El propósito del presente estudio es investigar desde el punto de vista de la Ciencia Política cómo las redes de políticas públicas han intervenido en el proceso de implementación del Programa Nacional contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual como política de control aplicada por el Estado para la lucha contra la violencia hacia la mujer.

Al término de la guerra civil el régimen franquista encomendó a los tribunales ordinarios la tarea de normalizar el país, contribuyendo a la consolidación del nuevo Estado al tiempo que fiscalizaban la vida cotidiana de la población. El estudio de la delincuencia común de posguerra permite conocer la relación de las clases desfavorecidas con ese Estado, los conflictos e interacciones entre iguales, el grado de aceptación mostrado hacia las autoridades y sus políticas, así como la respuesta ofrecida desde el poder, materializada en sentencias judiciales y prácticas represivas análogas. Las convulsiones provocadas por la guerra civil en España tuvieron su continuación amplificada, a nivel europeo, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este conflicto y su posguerra acarrearon penuria material, racionamiento, mercado negro, crisis de valores y con ello, la generalización de unas condiciones de vida y una perturbación social cuyos efectos inmediatos se dejaron sentir en el aumento de la delincuencia. / When Spanish Civil War ended francoist regime assigned the task to normalize the country to ordinary courts. This fact contributed to consolidation of the new state and at the same time supervised population everydary life. The research on postwar common delinquency allows to know the relationship between the poorest classes and the state, the conflicts and interactions among equals, the level of popularity shown towards authorities and their policies as well as the response offered from the power which was materialized in sentences and some other repressive practices. Convulsions that were provoked by Spanish Civil War had an extended continuity, at European level, after Second World War. The former conflict and its postwar brought poverty, rationing, black market, crisis on values and the generalization of life conditions and social disturbance whose immediate effects could be felt in an increasing delinquency.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 liporoni_aarc_dr_fran.pdf: 24940420 bytes, checksum: 4811e21e4453d76c41dd9009c8b124f2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a questão da capacitação dos conselheiros como mecanismo para favorecer o entendimento sobre o significado/objetivo do Conselho Municipal de Saúde e a responsabilidade deste órgão institucionalizado de controle social. Os conselhos municipais de saúde são um dos mecanismos de participação democrática inaugurado no Brasil, no início da década de 1990, a partir da aprovação da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das Leis Orgânicas de Saúde 8080 e 8142 de 1990. Apesar de 20 (vinte) anos de funcionamento, destes espaços na elaboração, acompanhamento, monitoramento e fiscalização das decisões da esfera pública, a participação ainda se mostra incipiente. Muitos conselheiros desconhecem a sua função nestes órgãos de deliberação e, portanto o que poderia auxiliar na efetividade destes espaços é a capacitação dos conselheiros para essa importante função (conhecimento sobre os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), sobre a realidade local, sobre suas funções, direitos e deveres). Para avaliar a efetividade da capacitação foi necessário analisar em um primeiro momento, como é a representatividade dos conselheiros, nestes espaços. Assim, a pesquisa foi construída a partir do referencial teórico de autores que trabalham a questão da participação na democracia, sobre os conselhos de políticas públicas e, em especial, sobre o controle social na saúde. Foi adotada a abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa e foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas no Brasil e na Espanha, país cujo sistema de saúde apresenta muitas semelhanças com o modelo brasileiro, pautado nos princípios da universalidade, da descentralização da gestão e dos recursos, com atenção integral à saúde. No Brasil foram realizadas 12 entrevistas envolvendo 06 conselhos municipais de saúde de cidades que compõem... / The present study had as objective to analyze the subject of the counselors’ capacity as mechanism to favor the understanding about the meaning/objective of the Municipal Council of Health and the responsibility of this institutionalized organ of social control. The municipal advices of health are one of the mechanisms of democratic participation inaugurated in Brazil, in the beginning of the decade of 1990, starting from the approval of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and of the organic laws of Health 8080 and 8142 of 1990. In spite of 20 (twenty) years of operation of these spaces in the elaboration, accompaniment, monitoring and supervision the decisions of the public sphere, the participation is still shown incipient. Many counselors ignore your own function in these deliberation organs and, therefore what could help in the effectiveness of these spaces it’s the counselors' capacity for these important function (knowledge on the beginnings of the Single Health Sistem (SUS), about the local reality, on your functions, rights and duties). To evaluate the effectiveness of the capacities of the counselors was necessary to analyze, in the first moment, how is the counselors' representation, in these spaces. Therefore, the research was built starting from the authors' theoretical references that works the subject of the participation in the democracy, about the advices of public politics and, especially, on the social control of health. The quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted and were accomplished semi-structured interviews in Brazil and in Spain, country whose system of health presents a lot of similarities with the Brazilian model, ruled in the beginnings of the universality, of the decentralization of the administration and of the resources, with integral attention to the health. In Brazil 12 interviews were accomplished involving 06 municipal advices of health... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la cuestión de la capacitación de los consejeros como mecanismo para favorecer la comprensión del significado y objetivo del Consejo Municipal de Salud y la responsabilidad de este órgano institucionalizado de control social. El Consejo Municipal de salud es uno de los mecanismos de participación democrática inaugurado en Brasil, en el inicio de la década de 1990, a partir de la aprobación de la Constitución Federal de 1988 y de las Leyes Orgánicas de Salud 8080 y 8142 de 1990. A pesar de llevar 20 años funcionando como un espacio en el que debatir la elaboración, acompañamiento, monitoramiento y fiscalización de las decisiones de la esfera pública, la participación aún se muestra incipiente. Muchos consejeros desconocen su función en estos órganos de deliberación y, por lo tanto, pensamos que la capacitación (en el conocimiento sobre los principios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), sobre la realidad local, sobre sus funciones, derechos y deberes) podría ayudar en la efectividad de estos espacios de deliberación fueran más efectivos y llevaran a cabo sus verdaderas funciones. Para evaluar la efectividad de la capacitación fue necesario analizar en un primer momento, como es la representatividad de los consejeros en estos espacios. Así, la investigación fue construida a partir del referencial teórico de autores que trabajan la cuestión de la participación en la democracia, sobre los consejos de políticas públicas y, en especial, sobre el control social en la salud. Fue adoptado el enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo y fueron realizadas entrevistas semi-estructuradas en Brasil y en España, país éste cuyo sistema de salud presenta muchas semejanzas con el modelo brasileño: los principios de la universalidad, de la descentralización de la gestión y de los recursos... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)

In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick

Zum gesellschaftlich relevanten Thema des Arbeitsmarktes findet sich kaum arbeitspsychologische Empirie. Erste Hinweise auf ein die Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger gefährdendes Potenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktlage geben Studien aus den Bereichen der Freiwilligkeit in der Erwerbsarbeit und der Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Alle diese Studien sind jedoch Befragungen mit dem methodenimmanenten Interpretationsproblem der gemeinsamen Methodenvarianz. Unter Ausschluss dieses Methodenproblems wird zunächst ein Beitrag zur Klärung der Bedeutung der Arbeitsmarktsituation für die psychische Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger geleistet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden empirisch bewährte Merkmale der Arbeitssituation in die Analysen einbezogen. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Arbeit bilden das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept (BBK) und ein spezifiziertes Zwei-Ebenen-Modell. Sekundäranalytisch werden zweier branchenspezifische Gelegenheitsstichproben (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) und die repräsentative BIBB/IAB-Strukturerhebung von 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343) ausgewertet. Es liegt ein ex-post-facto-Design vor. Das Merkmal der Arbeitsmarktsituation wird als Risiko langzeitarbeitslos zu werden operationalisiert und dokumentenanalytisch generiert. Diese Operationalisierung erweist sich als valide. Die anderen Merkmale werden mittels schriftlicher Befragungen erhoben. Die Datenauswertung erfolgt mit Methoden des ALM. Die globalen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsmarktsituation und der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind marginal. Bei Betrachtung der mit Hilfe des BBK gebildeten Subgruppen zeigen sich jedoch hypothesenkonform veränderte Zusammenhänge. Dieses Ergebnismuster kann im Sinne des sozialepidemiologischen Risikofaktorenmodells als Beleg für das Belastungspotenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktsituation angesehen werden. Zentral für die Vorhersage der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind jedoch die Merkmale der Arbeitssituation: Auch in Zeiten mit einer problematischen Arbeitsmarktsituation reicht es nicht aus, einfach nur Arbeit zu haben. Die konkrete Arbeitssituation bleibt zentral. / Within the field of occupational psychology there is very little empirical research on the socially highly relevant topic of the labor market. Studies on voluntariness within gainful occupation and on job insecurity have provided initial evidence that a poor labor market situation poses a potential risk to employees’ health. However, all of these studies can be criticized for having the method-immanent interpretation problem of shared method variance. Excluding this methodological problem, the present study, first, contributes to clarifying the role of the labor market situation for employees’ mental health. In a second step, empirically established characteristics of the personal job situation are included in the analyses. The theoretical framework for this research is the stress-strain concept (SSC) and a more specific two-level model. Secondary analyses are conducted with two sectoral convenience samples (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) and the representative BIBB/IAB data set of 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343). An ex-post-facto design is used. The characteristic of the labor market situation was operationalized as the risk for long-term unemployment, which was generated through document analyses. This operationalization proves to be valid. Other characteristics were assessed with questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted with methods of the GLM. The overall relations between the labor market situation and mental health are marginal. However, when studying subgroups that were formed utilizing the SSC the observed relations vary as hypothesized. These findings can be interpreted within the social-epidemiological risk-factor model as a demonstration of the stress potential of poor labor market conditions. Nevertheless, the central predictors of employees’ mental health are characteristics of the personal job situation: Even in times of a problematic labor market situation just being employed it is not sufficient to ensure good mental health. The person’s specific job situation remains central.

El marco político español de la década de 1960 hubo de adaptarse a los nuevos valores y actitudes sociales que cambiaban más allá del contexto jurídico. La Ley de Asociaciones de 1964 creó un espacio legal, con las restricciones propias del franquismo, para una extraordinaria proliferación de viejas y nuevas formas de asociación. Una voluntad asociativa que generó espacios de sociabilidad, contribuyendo al mismo tiempo a la reconstrucción de la sociedad civil, sirviendo de base legal para la gestión de unos nuevos movimientos sociales que participaron en el proceso político de transición a la democracia en España.El estudio de las asociaciones civiles a lo largo del periodo comprendido entre 1964-1986, permite observar además la evolución de la sociedad española entre el franquismo y la consolidación democrática, con toda la serie de cambios que se producen en un país que en poco tiempo alcanzará las pautas globales del mundo occidental. / The political Spanish framework of the decade of 1960 had to adapt to the new values and social attitudes that were changing faster than the juridical context. The law of associations of 1964 created a legal space, with the own restrictions of the Franco's regime, for an extraordinary proliferation of old and new forms of association. An associative will that generated spaces of sociability, contributing at the same time to the reconstruction of the civil society, using as legal base for the management of new social movements that took part in the political process of the Spanish transition to democracy. The study of the civil associations along the period among 1964-1986 shows in addition the evolution of the Spanish society between the Franco's regime and the democratic consolidation, with the whole series of changes that are produced in a country that in a little time will reach the global guidelines of the Western World.

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Adolescents have become focal points of discussions and debates regarding sexuality and reproductive health matters. However, little research has been done particularly in South Africa to examine their knowledge concerning abortion and emergency contraception. Research indicates that a substantial proportion of adolescent pregnancies are unintended or unwanted. Abortion and emergency contraception are both time-sensitive services. Thus having accurate and comprehensive knowledge about both abortion and emergency contraception is pivotal, in the case of unintended or unwanted pregnancy or when engaging in unprotected sex or experiencing contraceptive failure that could lead to pregnancy. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) defined reproductive health rights for both men and women as the right to "decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so" (p. 60). That is, men and women should "have the right to make decisions concerning their reproduction free of discrimination, violence and coercion" (ICPD, 1994, p.60). Based on these definitions, it is rather evident that comprehensive and accurate knowledge are at the core of one's ability to make an informed consent. This is confirmed by Adler's (1992, p. 289) definition of informed consent or choice "a) access to sufficient information b) understanding the information c) competence to evaluate potential consequences d) freedom to make a choice and e) the ability to make and express that choice". It is from this framework that this study emerged. The aim of this study was to examine adolescents' knowledge concerning abortion and emergency contraception. The participants were Grade 11 learners between the ages of 15-24 years from five different schools in the Buffalo City Municipality. A sample of 514 was achieved. Data were analysed using descriptive cross-tabulation, chi-square and qualitative methods where appropriate. The results revealed that most of the participants did not have sufficient accurate knowledge concerning the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, consequences of legal abortion and emergency contraceptive pills to make informed decisions. Furthermore, data also revealed that the participants' schools playa role in their sexual activity, their knowledge about the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act and about emergency contraceptive pills. Although this method made it feasible for the researcher to make general assumptions, non-responses were one of the limitations of the study. Similar research in various municipalities/cities in and outside the Eastern Cape is recommended so as to increase further awareness concerning the level of knowledge that adolescents have about contraceptive pills particularly emergency contraceptive pills, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act and abortion in general.