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Assessment of corporate governance practices in Jordan : an empirical investigationHendawi, Raed Diab Moh'd January 2013 (has links)
Corporate Governance (CG) nowadays is on the agenda of most developed and developing countries, including Jordan, and is receiving considerable attention in the business world as well as in the area of academic research, which is an indication of its importance for business development and society as a whole. The knowledge base about CG in developing countries appears to be limited, but it is growing in size and importance. This study therefore aims to investigate current CG practices and barriers to the development of good CG practices in firms. In order to accomplish the research objectives, a mixed research methodology was adopted. The findings of the study contribute to knowledge by providing empirical data to test and extend the theory of CG. The results suggest that most big and old firms are applying best practice of good CG. Regarding factors inhibiting the practice of effective CG, the results indicate that weakness of the legal environment for firms and lack of knowledge of BODs about CG principles are the most important factors. The empirical results find that constitution, compliance and conscience will affect firm’s performance positively. Separation between the position of CEO and Chairman, the existence of independent NEDs, the use of board subcommittees and a strong disclosure regime also help firms to improve performance. On the basis of the empirical results, the study recommends that the government needs to reform the relevant legislation. These suggestions may strengthen the internal governance of firms, thereby increasing performance and maximise shareholders’ wealth.
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Análise do risco e da flexibilidade do processo de desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo de uma empresa estendida / Risk and flexibility analysis in an integrated product development process within an extended enterpriseLuis Fernando Moraes Marques 18 October 2002 (has links)
A adoção de estratégias de cooperação tem se tornado uma prática comum das empresas a fim de distribuir esforços de seus processos de negócios. Dentre eles está o processo de desenvolvimento de produto que é um dos principais focos de vários tipos de cooperação, pois a realização de seu sucesso garante a permanência mais segura da empresa e de seus potenciais parceiros no atual ambiente de elevada competição. Existem características multidimensionais desses tipos de cooperação que provocam efeitos sobre o desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, podendo alterar de modo significativo a chance de sucesso do empreendimento. Deste aspecto observado, surgiu o objetivo de pesquisa deste trabalho, que consiste de analisar os efeitos da flexibilidade organizacional e do risco sobre métricas de desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo em empresa estendida. Para isso, foi estudado um caso prático de empresa estendida, onde o foco principal é o desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo, cujo efeito da flexibilidade e do risco foi analisado. A pesquisa também foi auxiliada por uma revisão bibliográfica pertinente aos temas principais. / In order to share businesses processes efforts severaI types of strategic co-operation has been adopted by many enterprises. Among all the businesses processes product development process has increased in importance for strategic co-operation field study because nowadays the maintenance of a steady competitive business scenario is needed. As strategic co-operation formation\'s components some multidimensional characteristics might reduce odds of a succeeded new product if a side effect is not correctly monitored and causes some kind of loss in process performance. So based on such correlation this research analyses potential deviations caused by risk and organizational flexibility in the product development process\' performance within an extended enterprise. To fulfill the main objective a field study was developed together with a thorough literature review.
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Culture, institutions and power:institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation as a development strategy in Northern FinlandJakola, F. (Fredriika) 25 October 2019 (has links)
Abstract
A predominant academic question is how and why the development paths of municipalities and regions take certain forms. In recent decades, geographers and economists in particular have investigated the dynamics of how local institutional conditions and their local mobilisation can affect development outcomes and how development is determined by “structural” forces such as state- and EU-based regulations and globalisation of the economy. Thus, the notion that historical sensitiveness and context-dependency are essential factors in local and regional development and growth has gained credence. Then again, municipalities and regions are not “islands” of development but integral parts of complex socio-spatial relations and processes. From this viewpoint, border municipalities and regions are eminently interesting research contexts as they are sites where different scalar political interests, institutional structures, and development discourses are continuously manifested, materialised and contested in the daily practices of local and regional actors.
Nevertheless, this thesis argues that the existing mainstream studies investigating the development paths and prospects of border regions and municipalities are, firstly, overly EU-centric and, secondly, have an overly limited perspective on the institutional environment and legacy in which local and regional actors operate. The main attention in this regard has often been on the institutional differences between states and nationalities. In order to understand the development prospects of border areas and the preconditions of transnational regionalisation, municipal planning of border areas needs to be approached not only from the perspective of EU-driven cross-border co-operation and building of “transnational” scale, but more comprehensively. Accordingly, the present research on the Finnish-Swedish border area, which is an internal border area of the EU, takes a more historically and contextually sensitive institutional approach in this regard. Investigating the structural and discursive dynamics related to the institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation as a development strategy in the context of municipal planning enables not only identification of the conflicts and intersections between state-, EU- and local/regional-level development interests and institutional structures, but also provides room for recognising the diversity of the existing interests, strategies and motivations of local and regional actors and different interest groups involved in these institutionalisation processes.
This thesis suggests that the concept of policy transfer and problematisation of the dynamics of how and why certain development strategies, policies and discourses become selected, implemented and sustained at the border municipalities offers a fruitful theoretical and political framework for examining the abovementioned issues. Accordingly, the thesis studies the intertwined relationship between local agency and the mobilisation of scalar institutional structures in regional planning and policy transfer processes by applying the Cultural Political Economy approach and strategic-relational theory on institutions (see Jessop & Sum 2013) as theoretical-methodological lenses. The thesis consists of three original research articles that form a scalar and temporal continuum. The empirical research is based on interviews conducted with key municipal and regional actors (i.e. planners, politicians, project managers and entrepreneurs), historical document material reaching back to the 1930s, as well as supplementary policy documents produced at various governmental levels. Both critical discourse analysis and content analysis are used as analysis methods. As the dynamics of municipal planning are reflected primarily against the formal institutional planning system in Finland, the study focuses on the Finnish side of the border — the Finnish Tornio Valley and the Kemi-Tornio sub-region.
The results underline that the institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation as a key development strategy has been a long path-dependent process in which policy transfer processes and local mobilisation have become intertwined. While the “large-scale” development follows the Finnish national development — the transition from state-led, topdown politics to a more bottom-up, region-based development model — the investigation of these policy transfer processes also shows that the border location and the mobilisation of both the “border region identity” and the EU’s cross-border co-operation policy discourse have had a marked impact on the development path. Accordingly, they have furthered the development towards cross-border regionalisation. Moreover, border municipalities are challenging the state’s authority and the subordinated municipality-state relation by invoking this development. This development, however, is regionally contested and exemplifies the power relations both between municipalities with/without state border as well as between public and private sector actors. In the end, which development strategies become dominant or discarded in a particular context depends on how different actors and interest groups mobilise their privileged positions in relation to surrounding formal and informal institutional structures, such as municipal autonomy, EU cross-border cooperation funding schemes, trust relations, regional identity, and prevailing norms and customs. This research stands as an illustrative example that it is crucial not to consider these context-specific “soft” matters as somehow secondary to “rational” economic reasoning when investigating courses of action and economic development paths. / Original papers
The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.
Jakola, F. (2016). Borders, planning and policy transfer: historical transformation of development discourses in the Finnish Torne Valley. European Planning Studies, 24(10), 1806–1824. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1194808
http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019102434646
Jakola, F. (2018). Local responses to state-led municipal reform in the Finnish-Swedish border region: conflicting development discourses, culture and institutions. Fennia - International Journal of Geography, 196(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.11143/fennia.69890
http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe201903088103
Jakola, F., & Prokkola, E.-K. (2017). Trust Building or Vested Interest? Social Capital Processes of Cross-Border Co-Operation in the Border Towns of Tornio and Haparanda. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 109(2), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12279
http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019102434644
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La résurgence du droit au développement : recherche sur l'humanisation du droit international / The resurgence of the right to development : research on the humanization of international lawSerrurier, Enguerrand 05 October 2018 (has links)
Le droit au développement est une singularité du droit international contemporain. Désigné comme un droit fondamental inaliénable, il vise à garantir l’épanouissement des personnes et l’amélioration de la condition humaine. Ce droit polyvalent fournit à ses sujets un titre pour agir afin que la personne humaine soit à l’initiative, au centre et au bénéfice de toutes les activités de développement. Mais sa nature complexe, sa vaste finalité de justice sociale et les captations militantes rendent sa juridicité délicate. Il est souvent présenté comme une vieille lune ayant chu dans les limbes.Or, après une brève éclipse, le droit au développement resurgit par des voies inattendues, délié de l’idéologie antérieure, en relation avec les métamorphoses des concepts du développement. Sa résurgence lui fait gagner en densité et illustre la variété du law-making process. Des standards sont élaborés, des jurisprudences s’établissent et des pratiques naissent. Le phénomène commande une analyse nouvelle, axée sur l’effectivité. Celle-ci s’entend de son existence positive comme prérogative invocable par des titulaires identifiés, de son usage et de sa réception dans les ordres juridiques.Au-delà, son affermissement interroge les transformations à l’œuvre dans le droit des gens. Une symbiose se forme en effet entre les progrès d’effectivité du droit au développement et le processus d’humanisation du droit international. Cette interaction permet in fine la conciliation des droits de l’homme, des droits des peuples et des droits des États, dans la perspective d’un humanisme juridique pragmatique. / The right to development is a singularity in contemporary international law.It has been presented frequently as a inalienable and fundamental right : it aims to guarantee the personal fulfillment and the improvement of human condition. This multi-skilled and multi-purpose right gives to its subjects (human beings) a legal entitlement, enabling them to become the beginning, the center and the beneficiaries of all development activities. But its complex nature, its large purpose of social justice and political militancy make it juridicity difficult. The right to development is often summarized as an old idea in limbo.However, after a discrete periode, the right to development reappears by unexpected ways, free of its old ideologies, in connexion with the metamorphosis of the new concepts of development. Its resurgence is making itself stronger : it is an illustration of the variety of the law making process in international law. Some standards are elaborating, legal precedents and jurisprudences are coming, and certain practices of this right are emerging. This phenomenon requires a new analysis based on the effectivity of the right.Beyond its use as right per se, the consolidation of the right to development reveals current transformations in international law. A symbiosis exists between the effective progress of the right to development and the process of humanization of the international law. This connexion enable a reconciliation between human rights, peoples' rights and States' rights, in the perspective of a pragmactic legal humanism.
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Kooperative und hierarchische Erscheinungsformen des institutionellen WandelsConsmüller, Nicola 17 July 2013 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht kooperative und hierarchische Erscheinungsformen des institutionellen Wandels am Beispiel des Anbaus von gentechnisch verändertem Bt-Mais MON810 in Deutschland. In den Jahren 2005 bis 2008 war der kommerzielle Anbau dieser Pflanze in Deutschland möglich, und überwiegend Landwirte in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern machten von dieser Möglichkeit der Bekämpfung des Maisschädlings Ostrinia nubilalis Hübn. (Maiszünsler) Gebrauch. Unter Zuhilfenahme des Analyserahmens „Institutionen der Nachhaltigkeit“ werden in vier empirischen Kapiteln die Aspekte 1) Risikowahrnehmung und institutionelle Präferenz, 2) Möglichkeiten der Bereitstellung des Gutes „Gentechnikfreie Atmosphäre, 3) regionale Faktoren für Adaptionsunterschiede und 4) Adaption von Bt-Mais als Verhandlungsspiel zwischen Akteuren des ländlichen Raums beleuchtet. Hierbei wird deutlich, dass eine verstärkte Risikowahrnehmung beim Anbau von Bt-Mais MON810 eine Präferenz für eine Verschärfung des gegenwärtigen gesetzlichen Rahmens zum Umgang mit gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen bedingt. Ebenso bevorzugen Akteure mit einer entsprechenden Risikowahrnehmung eine hierarchische Steuerung zur Sicherstellung der Gentechnikfreiheit, beispielsweise in Form von staatlich ausgewiesenen Gentechnikfreien Regionen oder Anbauverboten. Bei der Adaption von Bt-Mais kommt der Maisfläche je Betrieb eine große Bedeutung zu. Durch den rechtlichen Rahmen in Deutschland, die jeweilige Agrarstruktur und das soziale Umfeld wird der Anbau von Bt-Mais erschwert. Die unterschiedlichen Akteure wenden daher Maßnahmen an, um ihre eigene Verhandlungsposition zu verbessern oder die des Mitspielers zu verschlechtern. Hierzu zählen beispielsweise die Reduktion von Mindestabständen durch nachbarschaftliche Absprachen oder auch die Ausübung von öffentlichem Druck auf Bt-Mais anbauende Landwirte sowie Feldzerstörungen. / This work aims at analysing co-operative and hierarchical forms of institutional change in the case of Bt-maize cultivation in Germany. Genetically modified Bt-maize expresses a toxin which is lethal for the larvae of a main pest in maize production, the European Corn Borer. From 2005 to 2008, the cultivation of this transgenic crop was legally possible in Germany and adoption took mainly place in the former eastern German federal states. In four empirical chapters, the aspects of 1) risk perception and institutional preferences, 2) hierarchical or co-operative provision of the good “GMO-free atmosphere”, 3) regional adoption patterns of Bt-maize and 4) the adoption as a bargaining game will be analysed. It becomes apparent that actors with a strong risk perception prefer stricter institutions when dealing with the cultivation of GM crops and also favour hierarchical governance forms instead of co-operative solutions. The adoption of Bt-maize at the federal state level in Germany is significantly influenced by the factor maize area per farm. When conceptualizing Bt-maize adoption as a game under a strict regulatory framework and different agricultural and social structures, several measures can be identified which are employed by the actors to improve one’s own bargaining position, such as private agreements on the reduction of isolation distances or impair the one of the opposite player through public pressure or field destructions.
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Föräldrasamverkan i skolan. Ur ett elevperspektiv / Parental co-operation in school. In a Pupil PerspectiveAdolfsson, Lennart January 2004 (has links)
<p>Sedan folkskolan införande (och troligtvis ännu tidigare) har föräldrar haft synpunkter på deras barns undervisning i skolan. Politiker och andra styrande inom skolan har också förstått vitsen med föräldraengagemang i de egna barnens lärande som en tillgång för skolan. Sällan eller aldrig har eleverna frågats vad de tycker om föräldraengagemang i slan. I samarbete med en lokal skolstyrelse med föräldramajoritet är detta arbete gjort under vårterminen 2003. Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på vad eleverna tycker om föräldrarnas engagemang i skolan och i klassrummet. Usökningen är avgränsad till att enbart gälla denna enda skola. Som undersökningsmetod har jag använt mig av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning utdelad till ca 250 elever. Av dessa har 91 % svarat, vilket får anses vara en mycket god svarsfrekvens.</p><p>Vad tycker eleverna om att föräldrarna besöker skolan både som åhörare/hjälplärare, deltagare i utvecklingssamtal och delaktig i skolbeslut? De allra flesta elever har en positiv syn på föräldrars skolengagemang, även om det kan vara psamt ibland. Jag konstaterar att elever i stort uppskattar kontakter mellan föräldrar och skolans personal. Bland de mesteniga svaren var elevers absoluta tillit till att föräldrar har en dialog med klasslärare/lärare och att det är helt OK för föräldrar att prata med andra föräldrar. </p><p>Elevers åsikter om föräldrar som bestämmer i skolan är lite tudelad men de flesta tycker att det är bra. Åsikten om evens medbestämmande i skolan varierar över årskurserna, där de lägre kurserna anser sig ha mer att säga till om än de högre. Något som samtliga årskurser var överens om var att utvecklingssamtal var en bra informationskanal. Några nior nämner utvecklingssamtalet som den enda kanalen "att få veta hur det går".</p>
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Sociala allianser - gränsöverskridande samarbete / Social alliances - co-operation across the bordersNilsson, Jenny, Persson, Emelie January 2006 (has links)
<p>Bakgrund: Statliga och kommunala myndigheter, liksom privata företag och ickevinstdrivande organisationer verkar idag för att bekämpa samhällsproblem och negativa beteenden såsom drogberoende, rökning och dåliga matvanor. För att påverka samhället i en positiv inriktning kommuniceras hälsofrämjande och sociala budskap på olika sätt, dock med varierande framgång. Detta beror på organisationernas natur och verksamhetssyfte, men framför allt på de varierande resurser de olika aktörerna har att tillgå. Kännetecknande för icke-vinstdrivande organisationer är det ideella syftet och bidragsberoende från såväl privatpersoner, företag som statliga bidrag. På senare år har konkurrensen om givarnas pengar ökat, vilket har fått till följd att de icke-vinstdrivande organisationerna har utvecklat och fördjupat sitt engagemang i företagssamarbete. Samtidigt har det för företag blivit allt viktigare att visa på ett socialt ansvarstagande. Sociala allianser är en samarbetsform av marknadsföringskaraktär mellan en icke-vinstdrivande organisation och ett företag. Till grund för samarbetet ligger den icke-vinstdrivande organisationens mission och en social allians präglas av långsiktighet och ömsesidiga förtjänster.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera faktorer som är väsentliga för ingåendet och vidmakthållandet av en social allians.</p><p>Genomförande: Den empiriska studien är en kvalitativ undersökning bestående av sex intervjuer med representanter från Hjärt-Lungfonden och deras samarbetspartners Unilever och Choice Hotels som har direkt anknytning till de sociala allianserna.</p><p>Resultat: Studien tyder på att ett gemensamt mål är grundläggande för den sociala alliansens existens. Valet av samarbetspartner är ytterligare en grundläggande faktor vid ingåendet av en social allians. Detta bör ske med hänsyn till en rad matchningsdimensioner med utgångspunkt i parternas mission, mål och värderingar. Därtill är motiv, engagemang och kommunikation väsentliga faktorer för ett förtjänstfullt samarbete. Maktbalansen ger inte upphov till några konkreta förtjänster i sig men är en förutsättning för ett framgångsrikt samarbete.</p> / <p>Background: Today there are several actors that, by preventing and fighting against social issues such as drug addiction, smoking and bad eating habits, are working to create a better society. The different actors try to influence society and their specific target group by communicating social messages. The success of this communication varies depending on the nature and the object of the actor’s operations, but first and foremost it depends on the</p><p>resources available to the organization in question. Non-profit organizations are characterized by an ideal purpose and depend on private gifts and governmental funding. As their external environment has changed, non-profit organizations have been forced to reach beyond traditional sources and modes of funding their activities. At the same time, it has become more common for corporations to become good social citizens by engaging in social</p><p>activities. A social alliance is a type of co-operation that spans the for-profit/non-profit boundary and it is a close, mutually beneficial, long-term partnership designed to accomplish strategic goals for both entities. The objectives of the alliance generally include a mutual marketing objective and a fund-raising objective on the part of the non-profit.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to identify the essential factors for the agreement of entering and the upholding of a social alliance.</p><p>Method: The empirical study is a qualitative investigation. Six interviews have been carried out with representatives from the non-profit Hjärt-Lungfonden, and their collaborators Unilever and Choice Hotels, who all are directly involved in the two social alliances.</p><p>Results: The study indicates that a common goal is fundamental to the existence of the social alliance. The choice of collaborator is another fundamental issue when entering a social alliance. It should take place with consideration taken to an array of matching dimensions starting with the parties’ mission, objectives and values. Motives, commitment and communication are further factors that contribute to a meritorious collaboration. The power balance does not seem to cause any concrete benefits, it is however a significant prerequisite.</p>
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Alla vet väl vad kommunikation står för - eller? En hermeneutisk textanalys kring kommunikation i samverkan mellan myndigheter / Everybody knows what communication is - or? A hermeneutic text analysis on communication in collaboration among Public AuthoritiesNyman, Pamela January 2010 (has links)
<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Det har visat sig att en utökad samverkan behövs för att fånga upp de barn och unga som far illa i samhället idag. Därför initierade regeringen år 2006 en nationell samverkanssatsning där målet var att långsiktigt stärka samverkan mellan berörda myndigheter. I anslutning till satsningen som nyligen avslutats har några dokument publicerats, bland annat ett strategidokument vars syfte var att stöda samverkansarbetet, samt en formativ utvärdering som sammanfattar erfarenheterna från projekten. I dokumenten framträdde inledningsvis en otydlig bild av vad som menas med kommunikation samt motstridiga budskap om hur kommunikationen fungerat.</p><p><strong>Syfte</strong>: Syftet med studien var att få en större förståelse för hur begreppet kommunikation kan förstås samt för hur det beskrivs att kommunikationen fungerat i samverkanssatsningen.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> En hermeneutisk textanalys har gjorts på ovanstående dokument för att försöka tydliggöra och förstå de oklarheter och paradoxala budskap som kunnat urskiljas i texterna.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Trots otydliga uttalanden visade textanalysen på att kommunikation i mångt och mycket kan förstås som ett verktyg eller medel för att uppnå en gemensam bas för samverkan. Kommunikation är vidare ett sätt att utbyta kunskap och information på, samt en väg till förståelse. Resultatet visar även att förhållningssättet till kommunikation till stor del överensstämmer med hur kommunikation traditionellt sett brukar uppfattas inom organisationer. På frågan om hur kommunikationen ansetts fungera mellan de samverkande var det svårt att få fram en enhetlig bild. I utvärderingen går det att läsa att det skett få eller inga förbättringar alls, medan det utifrån analysen av dokumentet i sin helhet finns uttalanden som talar både för och emot.</p>
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En studie av samarbete i arbetslag under omorganisationEdberg, Cecilia, Lindberg, Anette January 2008 (has links)
<p>Abstract</p><p>This paper will examine the co-operation culture in teacher work teams in a primary school currently undergoing reorganization in the Stockholm region. This inquiry is based on qualita-tive interviews with teachers and work team leaders, and is aiming to answer how teachers co-operate during the reorganization process, to find the factors that affect co-operation. Our results show that the two teams practice communication, leadership and participation very differently. Currently there are clear differences in the work team’s tendency to develop and to work with the reorganization process, pedagogic methods, social and emotional awareness and ideological beliefs. Can these two work teams meet despite their differences? Can a changed perspective promote co-operation and development, to become an integrated organization by learning from each other?</p><p>Keywords: Work team, co-operation, interaction, learning organization, reorganization, independent school</p> / <p>Sammanfattning/ Abstrakt</p><p>Det här examensarbetet undersöker samarbetskulturen i två arbetslag på en grundskola i Stockholms län under en pågående omorganisation. Undersökningen grundar sig i kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare samt arbetslagsledare och syftar till att besvara hur lärarna samverkar inom arbetslag under omorganisationen på skolan, samt vilka faktorer som påverkar samarbe-tet. Resultaten visar på att kommunikationen, ledningen och delaktigheten gestaltar sig olika i de båda arbetslagen. Stora skillnader existerar för närvarande i arbetslagens benägenhet att utvecklas. Även arbetet med omorganisationen, pedagogiskt förhållningssätt, socioemotionell medvetenhet och ideologisk uppfattning kommer till olika uttryckssätt. Kan de två arbetslagen mötas trots sina olikheter? Kan ett förändrat perspektiv bidra till samarbete, skolutveckling och en enhetlig organisation genom att lära av varandra?</p><p>Nyckelord: Arbetslag, samarbete, samverkan, skolutveckling, lärande organisation, omorganisation, friskola</p>
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Comprehensive Approach eller Pragmatic Approach? : en fallstudie om civil-militär samverkan vid PRT Mazar-e Sharif / Comprehensive Approach or Pragmatic Approach? : a case study of civil-military co-operation at PRT Mazar-e SharifHedmark, Stefan January 2009 (has links)
<p>Internationellt sker en utveckling mot att genomföra insatser samordnat med resurser från flera politikområden - både civila och militära. Behovet har uppstått ur insikten att hållbar utveckling i en region kräver användning av olika resurser för att uppnå synergier. Samverkan och samordning mellan civila och militära aktörer enligt syftet ovan brukar i moderna ordalag beskrivas som comprehensive approach. Det praktiska arbetet på fältnivån med samverkan för att uppnå synergier i kontexten comprehensive approach kan sägas innebära samma sak som civil-militärt samverkan.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att med fokus på det svenska PRT Mazar-e Sharif, förstå de svårigheter som finns vid samverkan mellan civila och militära aktörer, med målet att öka synergier av nationella resurser. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare forskning om militär-civil samverkan samt comprehensive approach, skapas en analysmodell med ett urval av identifierade faktorer, för att beskriva samverkan empiriskt främst utifrån intervjusvar från nyckelaktörer – chefer eller stabschefer samt civila rådgivare. Slutligen jämförs dessa faktorer med de orsaker som framkommer i den empiriska undersökningen.</p><p>Resultatet i undersökningen visar att samverkan är svårt och att aktörerna på fältnivån pragmatiskt försöker samverka. De nödvändiga faktorerna inte är utformade för att underlätta samverkan vilket skapar problem. Att med dessa problem även få en effektiv synergi av Sveriges resurser i enlighet med tanken i CA, genom samverkan på fältnivån, blir därför svårt. </p> / <p>There is an international trend towards operations coordinated with resources from several political areas – with both civilian and military components. This trend is driven from the recognition that sustainable development in a region requires the use of a variety of resources, coordinated in order to achieve synergies. Co-operation and co-ordination between civil and military actors in the context above, frequently is described as comprehensive approach. The practical work at the field level with co-operation in order to achieve co-ordination in the context of comprehensive approach can be said to be the same thing as civil-military co-operation.</p><p>The overall purpose of this survey is, with focus on the Swedish PRT Mazar-e Sharif, to understand the difficulties involved in the co-operation between civilian and military actors, with the aim of achieve synergies of national resources. By using an analytical model, created by a sample of identified factors based on previous research on military-civilian co-operation and comprehensive approach, the survey describe the co-operation mainly based on interview responses from key actors – Commanding Officer or Chief of Staff and civilian advisers. Finally these factors are compared with the reasons expressed in the empirical investigation.</p><p>The results of the survey show that co-operation is difficult and the actors at the field level pragmatic attempt to co-operate. The necessary factors are not designed to facilitate this, which creates problems. These problems with co-operation at field level also could have a negative impact to achieve synergy of Sweden's resources in accordance with the spirit of the CA.</p>
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