Doctor Legum - LLD / This thesis concerns the tension that exists between the principles of certainty and freedom of contract (which includes the notion of contractual discretionary powers) and how this tension impacts on the requirement that agreement must be reached on the price and rental in contracts of sale and lease, respectively. The matter at issue is whether South African law should recognise the validity of contracts of sale at a reasonable price and lease and rental respectively, and/or at a unilaterally determined price or rental as suggested in an obiter dictum of the Supreme Court of Appeal in NBS Boland Bank v One Berg River Drive and Others; Deeb and Another v ABSA Bank Ltd; Friedman v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 1999 (4) SA 928 (SCA) and in an obiter dictum of the then Appellate Division in Genac Properties JHB (Pty) Ltd v NBC Administrators CC 1992 (1) SA 566 (AD). Currently, the law requires that the price (in the case of sale) or the rental (in the case of lease) must be certain, in the sense that it is either ascertained or objectively ascertainable. The price is ascertainable if there is agreement between the contractants on an external standard in light of which the price may be ascertained objectively without further reference to the contractants: Westinghouse Brake & Equipment (Pty) Ltd v Bilger Engineering (Pty) Ltd 1986 (2) SA 555 (A). The obiter dicta in the One Berg River and Genac cases suggest that an agreement to a reasonable price or rental or to unilaterally determined price or rental meets this requirement. The basis for both obiter dicta can be found in the principles of freedom and sanctity of contract that form the cornerstones of the South African law of contract. The conceptual framework of public policy forms the outer limits of both freedom and sanctity of contract. The thesis considers whether a development in South African law that recognises the validity of a contract of sale or lease at a price or rental determined unilaterally by a contractant or at a reasonable price or rental, respectively, is contrary to public policy as informed by the values embodied in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 iv and whether it would promote consensus and certainty, which are foundational principles of South African law of contract. Consideration is also be given to the question whether such a development is defensible in law, and desirable as a matter of policy and practice.

Le législateur français a formellement prévu des contrats de transfert de risque de crédit sans pour autant en donner une définition. Partant de ce visa exprès, il est possible d’identifier substantiellement des contrats de transfert de risque, de les distinguer de contrats voisins et de les systématiser malgré leur diversité, en une catégorie autonome. Ayant posé la définition d’un contrat de transfert de risque et analysé ses éléments constitutifs, un régime juridique commun ressort clairement, pour régir aussi bien la formation que les effets d’un tel contrat. L’existence d’une notion de contrat de transfert de risque, qui va de pair avec un régime particulier ouvrira la voie aux praticiens à la conclusion de contrats innommés de transfert de risque, répondant à un besoin grandissant : celui de couverture des conséquences dommageables issues de la réalisation d’un évènement incertain / The French legislator has formally established a credit risk transfer contrat, but without actually defining it. Drawing on this, it is possible to substantially identify many risk transfer contracts, to distinguish them from neighbouring contracts, and assemble them despite their diversity in an autonomous category. Having set a definition of a risk transfer contract and having analysed its essential components, a legal status that governs the formation as well as the effects of such a contract emerges naturally. The existence of a risk transfer contract notion and as well as a corresponding legal status, makes it possible for the parties to conclude new contractual figures of risk transfer contract, in order to meet a growing need: the need to cover the pecuniary losses, resulting from the occurrence of an uncertain event.

Les modes amiables de rupture du contrat de travail sont en plein essor. Même si la rupture amiable de la relation contractuelle, issue de l’article 1134 du Code civil, est reconnue depuis plusieurs décennies, son manque d’appréhension par la législation sociale en limite l’usage alors même que son efficacité, en ce qui concerne les contrats de travail à durée déterminée et le contrat d’apprentissage, n’a plus à être prouvée. Le regain actuel que connait ce type de rupture résulte de la création d’un nouvel acte par la loi de modernisation du marché du travail du 25 juin 2008. La rupture conventionnelle, voulue comme un acte permettant d’assurer la sécurité de la cessation relationnelle, a redonné confiance, aux employeurs et salariés, en l’utilisation du consensualisme lors de résiliation du contrat qu’ils ont créé. Ainsi, sans véritablement remettre en cause l’existence de la rupture issue du droit commun, la rupture conventionnelle semble être l’acte le plus à même de mettre fin à l’hégémonie des actes unilatéraux de rupture / The ways to break a work contract amicably are booming . Even if the amicable break of the contractual relationship , from Article 1134 of the civil code , has been recognized for several decades , its lack of real understanding and use by the social legislation limits its use , even though its effectiveness,regarding the fixed period employment contracts and the training contract does not need to be proven any more ! The current revival of this way to break a contract comes from the creation of a new act : the 25 th june 2008 modernization of the labour market law . The conventional breach, supposed to be an act which permits to reinforce the safety of the relational breach has boosted the confidence of employers as well as employees, when the use of consualism , they had created, has to be broken .So, without really putting into question the breach itself the origin of which being the common law, the conventional breaking is the most likely act to put an end to the hegemony of unilateral acts of breach

Que faut-il entendre par influence ? Faute d'une définition juridique, il peut être recouru aux dictionnaires non juridiques. D'après ceux-ci, le terme d'influence signifie l'action, généralement graduelle et continue, qu'exerce une personne, une chose, ou une situation sur une autre. Ce phénomène est l'objet de l'étude. Il est examiné, de manière délimitée, dans les rapports du droit des procédures collectives et du droit des contrats. Le sujet abordé est précisément celui de l'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats. L'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats s'exerce selon plusieurs modes. Suivant un mode concret, le droit des procédures collectives exerce une action généralement lente et continue sur le droit des contrats, produisant des modifications. En d'autres termes, le droit des contrats porte pour une part sur les règles, les concepts, les notions du droit des procédures collectives qu'il accueille. Sur un autre mode, celui abstrait, le droit des procédures collectives exerce une action généralement graduelle et imperceptible sur le droit des contrats, suscitant en celui-ci des mutations. L'on est en présence des changements, des mutations qui, dans le droit contractuel, sont dus au droit des procédures collectives. A ces deux modes d'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats, il y a lieu d'adjoindre un troisième mode, le mode éventuel. A cet égard, sont explorés les règles, les concepts, les procédés, les raisonnements qui sont à l'état brut dans le droit des procédures collectives et qui pourraient être transposés, adaptés dans le droit contractuel. / What is meant by influence ? In the absence of a legal definition, it can be ressorted to non-legal dictionaries. According to these, the term of influence means the action, generally gradual and continuous, that exercises a person, a thing, or a situation on another. This phenomenon is the subject of the study. It is examined, in a delimited way, in the reports of bankruptcy law and contract law. The subject matter is precisely the influence of bankruptcy law on contract law. The influence of bankruptcy law on contract law is exercised in several modes. According to a concrete mode, the bankruptcy law has a generally slow and continuous action on the law of contracts, producing modifications. In other words, contract law is for a part on rules, concepts, notions of bankruptcy law it hosts. In another mode, the abstract, the bankruptcy law has a generally gradual and impercetible action on contract law, arousing in the latter mutations. One is in the presence of changes, mutations in contract law, are due to bankruptcy law. With these two modes of influence of bankruptcy law on contract law, it is necessary to associate a third mode, the possible mode. In this regard, are explored rules, concepts, processes, reasoning which are in the crude state in the bankruptcy law and which could be transposed, adapted in contract law.

La montée en puissance de l'obligation de conseil n'a pas épargné, dans son sillage, l'avocat et le notaire. Or, avec près de 65000 avocats et 11000 notaires en exercice sur le sol français, recensés en 2017, ils représentent les métiers du droit les plus exercés mais aussi les plus exposés au risque de voir leur responsabilité civile engagée en raison du manquement à leur obligation de conseil. Pourtant, les contours de cette obligation, dessinés par la jurisprudence, sont souvent diffus et imprécis. L'objectif de la thèse consiste donc à démontrer que l'obligation de conseil dispose d'un régime autonome, obéissant à des forces propres, permettant de la distinguer de notions voisines. Pour y parvenir, il faudra mettre en lumière la fonction de l'obligation de conseil. Cette analyse permettra de démontrer que l'avocat et le notaire sont tenus d'une obligation dont la portée est sensiblement identique. Curieusement, pourtant, en cas de défaillance de leur part, la jurisprudence a fait le choix de ne pas retenir un régime de responsabilité civile uniforme. Traditionnellement, en effet, c'est généralement à l'aune des règles de la responsabilité contractuelle que l'avocat doit répondre de sa défaillance tandis que la responsabilité du notaire est plutôt appréciée sur le terrain délictuel. Ce système, reposant sur une argumentation qui n'emporte pas pleinement la conviction, conduit à des inégalités de traitement de la victime mais aussi du professionnel fautif. Pour ces raisons, des solutions correctrices seront proposées afin d'harmoniser le régime de responsabilité civile applicable. / The overall increase of the obligation of counsel within the French legal system did not spare attorneys and notaries in its wake. With approximately 65000 practising attorneys and 11000 practising notaries in France, according to registered figures in 2017, they embody the most practiced legal professions. They are also the most likely to see their civil liability incurred in regards to a breach of their duty to provide legal advice. However, the outlines of this obligation, framed by case law, are often imprecise and diffuse. This thesis aims to demonstrate that the obligation of counsel has an autonomous regime subject to proper rules, highlighting the gap between adjacent concepts. In this context, the function of this obligation will be explained. This analysis will show that attorneys and notaries are bound to an obligation which the impact is roughly identical. However, in case of a breach of their obligation, case law does not design a unique regime of civil liability. Indeed, an attorney's liability is traditionally based on contractual liability, whereas a notary's liability is generally based on tort liability. This system, erected on a debatable argumentation, leads to inequalities of treatments for both victims and legal counsel. For these reasons, corrective solutions will be proposed in order to harmonise the civil liability regime applicable.

In recent years with the advances in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, the demand for ever smarter automation solutions could seem insatiable. One such demand was identified by Fortnox AB, but undoubtedly shared by many other industries dealing with contractual services, who were looking for an intelligent solution capable of predicting the expiration date of a contractual period. As there was no clear evidence suggesting that Machine Learning models were capable of learning the patterns necessary to predict a contract's expiration, it was deemed desirable to determine subject feasibility while also investigating whether it would perform better than a commonplace rule-based solution, something that Fortnox had already investigated in the past. To do this, two different solutions capable of predicting a contractual expiration were implemented. The first one was a rule-based solution that was used as a measuring device, and the second was a Machine Learning-based solution that featured Tree Decision classifier as well as Neural Network models. The results suggest that Machine Learning models are indeed capable of learning and recognizing patterns relevant to the problem, and with an average accuracy generally being on the high end. Unfortunately, due to a lack of available data to use for testing and training, the results were too inconclusive to make a reliable assessment of overall accuracy beyond the learning capability. The conclusion of the study is that Machine Learning-based solutions show promising results, but with the caveat that the results should likely be seen as indicative of overall viability rather than representative of actual performance.

This diploma thesis is related to construction order preparation and management from the investor´s view. Theoretical part deals with the project management, essential legislation included. In the practical part the construction order preparation and management of the concrete contracting authority is described. This work´s outcome is the elementary methodical process how to manage project by a contracting authority.

The Master´s thesis deals with the development of the construction order during its realization. This thesis contains the necessary theoretical inputs that are focused on explaining the concepts of construction company, construction order and progress in building industry. It is based on theoretical inputs that have been taken to a case study that deals with the development of selected construction order during its life stage - realization. Case study contains the characteristics of the selected construction company, financial analysis, development process of construction order and draft of the measures to improve the processing of construction order.

Si l’on perçoit intuitivement la durée, il est plus délicat d’en donner une définition. L’exercice devient plus périlleux encore lorsqu’il s’agit de définir la durée des contrats administratifs. Face aux interrogations que sa définition et sa délimitation soulèvent, l’étude de la réglementation, de la jurisprudence ou de la doctrine publiciste n’est que peu instructive. La diversité du vocabulaire employé traduit les imprécisions de la notion étudiée. Parce qu’elle représente une donnée essentielle du contrat, à la fois objet et source de nombreuses réglementations, la notion de durée des contrats administratifs doit être définie. Son étude révèle une appréhension parcellaire de la notion par le droit public. Celui-ci n’envisage que la durée d’existence du contrat, qui est une durée juridique et prévisionnelle. Elle traduit le prisme sous lequel le droit public s’intéresse à la durée du contrat : c’est un outil d’encadrement de la rémunération du titulaire et d’organisation de la remise en concurrence régulière du contrat. À côté de cette durée d’existence, coexiste une durée d’exécution qui a pour caractéristique d’être une durée opérationnelle constituée d’un agrégat de délais. Si ces deux durées coïncident parfois parfaitement – ce qui explique leur confusion – cela n’est pas systématique. Elles possèdent, en outre, des fonctions distinctes qui justifient leur différenciation. Parce qu’elles représentent cependant les deux facettes d’une même notion, l’unité du régime de la durée prédomine. En ce domaine, c’est un mouvement d’influences réciproques mais d’inégale importance qui s’opère. Le contrat conditionne la durée : il régit sa fixation et son évolution. Dans le même temps, la durée influe sur le contrat. Celle-ci est en effet la source d’application d’éléments de régime au contrat et justifie l’intégration de certaines clauses au sein des contrats où son volume est important. / We can easily perceive the notion of duration. However, it is rather difficult to give it an exact definition. It becomes even more delicate when it comes to identify the duration of public contracts. Neither of the legal doctrine nor the legislation or case law are helpful in solving questions about both the definition and limit of a contract’s duration. The diversity of the legal vocabulary reveals the inaccuracy of this notion. However, the duration of public contracts has to be precisely identified as it is a crucial datum of any contract, as well as a source and the object of various existing rules. As far as the study of public contracts has lead us, we can only notice that the apprehension of their duration is fragmented. Public contract law exclusively develops one aspect of the duration, which represents the amount of time during which the contract stands. This shows how the notion of duration is analyzed: itis a sort of tool used in order to frame the contract holder’s wage, but also indicates when to use properly competitive procedures. It is correct to state that the duration identifies the period during which the contract stands, however, it covers another aspect, which we aim to expose here. The duration of contract also represents the amount of time during which the contract is fulfilled, or executed, which is composed by a sum of delays. These two aspects of duration may often coincide but this is not always the case. It must be noted that these two sides have different functions, which justifies why we study them separately. Nevertheless, the legal regime remains the same whether we talk about one aspect or another. At the end of this study, we can report mutual influences. The object of the contract conditions its very own duration as its clauses set its evolution through the execution. At the same time, the duration of the public contract conditions various elements of its regime, especially when the contract stands fora substantial period of time.

En la primera parte del presente documento se resume el expediente relacionado con un recurso de amparo para efectos que se reponga a un servidor de una entidad pública que fue contratada bajo el régimen privado del decreto legislativo n° 728, así de esa forma pretender su reposición del trabajo a través del proceso constitucional interpuesto. En la segunda parte del presente resumen se discute el recurso de nulidad de un arbitraje comercial con una tonalidad de naturaleza tributaria; en el cual, consiste que los sujetos que tienen legitimidad para obrar presentan un recurso de nulidad señalando indirectamente que se pronunciaron sobre materia tributaria, siendo esta indelegable y exclusiva al Estado Peruano. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional