Die Charakterisierung der Protein-Nanopartikel-Wechselwirkungen in komplexen biomolekularen Systemen wie einer lebenden Zelle ist für die Pharma-, Medizin- und Umweltforschung von entscheidender Bedeutung. In solchen biomolekularen Systemen adsorbieren Proteine leicht auf der Oberfläche von Nanopartikeln, die die Proteinkorona bilden. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Charakterisierung der Proteinkorona in lebenden Zellen, wobei verschiedene analytische Ansätze kombiniert werden. Experimente mit oberflächenverstärkter Raman-Streuung (SERS) an reinen Proteinlösungen zeigten die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Protein-Gold-Nanopartikel-Wechselwirkungen, die zu unterschiedlichen SERS-Spektren führten und ermöglichten die Bestimmung von Proteinsegmenten, die an Citrat-stabilisierte Gold-Nanopartikel binden. In SERS-Experimenten mit lebenden Zellen wurde die Anwesenheit von Proteinfragmenten in der innersten Schicht der Proteinkorona, die als harte Proteinkorona bezeichnet wird, festgestellt. Eine analytische Methode, die Natriumdodecylsulfat-Polyacrylamid-Gelelektrophorese und Hochleistungs-Flüssigchromatographie-gekoppelte Elektrospray-Ionisations-Massenspektrometrie kombiniert, wurde entwickelt, um die Bestandteile der Hartproteinkorona zu identifizieren. Die Proteomics-, SERS- und Cryo-Soft-X-Ray-Nanotomographiedaten, wobei letztere Informationen über die dreidimensionale Ultrastruktur der Zelle liefern, zeigen den Aufnahmemechanismus, die Verarbeitung, die Akkumulationsstelle, die molekulare Umgebung und die induzierten zellulären Reaktionen internalisierter Goldnanopartikel. Diese Arbeit validiert die Verwendung von SERS bei der Analyse der Proteinkorona in der Lösung von Modellproteinen und in lebenden Zellen und präsentiert eine geeignete Methode zur Analyse der unveränderten harten Proteinkorona, die in lebenden Zellen gebildet wird. / The characterization of the protein-nanoparticle interactions in complex biomolecular systems such as a living cell is vital for pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental research fields. In such biomolecular systems, proteins readily adsorb on the surface of nanoparticles forming the protein corona. This thesis focuses on the characterization of the protein corona in living cells combining different analytical approaches. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) experiments on pure protein solutions revealed the concentration dependence of the protein-gold nanoparticle interactions resulting in different SERS spectra, and allowed for the determination of protein segments binding to citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles. In live cell SERS experiments, the presence of protein fragments in the innermost layer of the protein corona, called the hard protein corona, was revealed. An analytical method combining sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography-coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed to identify the constituents of the hard protein corona. The proteomics, SERS, and cryo soft X-ray nanotomography data, the latter providing information of the three dimensional ultrastructure of the cell, reveal the uptake mechanism, processing, accumulation site, molecular environment, and the induced cellular responses of internalized gold nanoparticles. This work validates the use of SERS in the analysis of the protein corona in the solution of model proteins and in living cells, and presents a suitable method for the analysis of the unaltered hard protein corona formed in living cells.

Kravhanteringen är en av de viktigaste delarna i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. I kravhanteringen ingår aktiviteter som att samla in krav, analysera och prioritera vilket är för att skaffa sig en så tydlig bild av det framtida resultatet som möjligt. I alla aktiviteter i kravhanteringen kommuniceras det mellan olika intressenter. Kommunikation är en vital del av kravhanteringen då projektteamet tillsammans med kunden identifierar och tar fram kund- och användarbehov genom en rad aktiviteter.Covid-19 pandemin påverkade hela världen och för att begränsa smittspridningen togs beslut om att de som kunde jobba hemifrån skulle göra det. Detta ledde till att många verksamheter fick anpassa sig efter distansarbete och kommunikation i virtuella miljöer vilket påverkade kommunikationen på olika sätt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att besvara frågan hur kravhanteringsfasen har påverkats av en omställning till distansarbete. För att samla in relevant data har kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts och semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Den insamlade data har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys där två systemutvecklingsmodeller agila metoden och vattenfallsmodellen togs upp. Resultatet av uppsatsen påvisar att alla på ett eller annat sätt påverkats av distansarbete. Det framgick att kommunikationen i kravhanteringen påverkats extra. Projektteamen försökte lösa utmaningarna genom en rad olika metoder, men lösningarna resulterade i att kravhanteringen inte påverkades resultatmässigt eller påverkat systemutvecklingsprojektet utgång. Kravhanteringen tog dock längre tid och projektteamen fick arbeta hårdare för att nå samma resultat som om det skett ansikte mot ansikte. Resultatet av studien beskriver att kommunikation i virtuell miljö bara är ett substitut i stället för att genomföra fysiska möten. / Requirements management is one of the most important parts of a system development project. Activities such as collecting requirements, analyzes and prioritizing to obtain as clear picture of the future result as possible. In all the activities in requirements management, it communicates between different stakeholders. Communication is a vital part of requirements management, as the project team together with the customer identifies and develops customer and user needs through the process. The Covid-19 pandemic affected the whole world and to limit the spread of infection, it was decided that everyone who could work from home would work from home. This led to many businesses having to adapt to teleworking and communication in virtual environments. This affected communication in different ways. The purpose of the thesis is to answer the question of how the requirements management phase has been affected by the transition to telework. To collect relevant data, qualitative research methods have been used and semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The collected data have been analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis where two system development models were taken up, the agile method and the waterfall model. The results of the essay show that everyone has been affected in one way or another by teleworking. It appeared that communication in requirements management was particularly affected. The project teams tried to solve the challenges through a number of different methods, but the solutions resulted in the requirements management not being affected in terms of results or affecting the outcome of the system development project. However, the requirements management took longer, and the project teams had to work harder to achieve the same results as if it had happened face to face. The results of the study describe that communication in a virtual environment is only a substitute for meeting face to face.

The savings ratio for Swedish households is record-breaking and Sweden, together with the rest of the world, is currently in the middle of a pandemic. What drives individuals to save is based on a number of different factors that previous research has concluded. The purpose of this study is to, with previous research as a basis, investigate which factors affect the savings ratio for Swedish households. Quarterly data for the years 1982–2020 is analyzed in a time series by first processing for unit roots and then cointegration. The data is then estimated in a multiple linear regression in the form of an “Error Correction Model”, with the intention of investigating both the short-term and long-term relationship. The results of the study indicate that the variables that have a significant impact on the change in the household savings ratio are GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment and consumption, while public savings and the development of the stock market have a significant but less considerable effekt. The economic theories that the study findssupport for are the theory of precautionary savings as well as the standard buffer-stock model. / Sparkvoten hos svenska hushåll är rekordhög och Sverige, tillsammans med resten av världen, befinner sig för närvarande mitt i en pandemi. Vad som driver individer till att spara grundar sig i en rad olika faktorer som tidigare forskning kommit fram till. Syftet med denna studie är att, med tidigare forskning som grund, undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar sparkvoten för svenska hushåll. Kvartalsdata för åren 1982–2020 analyseras i en tidsserie genom att först behandlas för enhetsrötter och sedan kointegration. Därefter skattas de i en multipel linjär regressionsanalys i form av en ”Error Correction Model”, med avsikt att utreda både det kortsiktiga- och långsiktiga sambandet. Resultatet av studien indikerar att de variabler som har en signifikant betydande påverkan på förändringen i hushållens sparkvot är BNP per capita, inflation, arbetslöshet samt konsumtion, medan offentligt sparande och utveckling av aktiemarknaden har en signifikant men mindre betydande effekt. De ekonomiska teorier som studien finner stöd i är teorin om försiktighetssparandet samt standard buffertlager-modellen.

In 2020, several Nordic archives and museums sent out ”question lists”, questionnaires, to collect the public’s experiences of the Covid-19 pandemic. The collections resulted in an incomparable collection of contemporary cultural history about the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this thesis is to follow the creation of this collection. The thesis is defined through three research questions: one asking about the initial creation of the collection projects, one about the implementation, and one about what will happen to the resulting collection as an archival material. The study is based on previous research about Nordic contemporary Mass-Observation projects and question lists, as well as health narrative studies and research about Covid-19 experiences. Aspects of the previous research are used to create a theoretical framework, based around the concept of actors in accordance with Giddens structural theory (Johansson 2003:422). The three primary terms that are used in the analysis are dialogue, (immaterial) monument, and post-custodial archives, all retrieved from previous research in the field. The empirical data is collected through semi-participatory observation and documentation of the question lists, as well as interviews with responsible personnel at the institutions. The analysis is divided into three chapters, based on the three research questions. The first chapter thus concerns the initial creation of the collection projects, with regards to the design of the question lists, and the institutions’ thoughts and aims with the projects. The term dialogue is used to analyse the interaction between and within the institutions during this process. The second chapter studies the implementation of the actual project and includes an analysis of the question lists themselves as well as the digital interface through which they are made accessible to the public. Here, too, the term dialogue is used, to analyse how the answers are made in the interaction between the institutions and the public. The third chapter studies the institutions’ plans and hopes for the collected experiences, with regards to future research projects and exhibitions as well as archiving. Here, the term monument is used to illustrate the value and usage of the overall collection. Post-custodial archives are also used to highlight discussions about how digital archival collections should be archived and made accessible. The thesis closes with a final discussion chapter, which expands on the questions about what the purposes of these kinds of collections are, as well as about what role and place archiving should have in the creation and implementation of these kinds of Mass-Observation projects. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival science.

The communication regarding the new corona-virus raises questions about availability and plain language. In Sweden, approximately 1.5 million people are in need of this communication through written language due to, inter alia, hearing impairment. Although subtitles are considered one of the most read genres today, it has received little focus in Swedish linguistic research, especially when it comes to intralingual subtitles. However, the communication through subtitles is limited and can lead to information loss. In Sweden, SVT as a public service channel has special requirements to maintain good quality in subtitles but nonetheless omissions are a prerequisite. However, this must never affect the loss of important information. Modality is considered within the Systemic-Functional Linguistics as linguistic tools to create opportunities to shift communication in different degrees and directions. A similar shift in degree can occur in expressions of valuation and opinions. Therefore, modality and valuation are interesting and important to study in a well-known TV- show that communicates, informs and debates about a social-crisis like the Corona-virus. This paper examines modality and expressions of valuation in the adaption from speech to subtitles in the Swedish news-program Agenda (SVT) reporting on the Corona-virus in Sweden and the world. Through the subtitling-shift model created by Sahlin (2001), I examine the omissions of modality and the expressions of valuation. The results show that the communication in subtitles have a weaker emphasis of conflicting opinions, are more objectively constructed and that there is a shift in nuances.

Syftet med studien var att ta reda på socialsekreterares upplevelser om hur coronapandemin bidragit till våld i hemmet, samt hur de arbetade mot det under rådande omständigheter. Det var en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerad intervju som datainsamlingsmetod. Åtta stycken socialsekreterare intervjuades och den insamlade datan analyserades genom tematisk analys. De teoretiska ramarna som applicerades vid analysering i denna studie var intersektionalitet och systemteori. Resultat visade att orosanmälningar hade ökat sedan utbrottet av coronapandemin med en tydlighet att oron hade varit våldsrelaterat. Resultat visade även att genomförandet av bedömningar och utredningar hos socialtjänsten begränsades på grund av restriktioner. Med en systemteoretisk teoriram kunde en slutsats dras att coronapandemin var en relevant bidragande faktor till familjerelaterat våld. / The aim of the study was to find out social workers' experiences of how the corona pandemic contributed to domestic violence, as well as how they worked against it under the prevailing circumstances. It was a qualitative study with a semi-structured interview as a data collection method. Eight social secretaries were interviewed, and the collected data was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The theoretical frameworks applied in the analysis in this study were intersectionality and systems theory. Results showed that reports of concern had increased since the outbreak of the corona pandemic with a clarity that the reports had been violence related. Results also showed that the implementation of assessments and investigations carried out by the social services was limited due to restrictions. With a systematic theoretical framework, it could be concluded that the corona pandemic was a highly relevant contributing factor to family-related violence.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient and is also used in various industrial processes. However, Se also exhibits a low toxicity threshold and therefore presents a significant risk to human kind when released into the environment. The gap between Se deficiency (< 40 µg•day−1) and acute Se poisoning (> 400 µg•day−1) for humans is rather narrow. In addition, detrimental effects to the health of humans and other biota can arise from radioactive Se isotopes. Namely, 79Se is of concern, as it is one of the fission products originating from nuclear power production. The toxicity of selenium not only depends on its concentration but also on its speciation. This of course applies to both stable and radioactive isotopes. Microorganisms play a key role in determining and altering the speciation of Se in the selenium geochemical cycle. The naturally released selenium oxyanions (selenite (SeIVO32−) and selenate (SeVIO42−)) can be microbially reduced to differently shaped biogenic elemental selenium (BioSe, Se(0)) nanomaterials - BioSe-Nanospheres and BioSe-Nanorods. Even after more than 30 years of elaborated research on selenium, the impact of the microbial biota on the shape change of these BioSe-Nanomaterials lacks a fundamental understanding. Furthermore, due to the various species of microorganisms having different metabolisms, a detailed investigation of representative organism is required to predict the fate of selenium in the environment and engineered systems. Thus, the motivation behind this Ph.D. work was to study the effect of selected microorganisms (based on their high resilience, application in wastewater treatment processes, and capability to reduce selenium oxyanions) on the properties and fate of the produced biogenic elemental selenium nanomaterials. Namely, this meant deciphering the role of selenium oxyanion reduction mechanism on the localisation (intracellular or extracellular) of the microbially produced biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles. This understanding is important as the localisation defines the release of the selenium nanoparticles in the environment and hence its potential pathway into the food chain. Further, the role of the microorganisms (pure culture and mixed culture) on the composition and stability of the corona (organic layer) on the BioSe-Nanomaterials was studied as properties of the corona can affect the stability and hence the localization of the nanomaterials. Moreover, the effect of the microbial environment on the shape establishment and stability, as well as on the fate of the produced biogenic elemental selenium nanomaterials was also investigated. Eventually, the obtained results narrow the identified knowledge gap and improve the understanding of the fate of selenium in the environment. In the first part of this Ph.D. thesis, the bacterial strain Bacillus safensis JG-B5T was chosen to study the influence of microbes on the fate of Se in the environment due to its occurrence in uranium mining sites where selenium is also found. First, this bacterium has been analysed by genome sequencing and its genomic data were deposited at the NCBI database. With the obtained results, the bacterial strain was classified in the corresponding phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, this Ph.D. work revealed that B. safensis JG-B5T is an obligate aerobic microorganism with the ability to reduce SeO32− to elemental selenium (Se(0)) in the form of red BioSe-Nanospheres. A reduction of SeO42− has not been observed. Two-chamber reactor experiments revealed that direct contact between SeO32− and the bacterial cells was necessary to start the reduction. In addition, microscopic investigations identified changes in the bacterial cell morphologies induced by toxic stress effects of SeO32−. Only extracellular production of BioSe-Nanospheres was observed using STEM equipped with a HAADF detector. The produced BioSe-Nanospheres were characterized by Raman spectroscopy as being amorphous Se. Furthermore, a stabilizing corona containing proteins and EPS, which caps the BioSe-Nanospheres, has been identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The detailed composition of this corona has been further studied using proteomics analysis. The combination of two-chamber reactor experiments, genome analysis and the identified corona proteins indicated that the selenite reduction process of B. safensis JG-B5T was primarily mediated through membrane-associated proteins, like succinate dehydrogenase. Thus, a detailed molecular mechanism of the microbial reduction of SeO32− to BioSe-Nanospheres by the bacterial strain B. safensis JG-B5T has been proposed within this work. Besides these investigations on the formation of BioSe-Nanospheres, ζ-potential measurements have shown a low colloidal stability of the produced BioSe-Nanospheres. Thus, B. safensis JG-B5T is an attractive candidate in selenite wastewater treatment as it provides easy ways of recovering Se while maintaining low Se discharge. These investigations motivated us to study the general role of the microbial origin and microbial environment of the discharged nanomaterials in their shape change from BioSe-Nanospheres to BioSe-Nanorods. This constitutes the second part of this Ph.D. thesis. Thus, two different known microbial BioSe-Nanospheres producers by means of selenite reduction were used, namely the bacterial strain Escherichia coli K-12 and the microbial mix culture of anaerobic granular sludge. It was shown with Raman spectroscopy and SEM imaging that the BioSe-Nanospheres produced by E. coli K-12 remain amorphous and spherical when exposed to thermophilic conditions (up to one year), whereas those obtained by anaerobic granular sludge transform to trigonal BioSe-Nanorods. ζ-potential measurements identified a decrease of the colloidal stability of the transformed BioSe-Nanorods of anaerobic granular sludge compared to the still spherical BioSe-Nanospheres of E. coli K-12. As the shape of these BioSe-Nanospheres is stabilized by their corona, detailed investigations were performed to derive key factors affecting its shape change. CheSeNMs capped with different amount of BSA were produced and incubated to evaluate the quantitative effect of the amount of proteins in the corona on the shape stability of BioSe-Nanomaterials. This experiment implied that the larger quantity of proteins present in the corona of the BioSe-Nanospheres provide better shape stability. Indeed, the BioSe-Nanospheres produced by E. coli K-12 have 5.5 times more protein than those produced by anaerobic granular sludge. To gain deeper insight into their structural properties, proteomics analysis identified the surface proteins of the BioSe-Nanomaterials. The proteomics analysis also showed that the corona of BioSe-Nanospheres produced by E. coli K-12 consists of 1009 different proteins compared to only 173 on those produced by anaerobic granular sludge. The possible difference in the interaction of the corona proteins and selenium was elucidated using density functional theory calculations. The calculations suggest the possibility of the S-Se bond formation between Se atom and sulphur of the cysteine and methionine residues of the corona proteins. Furthermore, as representative for the microbial environment the bacterial strain B. safensis JG-B5T was used to mimic the role of microorganisms living in the vicinity of the discharged nanoparticles. The bacterial strain was incubated with purified BioSe-Nanospheres produced by E. coli K-12 at mesophilic conditions. Raman spectroscopy and SEM imaging showed that in contrast to the thermophilic incubation, the BioSe-Nanospheres transformed to BioSe-Nanorods in the presence of B. safensis JG-B5T. Proteomics analysis identified that the protein corona of BioSe-Nanospheres produced by E. coli K-12 was degraded by extracellular peptidases secreted upon co-incubation with B. safensis JG-B5T bacteria, which led to their transformation to BioSe-Nanorods. All the above findings show, how microorganisms fundamentally impact the speciation, colloidal stability, and shape of selenium. These, consequently, affect their flow coefficients or partition factors in the environment and therefore their fate. This work consequently demonstrates that the shape of the BioSe-Nanomaterials depends on both, their microbial origin and their microbial surrounding. Especially, the dynamic changes induced by this microbial environment on the shape of already formed BioSe-Nanospheres after their discharge are to be further explored. This increases the complexity in determining the risk assessment of Se and probably other redox active elements, which needs to be re-evaluated and improved by including microbial criteria for better accuracy. Based on the presented investigations, further studies regarding the detailed application and expansion to other bacterial strains will continuously widen the understanding of the behaviour of Se in the environment and engineered systems.

No description available.

Characterizing nanoparticles to be able to understand how they functions in the body is important for development of drugs. Furthermore with increasing number of nanoparticle product the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles is important to understand. This report is a part of the EU-project Nanoclassifier which purpose is to “develop a cost effective, high throughput screening platform for characterization of the bionanointerface and its cell-binding partners”. Single-cycle kinetic was used to determine the number of binding epitopes on polystyrene nanoparticle with transferrin corona. The number of available epitopes describes how active the Nanoparticle will be in the body. For this purpose Single-cycle kinetic methodology was successfully used on nanoparticles. Single-cycle kinetic methodology has great potential to become the standard method for high throughput nanoparticle epitope characterization.

In this thesis we investigate current sheets in the solar corona. The well known 1D model for the tearing mode instability is presented, before progressing to 2D where we introduce a non-uniform resistivity. The effect this has on growth rates is investigated and we find that the inclusion of the non-uniform term in η cause a decrease in the growth rate of the dominant mode. Analytical approximations and numerical simulations are then used to model current sheet formation by considering two distinct experiments. First, a magnetic field is sheared in two directions, perpendicular to each other. A twisted current layer is formed and we find that as we increase grid resolution, the maximum current increases, the width of the current layer decreases and the total current in the layer is approximately constant. This, together with the residual Lorentz force calculated, suggests that a current sheet is trying to form. The current layer then starts to fragment. By considering the parallel electric field and calculating the perpendicular vorticity, we find evidence of reconnection. The resulting temperatures easily reach the required coronal values. The second set of simulations carried out model an initially straight magnetic field which is stressed by elliptical boundary motions. A highly twisted current layer is formed and analysis of the energetics, current structures, magnetic field and the resulting temperatures is carried out. Results are similar in nature to that of the shearing experiment.