado à tradição dos espetáculos de projeções de lanterna mágica do século XIX, o que explica a extensão da pesquisa a 1861. Entre 1896 e 1908, o cinematógrafo deixou de ser apenas uma nova invenção técnica e uma nova modalidade de projeção de imagens ópticas para se constituir e afirmar como novo gênero espetacular, autônomo de outras práticas culturais que lhe foram anteriores e contemporâneas e com as quais estabeleceu diferentes formas de associação. Ao longo deste período, o cinematógrafo foi explorado comercialmente de modo descontínuo e temporário por diferentes exibidores cinematográficos itinerantes que ocuparam centros de diversões já existentes e criaram espaços especializados de exibição, propondo distintos modos de organização do espetáculo e dos programas. A heterogeneidade da exibição também facultou um acesso diversificado do público ao cinema e possibilitou uma grande variedade nas formas de sua apropriação pelos espectadores, conferindo uma dinâmica ímpar ao processo de afirmação do cinema como gênero espetacular específico e nova prática cultural. / This historical study on the origins of the cinematographic spectacle in Porto Alegre investigates the practices which characterized the commercial exploitation of the cinematographer for entertainment purposes from its introduction in the city in november 1896 to the opening of the first permanent theaters specialized in cinematographic exhibitions, in 1908, which gave start to the process of sedentarization of the exhibiting activity. Cinema did not appear as an accomplished spectacle genre and neither the projection spectacle was a new practice; it was closely linked to the tradition of the magic lantern projection spectacles of the 19th century, as explained by the extension of the research to 1861. Between 1896 and 1908, the cinematograph has shifted from being solely a new technical invention and a new mode of projection of optical images to becoming a new spectacular genre, independent from other cultural practices, previous and contemporary, with which it had established various forms of association. Throughout this period, the cinematograph was commercially explored in a discontinuous and temporary fashion by a number of itinerant cinematographic exhibitors who occupied existing entertainment centers and created specialized exhibition spaces, proposing distinct ways of organization of the spectacle and of the programs. The heterogeneity of the exhibition also allowed diversified access from the public to cinema and introduced a great variety of possibilities for the audience to appropriate it, conferring an unparalleled dynamic to the process of affirmation of cinema as a specific spectacle genre and a new cultural practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3175.pdf: 627963 bytes, checksum: 31240cff1bc45d6d50647b6c9576befd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This paper studies the Brazilian cinematography corporation political joint between 1999 and 2003. Starting from fiscal renounce model crisis in the national film production, wherein the dialog narrowing between filmmakers and the State led to the creation of the National Cinema Agency (Ancine), which generated the cinematographic group split concerning the agency link in the federal organization chart. In this context, I analyze the problems showed by the filmmakers to the sector sustainability and the possible solutions for this, including its limitations inside the scenario involving the cinematographic corporation, the State, the foreign distribution companies and national broadcasting companies. To do this research, it was used books, articles, internet site information, congress documents, federal legislation and interviews to set up the Brazilian cinema political joint development and its problems to execute the sector demands oriented to the sustainability. / Esta dissertação versa sobre a articulação política da corporação cinematográfica brasileira no período de 1999 a 2003. Partindo da crise do modelo de renúncia fiscal no incentivo da produção cinematográfica brasileira, em que o estreitamento do diálogo entre cineastas e o Estado desdobrou-se na criação da Agência Nacional de Cinema (Ancine), a qual ocasiona a divisão do meio cinematográfico no que diz respeito às aspirações de modelos de atuação da agência junto ao Estado. Neste contexto, analisam-se as dificuldades apresentadas pelos cineastas no caminho da autossustentabilidade do setor e as possíveis soluções para isto, inclusive suas limitações dentro do cenário envolvendo o meio cinematográfico, o Estado, as distribuidoras estrangeiras e as empresas radiodifusoras. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados livros, artigos, informações de sites da internet, documentos de congressos, legislação federal e entrevistas para configurar os desdobramentos da articulação política do cinema brasileiro e as dificuldades em concretizar as demandas do setor rumo à sustentabilidade.

Este estudo histórico sobre as origens do espetáculo cinematográfico em Porto Alegre investiga as práticas que caracterizaram a exploração comercial do cinematógrafo para fins de entretenimento desde a sua introdução na cidade em novembro de 1896 até a abertura das primeiras salas permanentes especializadas na exibição cinematográfica, em 1908, e que deram início ao processo de sedentarização da atividade exibidora. O cinema não surgiu como um gênero espetacular acabado e tampouco foi uma prática inédita enquanto espetáculo de projeções, mas esteve estreitamente vinculado à tradição dos espetáculos de projeções de lanterna mágica do século XIX, o que explica a extensão da pesquisa a 1861. Entre 1896 e 1908, o cinematógrafo deixou de ser apenas uma nova invenção técnica e uma nova modalidade de projeção de imagens ópticas para se constituir e afirmar como novo gênero espetacular, autônomo de outras práticas culturais que lhe foram anteriores e contemporâneas e com as quais estabeleceu diferentes formas de associação. Ao longo deste período, o cinematógrafo foi explorado comercialmente de modo descontínuo e temporário por diferentes exibidores cinematográficos itinerantes que ocuparam centros de diversões já existentes e criaram espaços especializados de exibição, propondo distintos modos de organização do espetáculo e dos programas. A heterogeneidade da exibição também facultou um acesso diversificado do público ao cinema e possibilitou uma grande variedade nas formas de sua apropriação pelos espectadores, conferindo uma dinâmica ímpar ao processo de afirmação do cinema como gênero espetacular específico e nova prática cultural. / This historical study on the origins of the cinematographic spectacle in Porto Alegre investigates the practices which characterized the commercial exploitation of the cinematographer for entertainment purposes from its introduction in the city in november 1896 to the opening of the first permanent theaters specialized in cinematographic exhibitions, in 1908, which gave start to the process of sedentarization of the exhibiting activity. Cinema did not appear as an accomplished spectacle genre and neither the projection spectacle was a new practice; it was closely linked to the tradition of the magic lantern projection spectacles of the 19th century, as explained by the extension of the research to 1861. Between 1896 and 1908, the cinematograph has shifted from being solely a new technical invention and a new mode of projection of optical images to becoming a new spectacular genre, independent from other cultural practices, previous and contemporary, with which it had established various forms of association. Throughout this period, the cinematograph was commercially explored in a discontinuous and temporary fashion by a number of itinerant cinematographic exhibitors who occupied existing entertainment centers and created specialized exhibition spaces, proposing distinct ways of organization of the spectacle and of the programs. The heterogeneity of the exhibition also allowed diversified access from the public to cinema and introduced a great variety of possibilities for the audience to appropriate it, conferring an unparalleled dynamic to the process of affirmation of cinema as a specific spectacle genre and a new cultural practice.

Les années de dictature militaire (1973-1984) furent paradoxalement la période la plus importante dans l’histoire de la Cinémathèque Uruguayenne. En ces temps obscurs l'institution s’est forgé une réputation au niveau local et international sur la base d’un travail culturel indépendant. Malgré les circonstances répressives propres au régime, le public de la cinémathèque a montré des signes de vie publique et a participé activement à la création d'un espace symbolique de résistance. En ce sens, pendant la période de dictature, la Cinémathèque Uruguayenne va s’inscrire en tant qu’institution de médiation, comme un « nouveau » acteur culturel qui émerge dans des circonstances critiques particulières, pour assumer un rôle que ne l’avait pas été réservé jusqu'à ce moment-là. Ainsi, nous croyons que dans le contexte latino-américain des années 1960-70, le cinéma s’est transformé, suivant l’expression de Pierre Sorlin, en un « lieu de conflits » L’objectif principal de ce travail consiste donc en décrire, à travers le témoignage des abonnés qui assistaient aux séances programmées par l’institution tout au long de la période de dictature, le lieu social où se déroulait la réception. A la suite de l’approche historique des études de réception développée par la théoricienne américaine Janet Staiger, nous nous proposons de comprendre l’influence du contexte dans les formes de réception cinématographiques et de discerner les mécanismes à travers lesquels le public s’est approprié le cinéma comme un « espace de résistance culturelle », appellation que recevait la Cinémathèque à l’époque. / The years of military dictatorship (1973 – 1984) ironically turned into the most important period in the history of Uruguayan Cinematheque. Based on an independent cultural work, back in those dark times, the institution was able to consolidate a task acknowledged both locally as well as internationally. Despite the repressive circumstances of the regime, the public of the institution showed signs of a public life and actively participated in the creation of a symbolic space for the resistance. As a cultural mediation institution, the Cinematheque so appeared as a "new" actor emerging in specific critical circumstances to assume a role that it did not have in store until then. In this way, we believe that in the 70s and 80s Latin American context, cinema transformed into a “place of conflicts” (lieu de conflits), following Pierre Sorlin’s expression. The main objective of this work is to describe – through the testimony of the spectators who attended the films programmed by the institution during the dictatorship period – the social place where the reception occurred. Following the historical focus of the reception developed by American theorist Janet Staiger, we intend to understand the influence of the sociopolitical context in the ways of cinematographic reception and to discern the mechanisms whereby the public got hold of the cinema as a “cultural resistance space”, name given to Uruguayan Cinematheque back then. / Los años de dictadura militar (1973-1984) se transformaron, paradójicamente, en el período más importante de la historia de la Cinemateca Uruguaya. En base a un trabajo cultural independiente, en esos tiempos oscuros, la institución supo consolidar una tarea reconocida tanto a nivel local como a nivel internacional. A pesar de las circunstancias represivas del régimen, el público de la Cinemateca mostró signos de vida pública y participó activamente en la creación de un espacio simbólico de la resistencia. Como institución de mediación cultural, la Cinemateca apareció así como un "nuevo" actor, que emergía en circunstancias críticas específicas para asumir un papel que no tenía reservado hasta entonces. De esta manera, creemos que en el contexto latinoamericano de los años 1970 a 1980, el cine se transformó, siguiendo la expresión de Sorlin, en un "lugar de conflictos." El objetivo principal de este trabajo es describir - a través del testimonio de los socios que asistieron a las funciones programadas por la institución durante el período de dictadura - el lugar social donde se desarrollaba la recepción. Siguiendo el enfoque histórico de la recepción desarrollado por la historiadora norteamericana Janet Staiger, nos proponemos entender la influencia del contexto socio-político en las formas de recepción cinematográfica y discernir los mecanismos mediante los cuales el público se apropió del cine como un “espacio de resistencia cultural”, apelativo que recibía la Cinemateca Uruguaya en aquel momento.

Esta dissertação intenta contribuir para os estudos sobre o filme Candinho (1954), do diretor paulista Abílio Pereira de Almeida (1906-1977), investigando com maior profundidade seu processo de adaptação do conto Candide ou loptimisme (1759), do escritor francês Voltaire (1694-1778). Esta pesquisa considera que a adaptação do texto literário para o cinema se constitui numa leitura ativa e particular do diretor, a qual se materializa em sua obra. As análises desenvolvidas nesta dissertação apontam a importância, para a compreensão e a interpretação de Candinho, da articulação entre o diálogo estabelecido com a matriz literária francesa; a vinculação do filme à proposta estética da Cia. Cinematográfica Vera Cruz (1949-1954) e o tratamento da temática da decadência da oligarquia cafeeira e da metropolização de São Paulo no conjunto da obra teatral e cinematográfica abiliana. / This dissertation aims at contributing to the studies about the movie Candinho (1954), from the director Abílio Pereira de Almeida (1906-1977), native of São Paulo, inquiring deeper into his process of adaptation of the short story Candide ou loptmisme (1759), from the French writer Voltaire (1694-1778). The research considers that the adaptation of the literary text to the cinema constitutes itself in an active and particular reading of the director, which is materialized in his work. The developed analyses have pointed out the importance, for the comprehension and interpreting of Candinho, the articulation between the dialogue established with the French literary reference; the movie entailment to the aesthetic proposal of Cia. Cinematográfica Vera Cruz (1949-1954), and the treatment of the set of themes on the coffee oligarchy decadence and the metropolization of São Paulo in the set of the theatrical and cinematographic work created by Abílio.

Par le biais de deux groupes de production issus de la même base, Slon (1968-1973) et Iskra qui lui succède, cette thèse interroge les modalités d'intervention politique d'une partie des acteurs du champ cinématographique français, de la fin des années 1960 à la fin des années 1980. Ce travail s'attache à la notion de collectif de cinéma militant, telle que forgée au cours de la période au prisme de la production, de la réalisation et de la circulation des œuvres issues de ce contexte. La formation du collectif militant passe d'abord par l'élaboration de modèles de productions spécifiques s'opposant au fonctionnement de l'industrie cinématographique. Difficile à accorder aux contraintes du champ, la recherche structurelle menée par les groupes formés dans l'après 1968 est constante jusqu'au début des années 1980, période à laquelle les acteurs du cinéma militant entament un mouvement inverse d'institutionnalisation. La confrontation des œuvres produites dans ce cadre, répondant aux temps forts du mouvement social, avec les pratiques revendiquées montre la diversité des voies d'engagement en cinéma ainsi que la difficulté de mettre en pratique l'idéal collectif. Certains films révèlent aussi une disproportion entre les ambitions des structures de production et leurs capacités d’action. La manière dont Slon et Iskra organisent la diffusion d'un catalogue constitué de nombreux films réalisés dans d'autres cadres fait émerger des pratiques qui n'ont pas été prévues dans leurs tâches originelles. Mobilisant de nouveaux acteurs au sein du groupe comme à l'extérieur, la distribution impacte fortement le fonctionnement du collectif. C'est finalement au moyen de cette activité que les membres d'Iskra parviennent à adapter la structure aux mutations du paysage audiovisuel français jusque dans les années 1980. / This thesis questions the modalities of political intervention among protagonists of the French cinematographic field from the late '60s until the late '80s, through the study of the two production groups derived from one and the same basis, Slon ( 1969-1973), followed by Iskra. This work concentrates on the concept of collective activist cinema, faithful to its definition forged during the given timespan, through the prism of production, of the execution and circulation of works produced in this context. The development of the activist collective firstly goes through the elaboration of specific production patterns in opposition with the functioning of the film industry. Difficult to reconcile with the inherent constraints of the film industry, the structural research led by groups fonned after 1968 is a constant until the early '80s, when cinema activists initiate a reverse movement, towards institutionalization. The confrontation between the movies accomplished in this background in response to the key moments of the social movement and according to the claimed policies, shows both the diversity of ways in the commitment through cinema and the difficulty in turning the collective ideal into hard facts. Some of the works studied also reveal the discrepancy between the ambitions of their production structures and their actual capacity for action. The way Slon and Iska organize the distribution of their catalogue made up of numerous products realized in contexts other than the initial, gives rise to new schemes which were not anticipated among their original tasks. Mobilizing new human resources from both inside and outside the group, the distribution had a huge impact on the manner the collective functioned as a whole. It is by the means of this very activity that the members of Iskra finally adapt their structure to the shifts occurred in the broadcasting field ail along through the '80s.

Cette thèse présente les résultats d'une recherche sur la musique au cinéma et la prolongation de l'expérience cinématographique en dehors de l'espace et du temps du dispositif cinématographique par l'écoute de la bande originale du film. Plus particulièrement elle aborde la bande originale du film en tant que musique emblématique de l'univers filmique. Elle instruit une réflexion sur la place de la musique dans nos vies et sa capacité à créer et recréer des expériences esthétiques du quotidien. A partir de la tripartition sémiologique développée par Jean Molino, nous proposons d'appréhender la bande originale de l'univers Disney depuis les conditions et le contexte de sa production d'abord, c'est-à-dire au niveau «poïétique ». Nous procédons à l'analyse de l'univers filmique et musical ensuite en nous plaçant au niveau « neutre » de l’œuvre. Enfin, par le biais d'une enquête par questionnaire dans le cadre d'un protocole de recherche expérimental nous analysons la réception de la bande originale de film à son niveau « esthésique ». Le mickeymousing, technique cinématographique définissant la ponctuation narrative des mouvements par la musique, est appréhendé comme une forme d'esthétisation du réel. Entre synchronisation, emblème et réel esthétisé cette recherche porte, in fine, sur l'esthétisation cinématographique du quotidien par la musique. De la bande originale de film à la bande originale de vie, les fonctions emblématiques de la musique sont décrites par une ethnographie de la musique au quotidien (festivals, trains, Disneyland, rayons des disquaires). / This thesis presents the results of a research on music in cinema and the extension of the cinematographic experience out of the cinematographic model by listening to the film score. More specifically, it addresses the issue of the film score being the emblematic music of the film environment. Being such, it generates a reflexion about the role of music in our lives and its capacity to create and recreate aesthetic experiences of our daily lives. Based on Jean Molino?s semiotic tripartition, we propose to tackle Disney?s film score starting from its production context, that is, the ?poietic? level. We then proceed to analyse the film and musical environment by placing ourselves on the ?neutral? level of the work. Finally, through the use of a questionnaire survey made in a experimental context, we will analyse the film score reception at a ?aesthetic? level.Mickey Mousing, film technique that syncs the actions in the movie with music is tackled as a way to aestheticize the world. Between the synchronisation, the token and the aestheticized reality, the research is eventually about the cinematographic aesthetisation of the daily-life through music. From movie soundtracks to life soundtracks, the emblematic fonctions of music are described through an ethnography of the daily usage of music (festivals, trains, Disneyland, music stores)

[pt] Crescendo em média doze por cento ao ano no período de 2010 a 2015, a indústria de filmes no Brasil ainda é dominada por produtos importados. Visto que o importante apoio governamental recebido não foi suficiente para garantir a hegemonia dos produtos nacionais, percebe-se a necessidade da orientação para o mercado objetivando resultados superiores. Portanto, este estudo busca identificar características de produto que otimizem sua utilidade para o público alvo. Para tanto, a pesquisa levantou os atributos de produto mais importantes e seus respectivos níveis sob a perspectiva da indústria, avaliando-os com base em diretrizes de mercado para sugestão de novos produtos. Trata-se de uma aplicação de análise conjunta, na qual é possível calcular a utilidade de diferentes produtos para a amostra, o que gera insights importantes para os produtores nacionais. O levantamento de atributos e níveis foi feito através de grupos foco com executivos da indústria e com consumidores, para garantir o entendimento mútuo. Tais informações foram base para geração de um projeto fatorial fracionado, essencial para a exequibilidade da survey realizada em sequência. A análise dos resultados permitiu a identificação do produto ideal para a amostra, além de permitir a definição dos produtos ideais para doze segmentos definidos a priori. Os resultados indicam que produtos com elenco nacional e gravados em português possuem utilidades inferiores aos produtos com elenco misto ou internacional, gravados em inglês ou em idioma misto. Adicionalmente, quebrou-se o paradigma de que o pouco uso de efeitos especiais é uma grande desvantagem da produção nacional. Percebe-se que coproduções internacionais, que são alianças estratégicas pouco utilizadas atualmente, constituem alternativas que podem amplificar a utilidade dos produtos nacionais. As coproduções internacionais possibilitam a captação em mais mercados e, em consequência, o uso de elenco misto e maior investimentos em aspectos técnicos e artísticos. Ao fim e ao cabo essa estratégia tende a reduzir barreiras de entrada nos grandes mercados internacionais, o que facilita a exportação e aumenta a atratividade do produto para investidores. / [en] Growing twelve per cent on average each year, from 2010 to 2015, the film industry in Brazil remains dominated by imported products. Acknowledging that the government support received by this industry was not enough to ensure national products hegemony, the necessity for company s orientation toward the maketplace is perceived. The objective of this study is to identify which product s features optimize the product s utility for it s target market. For such purpose, this study identified which product s attributes were more relevant and their respective levels according to the industry and evaluated them using market directives to develop new products. This is study is an application of conjoint analysis, in which the utility of different products for the sample can be calculated and insights produced to help national producers. Focus-groups with executives and customers were conducted to identify the attributes and their levels and assure mutual understanding. Such data was used in the fractional factorial design, essential for survey s feasibility. Outcome analysis indicated the ideal product for the sample and for each of the twelve market segment defined a priori. They also shown that the utility of Brazilian cast and Portuguese as a spoken language is lower to the sample than the utility of multi-national cast using more than one language. In addition, the paradigm that Brazilian films were in a disadvantage because of it s lack or few usage of special effects was broken. International co-productions, which are strategic alliances rarely used by Brazilian producers, constitutes an alternative that may amplify the utility of Brazilian films. They enable multi-market fundraising and, by consequence, multi-national cast and bigger investments in technical and artistic aspects. In summary, this strategy tend to reduce entry barriers in bigger markets, which facilitates export and attract more investments.

L’objectif de cette thèse doctorale intitulée « Les stars et la cinéphilie dans la culture cinématographique espagnole du début du XXe siècle : le cas Greta Garbo » est d’analyser l’impact que cette star a pu produire dans la société espagnole de l’époque, en tenant compte du fait que cette société était traversée par des débats ayant trait à la renégociation des rapports entre les sexes et à des questions de différenciation sexuelle. Les principales sources utilisées à cet effet sont les revues de cinématographie publiées en Espagne à la fin des années 20 et la première moitié des années 30. Ce travail étudie d’abord la réception des premiers films muets de Garbo qui impliquent l’apparition d’une image féminine inédite. Cela permet de montrer que la culture cinématographique de la fin des années 20 présente Garbo comme une véritable artiste investie d’un grand pouvoir créateur. Ensuite, au cours des années 30, la presse cinématographique révèle un changement d’orientation, ce qui est en partie lié à l’évolution du discours cinéphilique, un discours « genré » qui se construit au détriment des femmes et des stars. Dès lors, l’image de Garbo est remise en cause par une légion de journalistes qui entendent servir le prestige d’un auteur : le réalisateur du film. Ce revirement est ici interprété à la lumière des tensions que Garbo provoquait parce qu’elle incarnait un modèle féminin transgressif. La fin de ce travail montre également que l’image de Garbo était encore bien présente dans les premières années du franquisme, la culture cinématographique de cette période comprenant des similitudes et des continuités avec celles des années 20 et 30. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis entitled « Stars and cinephilia in the early XXth century Spanish cinematographic culture: the example of Greta Garbo » is to analyse the influence that this star may have produced in the Spanish society at that time, taking into account that this society was going through some debates related to the renegociation of the relations between sexes and to sexual differentiation issues. The main sources used in this respect consist of the journals published in Spainthroughout the late twenties and the first half of the thirties. First of all, this research focuses on the reception of the first silent Garbo movies that implies the appearance of a new female image. By doing so, one can see that the cinematographic culture of the late twenties introduces Garbo as a real artist with a great creative power. Then, in the thirties, the Spanish film journals reveals a change ofdirection which is in part due to the evolution of cinephilic discourse, a gendered discourse which develops at the expense of women and stars. From then on, the Garbo image is questioned by a legion of journalists pretending to defend the prestige of an “auteur”: the film director. In this study, this reversal is interpreted in the light of the tensions that Garbo provoked as she embodied a transgressive female image. The end of this research also shows that the Garbo image was still alive through the first years of Francoism, the cinematographic culture of this period including similarities and continuities with the twenties and thirties’ one.

[ES] La presente Tesis aborda el cine de no ficción construido en base a reglas preestablecidas, constricciones o estrategias formales heterodoxas. Piezas fílmicas y videográficas radicales en su forma y en su aproximación a lo real que desafían las convenciones del cine documental y se vinculan con otras prácticas artísticas. Esta investigación teórico-práctica se centra, por un lado, en la búsqueda y análisis de obras de no ficción con una clara vocación minimalista, ligadas al documental de vanguardia, el cine experimental y el videoarte, que se fundamentan en estrategias muy precisas, no como un mero hecho anecdótico, sino como elemento básico que determina la construcción de las mismas. La selección de los filmes y de los videos se ha llevado a cabo analizando sus cualidades para establecer tipologías de estudio y definir la base de modelos teóricos de análisis. Según la técnica o mecanismo utilizado, las cualidades de las películas que se analizan se basan en la restricción del espacio-tiempo, la elección de un único dispositivo formal o algoritmo que estructura toda la pieza, el empleo de estrategias reduccionistas en las que se omiten procedimientos esenciales del cine (como el abandono de la cámara o del montaje) o el uso de fórmulas propias del juego (como el azar o la participación), entre otras. No obstante, nuestro propósito no es tanto hacer un ejercicio de clasificación como de análisis y comprensión de estas fórmulas renovadoras que abren nuevas vías en el cine de lo real. Asimismo, a partir del análisis anterior, nos hemos propuesto idear y generar fórmulas (reglas del juego) que puedan servir de soporte a nuevas obras, ya sean propias o de otros y que presentamos en forma de catálogos y, además, hemos puesto en práctica algunas de estas estrategias en obras videográficas propias e inéditas. / [CA] La present Tesi aborda el cinema de no ficció construït sobre la base de regles preestablides, constriccions o estratègies formals heterodoxes. Peces fílmiques i videogràfiques radicals en la seua forma i en la seua aproximació al real que desafien les convencions del cinema documental i es vinculen amb altres pràctiques artístiques. Aquesta investigació teoricopràctica se centra, d'una banda, en la cerca i anàlisi d'obres de no ficció amb una clara vocació minimalista, lligades al documental d'avantguarda, el cinema experimental i el videoart, que es fonamenten en estratègies molt precises, no com un mer fet anecdòtic, sinó com a element bàsic que determina la construcció d'aquestes. La selecció dels films i dels vídeos s'ha dut a terme analitzant les seues qualitats per a establir tipologies d'estudi i definir la base de models teòrics d'anàlisis. Segons la tècnica o mecanisme utilitzat, les qualitats de les pel·lícules que s'analitzen es basen en la restricció de l'espaitemps, l'elecció d'un únic dispositiu formal o algorisme que estructura tota la peça, l'ús d'estratègies reduccionistes en les quals s'ometen procediments essencials del cinema (com l'abandó de la càmera o del muntatge) o l'ús de fórmules pròpies del joc (com l'atzar o la participació), entre altres. No obstant això, el nostre propòsit no és tant fer un exercici de classificació com d'anàlisi i comprensió d'aquestes fórmules renovadores que obrin noves vies al cinema del real. Així mateix, a partir de l'anàlisi anterior, ens hem proposat idear i generar fórmules (regles del joc) que puguen servir de suport a noves obres, ja siguen pròpies o d'uns altres i que presentem en forma de catàlegs i, a més, hem posat en pràctica algunes d'aquestes estratègies en obres videogràfiques pròpies i inèdites. / [EN] This thesis deals with non-fiction cinema built upon the premise of pre-established rules, constraints or heterodox formal strategies. Radical filmic and videographic pieces both in terms of their form their approach to reality that defy the conventions of documentary cinema and are related to other artistic practices. On the one hand, this theoretical-practical research is centred around the search and analysis of non-fiction works with a clear minimalist vocation, linked to avant-garde documentary, experimental cinema and video art, which are based on very precise strategies, not just as a mere anecdote, but rather as a basic element that determines their construction. The selection of films and videos has been carried out by analysing their qualities to establish study typologies and hence define the basis for theoretical analysis models. Depending on the technique or mechanism used, the qualities of the films that are analysed are based on the restriction of space-time, the choice of a single formal device or algorithm that structures the entire piece, the use of reductionist strategies in which essential cinema procedures are omitted (such as abandoning the camera or montage)or the use of game-related formulas (such as chance or participation), among others. Nevertheless, our purpose is not so much to carry out a classification as to analyse and understand these renovating formulas that open up new avenues in the cinema of reality. Similarly, drawing from the previous analysis, we have suggested to devise and generate formulas (rules of the game) that can serve as support for new works -whether they are our own or those of others- and that we present in the form of catalogues and, in addition, we have put into practice some of these strategies in our own and unpublished videographic works. / Marín Ramos, R. (2022). Reglas del juego: Pautas, constricciones y dispositivos creativos en el cine de no ficción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183361 / TESIS