Innovation ist von zentraler Bedeutung für Entwicklung und Wirtschaftswachstum. Innovation findet in einem institutionellen Rahmen statt. Auktionen und auktionsähnliche Mechanismen sind Institutionen. Sie organisieren Transaktionen zwischen ökonomischen Agenten. Auktionen enthüllen private Information indem sie Wettbewerb zwischen Agenten erzeugen. Wenn sie günstig gestaltet werden, dann nutzen sie die enthüllte private Information zur Erfüllung bestimmter Ziele, wie z.B. Gewinnmaximierung oder Effizienz. In drei Aufsätzen untersucht diese Dissertation die Verwendung von Auktionen im Kontext von Innovation. Kapitel 1 betrachtet die übliche Praxis der öffentlichen Subventionsvergabe an private Unternehmen. Wir weisen auf Nachteile dieser Praxis hin und machen Verbesserungsvorschläge, die man einzeln oder in Kombination anwenden kann. Unsere Vorschläge wurden mit Hilfe von Laborexperimenten und Simulation getestet. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass unsere Vorschläge eine erhebliche Verbesserung der Subventionsvergabe ermöglichen. Kapitel 2 betrachtet den Verkauf, bzw. die Versteigerung, von Lizenzen zur Nutzung einer patentierten Innovation an Unternehmen in einem oligopolistischen Markt. Das Kapitel analysiert eine modifizierte Lizenzauktion, die profitabler ist als die in der Literatur untersuchten Mechanismen. Bei dieser Auktion wird eine begrenzte Anzahl Royalty-Verträge (Royalty = mengenabhängige Lizenzgebühren) versteigert und die Verlierer der Auktion erhalten ebenfalls die Option auf Royalty-Verträge. Kapitel 3 untersucht Innovations-Turniere. Zwei bekannte Institutionen, Festpreis-Turnier und Scoring-Auktion, werden mit einer Auktion kombiniert, in der um die Teilnahme am Turnier geboten wird (entry auction). Diese Variante wurde in der Literatur vorgeschlagen. Wir charakterisieren Bayesianische Nash-Gleichgewichte bei denen die beiden Mechanismen zu gleichartigen Ergebnissen führen. / Innovation is central to development and economic growth. Innovation happens within some institutional framework. Auctions and auction-like mechanisms are institutions that organize transactions between economic agents. In the face of private information, they provide a means of revealing part of that information by inducing competition between agents. If well designed, they make use of the revealed information in order to achieve a certain objective, e.g., to maximize profit or to allocate efficiently. In three essays, this dissertation studies the use of auctions in the context of innovation. Chapter 1 looks at the widely used practice of allocating government R&D subsidies to private companies. We point out flaws of that practice and propose improvements that can be adopted separately or in combination. Our proposals are tested in controlled lab experiments and by simulation. The results suggest that adopting the proposals might substantially improve the allocation of subsidies. Chapter 2 revisits the literature on the sale, and, in particular, auctioning, of patent licenses by an innovator to a downstream oligopoly. It analyzes a modified auction that turns out to be more profitable than many other mechanisms that have been analyzed in the literature. There, a restricted number of royalty contracts is auctioned while all losers of the auction are granted the right to sign a royalty contract. Chapter 3 looks at R&D tournaments. It starts from two well-known auction institutions, the fixed-prize tournament and the scoring auction. It combines both with an entry auction, a feature that has been proposed in the literature. We characterize Bayesian Nash equilibria such that both mechanisms are equivalent in a number of ways.

Submitted by PPG Ci?ncia da Computa??o (ppgcc@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-28T12:31:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TABAJARA_KRAUSBURG_RODRIGUES_DIS.pdf: 4049392 bytes, checksum: 154302eff9df959cfa74d6c0faec5d4e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-06T13:05:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TABAJARA_KRAUSBURG_RODRIGUES_DIS.pdf: 4049392 bytes, checksum: 154302eff9df959cfa74d6c0faec5d4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T13:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TABAJARA_KRAUSBURG_RODRIGUES_DIS.pdf: 4049392 bytes, checksum: 154302eff9df959cfa74d6c0faec5d4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Esta disserta??o apresenta um estudo sobre forma??o de coaliz?es entre agentes heterog?neos para a competi??o de programa??o multiagente de 2017. Foi investigado e aplicado a forma??o de estruturas de coaliz?es entre agentes para resolver problemas log?sticos simulados sobre o mapa de uma cidade real. A fim de atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, foram integrados algoritmos formadores de coaliz?es na plataforma JaCaMo por meio de um artefato CArtAgO chamado CFArtefact. Foi utilizada a implementa??o provida pelo time SMART-JaCaMo (time participante da competi??o multiagente), para experimentar a forma??o de coaliz?es na competi??o. Tr?s abordagens foram avaliadas no dom?nio da competi??o em diferentes configura??es. A primeira abordagem utiliza somente aloca??o de tarefas para resolver o problema. A segunda e a terceira abordagem utilizam a t?cnica de forma??o de coaliz?es anteriormente ? aloca??o de tarefas; dentre estas abordagens, uma utiliza um algor?timo ?timo para resolver o problema e a outra um heur?stico. As an?lises dos experimentos realizados mostram que algor?timos formadores de coaliz?es podem melhorar a performance do time participante da competi??o quando a taxa de trabalhos gerados pelo simulador ? baixa. Entretanto, conforme a taxa de trabalhos aumenta, a abordagem que realiza somente aloca??o de tarefas obt?m um desempenho melhor quando comparada as demais. Mesmo a abordagem heur?stica tem desempenho pr?ximo ? abordagem ?tima para coaliz?es. Desta forma, ? poss?vel concluir que forma??o de coaliz?es possui grande valia para balancear os agentes para um conjunto de trabalhos que precisa ser completado. / This work focuses on coalition formation among heterogeneous agents for the 2017 multiagent programming contest. An agent is a computer system that is capable of independent action to achieve its goals. In order to increase the effectiveness of the agents, we can organise them into coalitions, in which the agents collaborate with each other to achieve individual or common goals. We investigate and apply coalition structure generation (the first activity of the coalition formation process) in simulated scenarios, specifically the 2017 contest scenario, where the agents forming a competing team cooperate to solve logistic problems simulated on the map of a real city. In order to achieve our goal, we integrate coalition formation algorithms into the JaCaMo platform by means of a CArtAgO artefact, named CFArtefact. We use the implementation of the SMART JaCaMo team for experimenting with the coalition formation approach in the contest scenario. We experiment on three approaches in the contest domain with different configurations. In the first, we use only a taskallocation mechanism, while the other approaches use an optimal coalition formation algorithm and a heuristic coalition formation algorithm. We conducted several experiments to compare the advantages of each approach. Our results show that coalition formation algorithms can improve the performance of a participating team when dealing with low job rates (i.e., how quickly new jobs are created by the simulation). However, as we increase the job rate, the approach using only task allocation has better performance. Even a heuristic coalition formation approach has close performance to the optimal one in that case. Coalition formation can play an important role when we aim to balance each group of agents to accomplish some particular goal given a larger team of cooperating agents.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Maia.pdf: 2618625 bytes, checksum: 2237044f17e208701f4c6aa58393cfb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / The Federal Constitution, which the main vectors of interpretation are human dignity and equality, recognizes people with disabilities as a vulnerable group, that needs special protection of the law, in order to allow them the full and effective inclusion in society at equal opportunities in comparison to other people. Currently, due to the incorporation of the UN s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, with equivalence of constitutional amendment, the term disability has a social character, and not only a medical character, indicating an obligation for the State to take measures with the aim of eliminating or reducing barriers in the environment and in the society, providing inclusion. That way, it is established in Article 37, VIII, of the Constitution, an affirmative action that requires the reservation of a percentage of public offices and public jobs for people with disabilities, under the law. The Law, in turn, established a reservation of up to 20% (twenty percent) of vacancies in dispute in public contests, as well as, regarding to State companies, whose staff is regulated by the labour regime, is established that those companies must reserve percentage of their jobs for persons with disabilities. For implementation of affirmative action and its compatibility with all Brazilian constitutional system, however, is not enough the simple reservation of vacancies in public contests, but it is necessary to establish several parameters and procedures in the realization of public contests, from the preparation of bidding documents, through the adaptation of tests and places of examinations, and mechanisms of classification and appointment of successful candidates, as well as must be established procedures of adaptation and appropriate monitoring of probation (or trial) period. The right to have places reserved in public service may be required administratively and judicially, even as the levying of the obligation of Administration to promote the inclusion, and may result in the liability of the State and of the public officials who acted inappropriately / A Constituição Federal, cujos principais vetores de interpretação são a dignidade humana e a igualdade, reconhece nas pessoas com deficiência um grupo vulnerável, carecedor de especial proteção do ordenamento jurídico, de forma a lhes possibilitar a inclusão na sociedade de forma plena e efetiva, em igualdade de oportunidades para com as demais pessoas. Atualmente, em função da incorporação no Direito brasileiro da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência da ONU com equivalência de emenda constitucional, entende-se que a deficiência tem um caráter social, e não mais apenas médico, o que aponta para a necessidade de que o Estado atue com o objetivo de eliminar ou minimizar as barreiras existentes no ambiente e na sociedade, proporcionando a inclusão. Nesse sentido, está estabelecida no artigo 37, VIII, da Constituição, ação afirmativa que determina a reserva de percentual dos cargos e empregos públicos para as pessoas com deficiência, nos termos da lei. A legislação infraconstitucional, por sua vez, estabeleceu a reserva de até 20% (vinte por cento) das vagas em disputa nos concursos públicos, bem como, no tocante às empresas estatais, cujo pessoal é regido pelo regime trabalhista, está estabelecido que estas deverão reservar percentuais de seus empregos às pessoas com deficiência. Para a efetivação da ação afirmativa e sua compatibilização com todo o sistema constitucional brasileiro, no entanto, não basta a simples reserva de vagas nos concursos públicos, mas torna-se necessário que sejam estabelecidos diversos parâmetros e procedimentos na realização dos concursos públicos, desde a elaboração do edital, passando pela adaptação das provas e locais de provas, por mecanismos de classificação e nomeação dos candidatos aprovados, bem como pela adaptação e acompanhamento adequado do estágio probatório (ou período de experiência). O direito à reserva de vagas no serviço público pode ser exigido administrativa e judicialmente, bem como a cobrança do dever da Administração de promover a inclusão, podendo resultar, inclusive, na responsabilidade civil do Estado e na responsabilização dos agentes públicos que agirem de forma inadequada

No description available.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as monografias premiadas do Concurso História de Bairros de São Paulo, refletindo sobre as escritas e narrativas da história que se fizeram presentes nessas produções. A partir dessas monografias buscamos entender a natureza do Concurso e a pertinência do mesmo ao ser promovido pela Secretaria Municipal de Cultura através da divisão de Patrimônio Histórico e do Arquivo Histórico Municipal , tendo sobrevivido por mais de três décadas. Neste período, o Concurso atravessou diferentes gestões, mudanças de partidos políticos, a ditadura militar e a redemocratização. Entendemos que a partir da análise das monografias premiadas do Concurso História de Bairros podemos encontrar diferentes elementos de reflexão sobre a importância e consumo do conhecimento histórico fora dos muros da universidade e refletir sobre a produção e divulgação das obras fronteiriças de história, inclusive como instrumento de divulgação do conhecimento histórico científico. / The aim of this research is to analyze the winners monographs of the Contest History of São Paulos neighborhoods, reflecting on the written narratives of history that were presented in these productions. Throughout these monographs, we seek to understand the nature of this Contest and its relevance to be promoted by The Municipal Secretariat of Culture over the division of the Historical Heritage and the State Historical Archive - having survived for over three decades, across different administrations, changes of political parties, the military dictatorship and the redemocratization. We comprehend that, from the analysis of monographs winning the Contest History of Neighborhoods, it is able to find different elements of reflection on the importance and absorption of historical knowledge outside the walls of university. It is also possible to reflect on the production and dissemination of boundary works of history, including them as a tool to diffuse the scientific historical knowledge.

所有的選舉競爭都在既定的環境中進行。競選活動的效果，也就在於候選人是否能正確評估自身在既定環境及個人條件上的優劣勢，從而運用競選策略與戰術來凸顯有利因素、修正或淡化不利因素，以取得規劃中的足夠選票來獲得勝選。於此，本論文以馬英九在1998年台北市長選舉中所運用的競選策略為例，提出一個研究候選人競選策略的分析架構，作為理解選戰中候選人採用各種策略的動機及行為的基礎。在方法上，本論文採取整體資料分析法、文獻分析法、調查研究法、以及深入訪談法等方法配合運用，期能經由對馬英九陣營競選行為的觀察，為當前候選人競選策略研究作進一步驗證，並作為往後競選理論深化發展的基礎。 如何以挑戰者的身份擊敗具優良政績的的在位市長，是馬英九從事選舉競爭的最大問題。在選舉競爭條件的評估方面，國民黨在台北市擁有的三成實力加上新黨約兩成五的政黨實力，共同建構出馬英九的過半潛力，成為馬英九爭勝的有利基礎。在新黨勢弱下，馬英九陣營便將勝選聯盟設定在以國民黨傳統票為基礎，並在預期新黨票源將有效回流下，將本土性票源視為勝選目標群。但在李登輝因素造成新黨票源與本土性票源的矛盾下，馬陣營以中間選民訴求作為一個兼顧此兩種票源的最適位置。在策略抉擇上，馬陣營採取候選人中心策略作為選戰議程，並分別針對不同票源群體取不同策略進行訴求：針對國民黨傳統票源，馬陣營採取政黨中心戰術來進行強化式策略；針對新黨票源，馬陣營則分別以「一路走來、始終如一」的候選人中心戰術及「打造世界級首都」的議題中心戰術來進行甄補式策略；針對本土票源，馬陣營則以「台灣第一、台北第一」的議題中心戰術進行甄補式策略。在選舉戰術的應用方面，無論是自我推銷的訴求策略、阻斷對手策略效果的攻擊策略、或者回應對手攻擊或重大事件發展的回應策略，也都扣緊預定之候選人中心的選戰議程。而在組織動員方面，馬陣營也配合馬英九所具資源設計競選組織並進行基層動員。 就選舉結果來看，新黨支持者的大幅流動所造成的國、新合流，尤其是外省籍選民近乎一面倒地支持馬英九，是馬英九勝選主因。這顯示馬英九的競選策略基本上是成功的，即在國民黨傳統票及新黨票源的爭取上達成目標，但在本土票源的爭取上則不如想像中順利。 第一章 緒論 壹、 研究動機與目的 貳、 研究主題的背景 參、 文獻檢閱 肆、 研究方法 第二章 選區的政治生態 壹、 台北市的人文區位背景 貳、 台北市政治生態環境變遷 參、 小結 第三章 競選初期的策略 壹、 競選初期的主要事件 貳、 競爭條件評估與策略抉擇 參、 競選組織的建立 肆、 策略制定與執行 伍、 小結 第四章 競選中期的策略 壹、 競選中期的主要事件 貳、 主要訴求策略及運用 參、 攻擊策略之應用與調整 肆、 回應策略 伍、 組織與動員 陸、 策略效果 柒、 小結 第五章 競選後期的策略 壹、 主要競選活動 貳、 議題訴求 參、 向對手的攻擊策略 肆、 回應對手攻擊的策略 伍、 造勢活動 陸、 小結 第六章 結論 壹、 研究發現 貳、 檢討與建議 參考書目

2007年臺灣的電視圈在國內大環境欠佳、廣告市場大減，中視以高規格、高預算，製播【超級星光大道】，沒想到引發種種話題，節目爆紅。同年【超級星光大道】的受歡迎程度超過各類電視節目。使中視得以一整年靠一個節目的營收來維生。 【超級星光大道】亦甚至被媒體標示，「星光現象」成為一種異軍突起的社會文化現象。【超級星光大道】擁有什麼樣的關鍵元素，導致其瞬間爆紅。由於節目品質研究（叫好）與觀眾需求分析（叫座）向來是電視節目產製者最關注的兩大課題。故，本研究首開分析單一類型的節目是如何吸引觀眾的收視之學術性研究。 由節目產製構面的理論概念引伸，從閱聽人角度出發，在加上電視節目產製核心人物之剖析，從多種角度來觀察並分析【超級星光大道】的文本，利用學術研究方法，來回應業界所關切的問題。 本研究借用McQuail（1992）提出三類媒介表現的檢視途徑為設計概念，以Patton（1990）提出的方法（Method）三角測量法，借用多元方法取向蒐集資料，以檢驗研究發現的一致性，為尋求值得信賴的解釋。 對超級星光大道的分析上，利用文本分析，將每集節目內容、流程等進行解構，特別是收視率特別高的內容，找出其爭議點。在經由使用與滿足理論架構，描繪出閱聽眾接收與關切的節目元素。進而與焦點團體或是產製者訪談的資料進行mapping，找出其成功吸引觀眾的元素。 因此，研究結果依其對收視率表現之影響程度，分成三個層次：對收視率提升有顯著效果者有感動、多元、話題、娛樂；對樹立節目品質和口碑者有真實、專業；可能影響收視的負面元素則為操作與公平性。 本研究貢獻為學術面解決收視率無法真實解構文本的疑問，為產製面提供媒體未來複製同類型節目之觀眾輪廓或節目定位及修正節目策略的參考。 關鍵詞：歌唱選秀節目、關鍵元素、三角測量、收視率 / Due the domestic overall economy was poor in Taiwan during 2007, the advertisement market was shrunk largely for TV industry, while China Television Company (CTV) took an contrary way on the production of “One Million Star” with high standard and big budget, and to no one’s guess, the program was red hot to trigger all kinds of topics. In the same year, the degree of popularity from “One Million Star” surpassed all kinds of TV programs, allowing CTV to keep its operation for the whole year solely on this program. “One Million Star” is even tagged by the media, and “Superstar Phenomenon” has become a cultural phenomenon in the society all of a sudden. What the key elements are for “One Million Star” to become extremely popular all of a sudden. Due both program quality research (great quality) and audience demand analysis (great rating) have always been the two major issues concerned the most by the producers of TV programs, the paper will be the first ever to make analysis for academic research on how a single type of programs attract the audiences to watch them. By starting up from the angle of audiences, to develop from the theoretical concepts on the construct of program productions, plus to make analysis on the core people for TV program productions, and from various angles, to observe as well as to make analysis on the scripts of “One Million Star”, using academic research methods, to make response on the questions concerned by people in the industry. The paper borrows the examination route offered by McQuail(1992) on the presentation of three types of media as the design concept, and using Triangulation method offered by Patton (1990), to collect data with diverse methods for examining the consistency in the research findings, in order to seek for reliable explanations. For the analysis on “One Million Star”, by using scripts for analysis, to take down on matters such as program contents and process flows from each running show, and to find out any disputable points, especially on those contents with extremely high rating. Through the construct of uses and gratification theory, to illustrate the program elements that are received and concerned by the audiences. Next, to work on mapping with the data made from focus groups or interviews of program producers, in order to find out what are the successful elements to attract audiences. Accordingly, on the basis of effects to rating performances, the study results are divided into three categories: for those with significant effects on the increase of rating, they are to include sensation, diversity, topics, and entertainment; for those able to establish program quality and word-of-mouth, they are to include authenticity, and professionalism; for those possibly with negative effects on rating, they are to include operating and fairness. The contribution of the paper is to solve the question from academic aspect that rating is not able to truly break down scripts, and as reference of audience outline or program positioning and program strategy revisions for duplicating similar programs by the providing media from production aspect in the future. Keyword: Singing Contest Program, Key Elements, Triangulation, Rating

This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

基於凱因斯選美競賽概念我們知道，如果要掌握金融市場的整個運作過程，除了要了解市場參與者所持有的信念外，更要進一步去了解市場參與者對其他市場參與者的信念的可能看法，也就是所謂的高階信念。因此，本篇研究的主要目的是嘗試描述高階預期概念在資產定價模型中所扮演的角色，同時也可以檢驗凱因斯的選美競賽理論是否可以幫助我們了解資產價格的形成過程。第二個目的是利用資產定價模型進一步去檢視市場交易者是否對公開訊息有過度反應的現象。 透過建立噪音的理性預期模型來推導外匯價格的預期形成過程發現，外匯價格所傳遞的訊息為偏誤的訊息，亦即在供給衝擊下的平均外匯價格並不會完全反映外匯真實價值，其反映的是外匯資產真實價值及公開訊息的線性組合。此外，經過進一步研究後發現，外匯價格的預期受公開訊息的影響程度遠大於真實訊息，亦即市場上的外匯價格預期對公開訊息有過度反應的現象。 另外，模型的研究結果指出，造成市場參與者對於公開訊息產生過度反應的原因有：投機者的人數比例、投機者的風險愛好程度以及私有訊息的精確度等三項。 / Based on Keynes’s beauty contest theory, if you want to know the operation of financial market, you should understand market participants' beliefs and market participants' beliefs about other market participants’ beliefs, which is called the higher order beliefs. The goal of the paper is to illuminate the role of higher order expectations in the asset pricing model, and thereby to explore the extent to which Keynes’s beauty contest theory is useful in thinking about asset prices. The second goal of this paper is to use the asset pricing model to examine whether market participants overreact to public information. By setting up the noisy rational expectations model, we know that exchange rate is biased signal of the underlying fundamental value. Mean exchange rate taken over realization of the supply shocks are given by convex combination of the true value and public information. Moreover, the distribution of exchange rates is biased towards public information relative to the true value. That is, there is an overreaction to public information. Finally, the model indicates that there are three factors to explain why market participants overreact to public information. These factors are the proportion of speculators, the risk aversion of speculators and the precision of private information.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Zoology, 2003. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.