Em 2002, o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) venceu as eleições para a presidência do país, alimentando a expectativa de uma série de mudanças sociais no Brasil, visto que seu Governo é formado por segmentos sociais que historicamente lutaram pela transformação do país, como, por exemplo: lideranças de movimentos sociais e exguerrilheiros da luta armada das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Contudo, as transformações sociais esperadas não ocorreram, colocando em questão a perspectiva de uma mudança levada pela esquerda no poder do Estado. Para refletir sobre esse impasse da transformação social, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os discursos de exguerrilheiros sobre a transição da luta armada ao atual momento político: uma democracia neoliberal. Para tanto, entrevistamos quatro ex-participantes da luta armada que ocupam distintas posições sociais, que chamamos de: Deputado, Economista, Fotógrafo e Jornalista. Escolhemos os ex-guerrilheiros como atores da pesquisa, por entendermos que, durante a ditadura militar, adotaram a forma mais radical de luta para a transformação social. A partir da análise da memória reconstruída de nossos atores sociais e das reflexões do filósofo Gilles Deleuze sobre o agenciamento e o campo transcendental, elaboramos três discursos que expressam a transição da luta armada à democracia: a Estratopolítica, a Tecnopolítica e a Nomadopolítica. Cada discurso refere-se a uma modalidade singular de agenciamento, num tipo específico de funcionamento que articula prática política, memória e configuração psíquica. Cada discurso tem perspectivas distintas sobre os caminhos para a transformação social, em que o primeiro coloca a determinância dos estratos, das instituições e do Estado para fomentar as mudanças sociais; o segundo, no desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia da governabilidade, de saberes sobre a gestão; e o terceiro, na primazia dos movimentos e dos deslocamentos, numa prática mais fluida e molecular. Concluímos, corroborando com as reflexões de G. Deleuze & F. Guattari (1997), R. Michels (1982) e A. Przeworski (1991), que a esquerda no Governo atua numa fixação à Instituição-Estado, tendo um maior compromisso com a ocupação de lugares na estrutura institucional do que com o fazer político transformador, ou seja, atua predominantemente de forma estratopolítica. Palavras-chave: Ditadura, Estado, Política, Memória, Deleuze, Gilles, 1925-1995. / In 2002, the Workers Party (PT) won the elections for the country\'s presidency, inspiring the expectation of many social changes in Brazil, once it Government is compound by social segments that historically struggled for the transformation of the country, as leaderships of social movements and former-guerrilla fighters of armed struggle. However, the expected social changes didnt happen, putting in question the perspective of a transformation by Left in State\'s power. To reflect upon this problem, this research intended to investigate the discourses of the former-guerrilla fighters about the transition from the armed struggle to the current political moment: a neoliberal democracy. To achieve this scope, we interviewed four former-guerrilla fighters that occupy different social positions, that we called: Deputy, Economist, Journalist and Photographer. We elected the former-guerrilla fighters as actors of this research because we understand they adopted the most radical struggle for social transformation during the military dictatorship. From our social actors\' rebuilt memory analysis and Gilles Deleuze\'s reflections on the agency and the transcendental field, we elaborated three discourses that express the transition from armed struggle to democracy: the Stratumpolitics, the Technopolitics and the Nomadpolitics. Each discourse refers to a singular agency modality, in a specific type of operation that articulates political practice, memory and psychic configuration. Each discourse has different perspectives about the ways to social transformation: the first puts the determining in the stratum, institutions and State to promote social changes; the second, in a development of a governability technology, of management\'s knowledges; the third, in the primacy of movements and displacements, in a more diffuse and molecular practice. We concluded, in agreement with G. Deleuze and F. Guattari (1997), R. Michels (1982) and A. Przeworski (1991)\'s reflections, that Left in Government acts in a fixation at the State-Institution, with more compromise to places\' occupation in the institutional structure than to a transformer political practice, i.e., it acts mainly in stratumpolitics way.

A relação dos sujeitos com a saúde, em seus variados sentidos, não é uma dinâmica somente dos tempos atuais; é um processo histórico, atravessado por múltiplas forças que se tensionam continuamente, produzindo diferentes saberes e práticas no campo da saúde em contínua operação. Na contemporaneidade, esta relação é também composta por um outro elemento, caracterizado por um conjunto de movimentos frenéticos em direção a um ideal previdenciário de saúde, que envolve uma combinatória de cálculos, ações e intenções no presente, somado à produtividade do passado. Um empreendimento que está comumente atrelado aos saberes científicos que atualizam continuamente os saberes e práticas do campo da saúde com suas incessantes \'descobertas\', ou seja, um movimento espaço-temporal de produção de saúde que se direciona e se conecta aos preceitos de uma determinada forma de existência - ser saudável. Este empreendimento atual é o que podemos chamar de uma \'nova saúde\' - que não visa substituir nenhuma outra concepção de saúde - à qual, efeito de uma sociedade capitalista atravessada por um biopoder atualizado, produz, a partir de um plano comum e naturalizado de hiperprodutividade, não somente as antigas estruturas subjetivas, como também modulações contínuas de subjetivação. Contudo, ao passo que esta \'nova saúde\' é sustentada por promessas tecnocientíficas de ampliação temporal no espaço vital, é justamente pela produtividade incessante no espaço-tempo presente que poderíamos adquirir uma mais-valia de vida futura. Tal paradoxo nos lança a problematizar o caráter naturalizado e \'positivo\' que este plano comum de produção adquire: onde estão os outros tantos elementos e movimentos que não estão dados de antemão naquele plano naturalizado e que podemos, sim, lançar mão para operar e construirmos uma outra saúde, singular; uma saúde. / The relationship of the subject with health, in your different senses, is not only a dynamic of the present days; is a historic process, crossed by multiplied forces that continuously tensioned, producing different knowledge and practices in the health field in continually operation. Nowadays, this relationship is composed of another element, characterized by a set of frenetic movements toward a welfare concept of health, involving a sum of calculations, actions and intentions these days, in addition the productivity of the past. An enterprise that is commonly linked to scientific knowledge that continuously update the knowledge and the field of health practices with their incessant discoveries, that is, a health production spatio-temporal motion that drives and connects to the precepts of a particular form of existence - be healthy. This current enterprise is what we call \'new health\' -which aims not replace any other conception of health - effect of a capitalist society crossed by an updated biopower, can produce, from a common plan of naturalized hiperproductivity, more than subjective old molds, but also continuous modulations subjectivation. However, while this \'new health\' is supported by technoscientific promises of temporal expansion in the living space, it is precisely the incessant productivity in the current space-time that we could acquire an improvement for future life. This paradox in launches to question the character naturalized and \' positive \' that this common plan gets: where are so many elements and movements that are not given beforehand that plan and that we can resort to operate and build another health , singular; a health.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Barin de Azevedo.pdf: 1424080 bytes, checksum: 3a76dfd7b8b95773efa928a329b948a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work intends to show a way of thinking and practicing clinic inspired by Benedict de Spinoza and Gilles Deleuze's philosophy. Our reading of Spinoza's philosophy follows especially the one by Deleuze of it. With these authors, we can speak of a clinic that is concerned with lodging, caring and treating an individual, starting with the question of what he or she can do. This way, we realize that no individual lives the same change of affections, since it is always a singular experience. For Spinoza, the individual is a singular power (potentia), which varies through situations of suffering and joy. Even having a minimal power (potentia), even being very sad, an individual is always perfect, that is, he or she lacks nothing. These authors tell us that the idea of lacking is connected to interpretations and classifications that are the product of our imagination, which comprehends the affections abstractly. In order to show this process, we refer to Fernand Deligny's work with autistic children. This author lodges these children without understanding their autistic condition, marked by the absence of language as a limitation. He is interested in gestures and paths that express what these children are able to do. In his work he uses the concept of net as what allows bodies to participate in a single common plan. We think that this net concept echoes what Spinoza calls living under the guidance of reason, since what is rational for this author is connected with lodging in a common plan of composition. The clinic involve this kind of rational knowledge and, besides, an intuitive knowledge that allows us to understand an individual in his or her own singular power (potentia), that is, in what he or she can compose with everyone. We deal with this kind of clinical experience in a teaching-learning situation, in which a group of teachers show us a way of weaving a net by inventing formation practices. In this process, both teachers and students learn about their own singular power (potentia) / Este trabalho se propõe mostrar um modo de pensar e fazer clínica inspirado na filosofia de Benedictus de Espinosa e Gilles Deleuze. Nossa leitura da filosofia de Espinosa acontece especialmente pela maneira como Deleuze a apresenta. Com estes autores, podemos falar de uma clínica que se ocupa do acolhimento, do cuidado, do tratamento de um indivíduo, a partir da pergunta por aquilo que ele pode. Por este caminho, percebemos que nenhum indivíduo vive a mesma variação afetiva, já que se trata sempre de uma experiência singular. Para Espinosa, o indivíduo é uma potência singular, que varia através das situações de sofrimento e de contentamento. Mesmo em um mínimo de potência, mesmo tomado de tristeza, um indivíduo é sempre perfeito, ou seja, nada lhe falta. Estes autores nos alertam que a ideia de falta está ligada a interpretações e classificações que são fruto de nossa imaginação, a qual compreende os afetos de maneira abstrata. Para mostrar este processo, nos aproximamos da experiência de Fernand Deligny em seu trabalho com crianças autistas. Este autor acolhe essas crianças sem compreender a sua condição autista, marcada pela ausência de linguagem, como uma limitação. Ele se interessa pelos gestos e trajetos que expressam aquilo de que estas crianças são capazes. Em seu trabalho ele traz o conceito de rede, como aquilo que permite aos corpos participarem de um mesmo plano comum. Compreendemos que esta concepção de rede ressoa àquilo que Espinosa chama de viver sob a condução da razão, já que o que é racional para este autor, diz respeito a um encontro de acolhimento em um plano comum de composição. A clínica envolve este tipo de conhecimento racional, e além deste, um conhecimento intuitivo, que permite compreender um indivíduo em sua potência singular, ou seja, naquilo em que ele pode se compor com todos os outros. Tratamos deste tipo de experiência clínica em uma situação de ensino-aprendizado, em que um grupo de professores nos mostra um modo de tecer uma rede através da invenção de práticas de formação. Neste processo, tanto professores quanto alunos aprendem a respeito da própria potência singular

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Niquetti.pdf: 921216 bytes, checksum: 4cea0cc1b0fb131e81f8a17280b1ac9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis is the result of a study based on the ideas of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. The central objective of the research was to investigate the old age as a vector to creations of itself, requiring the structuring of a policy of meetings and with the support and means, the political philosophy of Deleuze. This search begins for questions and lines for what is happening and pierces the meetings, providing approximations of what distinguish a life of all the others, ie, singling and individuation processes that express something about the ways of life of each. The adopted methodological strategy was based on a rhizome and interstitial procedure applied in the literature of the surveyed works, prioritizing the issue that is in the friction between old age as agenciadora meetings, and an implied policy in the promotion and proliferation of good meetings, and the philosophy of Deleuze support for us we slide through his conceptual thoughts, in our view, still able to attract new interference, just by virtue of everything that happens in their midst. This methodology allowed the approach of different thoughts and the development of conjugations and trials in the search for a political meetings as a possibility for other creations. The alliance between these fields enabled think old age as an event, ie, containing within it the possibility of radical transformation of existence. In addition, the research advances in the development and mapping of a Deleuzian policy meetings, which, among other things problematize contemporary lifestyles / Esta tese resultou de um estudo fomentado nas ideias do filósofo francês Gilles Deleuze. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi investigar a velhice como vetor para criações de si, demandando a disparação de uma política dos encontros e tendo como suporte e meio, a filosofia política de Deleuze. Esta busca inicia-se por perguntas e linhas pelo o que se passa e transpassa nos encontros, propiciando aproximações daquilo que distingui uma vida de todas as outras, ou seja, os processos de singularização e individuação que expressam algo a respeito dos modos de vida de cada um. A estratégia metodológica adotada baseou-se num procedimento rizomático e intersticial aplicado na literatura das obras pesquisadas, priorizando a problemática que se encontra na fricção entre velhice como agenciadora de encontros, e uma política implicada na promoção e proliferação de bons encontros, tendo na filosofia de Deleuze suporte para podermos deslizarmos através de seus pensamentos conceituais que, a nosso ver, continuam capazes de atrair novas interferências, justamente por força de tudo que acontece em seu meio. Esta metodologia permitiu a aproximação de diferentes pensamentos e a elaboração de conjugações e ensaios na busca de uma política dos encontros como possibilidade de criações de si. A aliança entre esses campos permitiu pensarmos a velhice como acontecimento, ou seja, contendo em si a possibilidade de transformação radical da existência. Além disso, a pesquisa avança na elaboração e na cartografia de uma política deleuziana dos encontros, que permite, entre outras coisas, problematizarmos os modos de vida contemporâneos

Em 2002, o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) venceu as eleições para a presidência do país, alimentando a expectativa de uma série de mudanças sociais no Brasil, visto que seu Governo é formado por segmentos sociais que historicamente lutaram pela transformação do país, como, por exemplo: lideranças de movimentos sociais e exguerrilheiros da luta armada das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Contudo, as transformações sociais esperadas não ocorreram, colocando em questão a perspectiva de uma mudança levada pela esquerda no poder do Estado. Para refletir sobre esse impasse da transformação social, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os discursos de exguerrilheiros sobre a transição da luta armada ao atual momento político: uma democracia neoliberal. Para tanto, entrevistamos quatro ex-participantes da luta armada que ocupam distintas posições sociais, que chamamos de: Deputado, Economista, Fotógrafo e Jornalista. Escolhemos os ex-guerrilheiros como atores da pesquisa, por entendermos que, durante a ditadura militar, adotaram a forma mais radical de luta para a transformação social. A partir da análise da memória reconstruída de nossos atores sociais e das reflexões do filósofo Gilles Deleuze sobre o agenciamento e o campo transcendental, elaboramos três discursos que expressam a transição da luta armada à democracia: a Estratopolítica, a Tecnopolítica e a Nomadopolítica. Cada discurso refere-se a uma modalidade singular de agenciamento, num tipo específico de funcionamento que articula prática política, memória e configuração psíquica. Cada discurso tem perspectivas distintas sobre os caminhos para a transformação social, em que o primeiro coloca a determinância dos estratos, das instituições e do Estado para fomentar as mudanças sociais; o segundo, no desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia da governabilidade, de saberes sobre a gestão; e o terceiro, na primazia dos movimentos e dos deslocamentos, numa prática mais fluida e molecular. Concluímos, corroborando com as reflexões de G. Deleuze & F. Guattari (1997), R. Michels (1982) e A. Przeworski (1991), que a esquerda no Governo atua numa fixação à Instituição-Estado, tendo um maior compromisso com a ocupação de lugares na estrutura institucional do que com o fazer político transformador, ou seja, atua predominantemente de forma estratopolítica. Palavras-chave: Ditadura, Estado, Política, Memória, Deleuze, Gilles, 1925-1995. / In 2002, the Workers Party (PT) won the elections for the country\'s presidency, inspiring the expectation of many social changes in Brazil, once it Government is compound by social segments that historically struggled for the transformation of the country, as leaderships of social movements and former-guerrilla fighters of armed struggle. However, the expected social changes didnt happen, putting in question the perspective of a transformation by Left in State\'s power. To reflect upon this problem, this research intended to investigate the discourses of the former-guerrilla fighters about the transition from the armed struggle to the current political moment: a neoliberal democracy. To achieve this scope, we interviewed four former-guerrilla fighters that occupy different social positions, that we called: Deputy, Economist, Journalist and Photographer. We elected the former-guerrilla fighters as actors of this research because we understand they adopted the most radical struggle for social transformation during the military dictatorship. From our social actors\' rebuilt memory analysis and Gilles Deleuze\'s reflections on the agency and the transcendental field, we elaborated three discourses that express the transition from armed struggle to democracy: the Stratumpolitics, the Technopolitics and the Nomadpolitics. Each discourse refers to a singular agency modality, in a specific type of operation that articulates political practice, memory and psychic configuration. Each discourse has different perspectives about the ways to social transformation: the first puts the determining in the stratum, institutions and State to promote social changes; the second, in a development of a governability technology, of management\'s knowledges; the third, in the primacy of movements and displacements, in a more diffuse and molecular practice. We concluded, in agreement with G. Deleuze and F. Guattari (1997), R. Michels (1982) and A. Przeworski (1991)\'s reflections, that Left in Government acts in a fixation at the State-Institution, with more compromise to places\' occupation in the institutional structure than to a transformer political practice, i.e., it acts mainly in stratumpolitics way.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’anti-hégélianisme des années 1960 en France. À travers l’étude des philosophies de Louis Althusser, de Michel Foucault et de Gilles Deleuze, nous cherchons à comprendre les raisons qui ont poussé une partie des philosophes de l’époque à critiquer Hegel de manière virulente, alors même que sa philosophie avait été fortement valorisée en France des années 1930 aux années 1950. Notre analyse de la constitution de l’anti-hégélianisme de la philosophie française des années 1960 révèle en même temps les limites de ce phénomène, dans le but de dépasser l’opposition entre hégélianisme et anti-hégélianisme et de réfléchir à l’actualité, aujourd’hui, de la pensée de Hegel. Une première partie est consacrée à l’évolution de l’œuvre d’Althusser, du mémoire sur Hegel de 1947 jusqu’à Pour Marx et Lire le Capital en 1965 ; une seconde traite de la philosophie de Foucault en cherchant à comprendre pourquoi il est passé d’un mémoire sur Hegel en 1949 à une condamnation radicale de la pensée hégélienne dans les années 1950 et 1960 ; enfin, une troisième partie montre comment Deleuze, qui n’avait rien contre Hegel au départ, a progressivement durci sa pensée jusqu’à produire l’anti-hégélianisme le plus virulent dans Nietzsche et la philosophie (1962) et Différence et répétition (1968). La conclusion cherche à ressaisir ce phénomène collectif en tant qu’il constitue une véritable constellation intellectuelle, mais elle problématise également cet anti-hégélianisme. / This thesis is about anti-Hegalianism of French philosophy during the 1960s. Focusing on Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, its aim is to understand why a lot of philosophers, at that time, criticized Hegel even though his philosophy had been very successful in France from 1930s to 1950s. The comprehension of this phenomenon aspires also to show its limits, in order to go beyond the false opposition between anti-Hegelianism and Hegelianism and to think about the relevancy of Hegel’s philosophy today. In a first part, the text analyzes Althusser’s work from the master’s thesis on Hegel (1947) to the very anti-Hegelian books For Marx and Reading Capital (1965) ; then it studies Foucault’s thought to understand why he defended Hegel in 1949 and after became an anti-Hegelian philosopher during the 1950s and the 1960s ; finally, it searches why Deleuze evolved until developping a violent anti-Hegelianism in Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962) and in Difference and Repetition (1968). The conclusion tries to seize this collective phenomenon as an intellectual constellation, but also to problematize it.

Hauptanliegen der Dissertation ist es, einen Entwurf einer praktischen Ästhetik zu lancieren, der an der Schnittstelle zwischen philosophischer Ästhetik und Kunst – genauer Performancekunst - im Zeichen der Bezugsgrösse der Verletzbarkeit steht. <br><br> In jüngeren Ästhetikansätzen hat sich eine Auffassung herauskristallisiert, die nicht über, sondern mit Kunst reflektiert. Die Pointe im ‚Mit’ liegt darin, dass diese Ästhetiken die Kunst nicht erklären, sie bestimmen und damit ihre Bedeutung festlegen, sondern dass diese entlang der Kunst die Brüche, Widerstände und Zäsuren zwischen Wahrnehmen und Denken markieren und diese als produktiv bewerten. Diese Lesart etabliert ein Denken, das nicht aus der Distanz auf etwas schaut (theoria), sondern ästhetisch-reflektierend (zurückwendend, auch selbstkritisch) mit der Kunst denkt. <br><br> Die Disziplin der Ästhetik - als aisthesis: Lehre der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung - nimmt innerhalb der Philosophie eine besondere Stellung ein, weil sie auf ebendiese Differenz verweist und deshalb sinnliche und nicht nur logisch-argumentatorische Denkfiguren stärkt. Als eine Möglichkeit, die Kluft, das Nicht-Einholbare, die brüchige Unzulänglichkeit des begrifflich Denkenden gegenüber ästhetischer Erfahrung zu stärken, schlage ich die Bezugsgrösse der Verletzbarkeit vor. Eine solche Ästhetik besteht aus dem Kreieren verletzbarer Orte, wobei diese auf zweierlei Weisen umkreist werden: Zum einen aus der Kunstpraxis heraus anhand der ästhetischen Figur des verletzbaren Körpes, wie er sich in der zeitgenössischen Performance zeigt. Zum anderen als ein Kreieren von Begriffen im Bewusstsein ihrer Verletzbarkeit. <br><br> Ausgangspunkte sind die Denkentwürfe von Gilles Deleuze und Hans Blumenberg:<br><br> Die Ästhetik von Gilles Deleuze entwirft eine konkrete Überschneidungsmöglichkeit von Kunst und Philosophie, aus der sich meine These des Mit-Kunst-Denkens entwickeln lässt. Sie kann aus der Grundvoraussetzung des Deleuzeschen Denkens heraus begründet werden, die besagt, dass nicht nur die Kunst, sondern auch die Philosophie eine schöpferische Tätigkeit ist. Beide Disziplinen beruhen auf dem Prinzip der creatio continua, durch welche die Kunst Empfindungen und die Philosophie Begriffe schöpft, wobei eben genau dieser schöpferische Prozess Kunst und Philosophie in ein produktives Verhältnis zueinander treten lässt. Wie Deleuze seine Begriffsarbeit entlang künstlerischer Praxis entwickelt, wird anhand der Analyse des bis heute wenig rezipierten Textes Ein Manifest weniger in Bezug auf das Theater von Carmelo Bene analysiert. <br><br> Eine ganz anderen Zugang zum Entwurf einer praktischen Ästhetik liefert Hans Blumenberg, der eine Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit in Aussicht stellt. Im Anschluss an seine Forderung, die Metapher wieder vermehrt in die philosophische Denkpraxis zu integrieren, radikalisiert er seine Forderung, auch das Nichtanschauliche zu berücksichtigen, indem er das gänzlich Unbegriffliche an die Seite des Begrifflichen stellt. Definitorische Schwäche zeigt sich als wahrhaftige Stärke, die in der Unbegrifflichkeit ihren Zenit erreicht. Der Schiffbruch wird von mir als zentrale Metapher – gewissermassen als Metapher der Metapher – verstanden, die das Auf-Grund-Laufen des Allwissenden veranschaulicht. Im Schiffbruch wird die produktive Kollision von Theorie und Praxis deutlich. <br><br> Deleuze und Blumenberg zeigen über ‚creatio continua’ und ‚Unbegrifflichkeit’ die Grenzen des Begreifens, indem sie betonen, dass sich Ästhetik nicht nur auf künstlerische Erfahrungen bezieht, sondern selber in das Gegenwärtigmachen von Erfahrungen involviert ist. Daraus folgt, dass ästhetische Reflexion nicht nur begrifflich agieren muss. Die praktische Ästhetik animiert dazu, andere darstellerische Formen (Bilder, Töne, Körper) als differente und ebenbürtige reflexive Modi anzuerkennen und sie als verletzbarmachende Formate der Sprache an die Seite zu stellen. Diese Lesart betont den gestalterischen Aspekt der Ästhetik selber. <br><br> Zur Verdeutlichung dieser Kluft zwischen (Körper-)Bild und Begriff ist der von mir mitgestaltete Film Augen blickeN der Dissertation als Kapitel beigefügt. Dieser Film zeigt Performer und Performerinnen, die sich bewusst entschieden haben, ihren ‚abweichenden’ Körper auf der Bühne zu präsentieren. Das Wort Verletzbarkeit verweist auf die paradoxe Situation, etwas Brüchiges tragfähig zu machen und dadurch auch auf eine besondere Beziehungsform und auf ein existenzielles Aufeinander-Verwiesensein der Menschen. Verletzbarkeit geht alle an, und stiftet deshalb eine Gemeinsamkeit besonderer Art. In diesem Sinne sind verletzbare Orte nicht nur ästhetische, sondern auch ethische Orte, womit die politische Dimension des Vorhabens betont wird. / Vulnerable Places. Outline of a practical aesthetics <br><br> The main thrust of the thesis is to launch the design for a practical aesthetics that would be situated at the interface between philosophical aesthetics and art – performance art, to be specific – with particular reference to the notion of vulnerability. <br><br> In more recent approaches to aesthetics a mode of thinking has emerged that engages in reflection not about art but rather with art. The point is for aesthetics not so much to explain and determine the meaning of art but rather to proceed alongside art in order to mark and appreciate the breaks, resistances and gaps between perception and thought. This way of reading establishes a kind of thinking that engages in aesthetic reflection with art (looking back onto itself, sometimes self-critically) rather than looking at something from a distance (theoria). <br><br> The discipline of aesthetics – in the sense of aisthesis, the theory of sense perception – has a special place within philosophy because it points towards exactly that difference, which strengthens sensual patterns of thought as opposed to those based on logical argument. I suggest the term vulnerability as a point of reference that will provide an opportunity to intensify the gap, the incommensurability, the fragile insufficiency of conceptual thought vis-à-vis aesthetic experience. Such an aesthetics consists in the creation of vulnerable places, revolving around them in two different circles: on the one hand approaching from the practice of art on the basis of the aesthetic figure of the vulnerable body as manifested in contemporary performance art, and on the other hand as the creation of terms and concepts with an awareness of their vulnerability. <br><br> The conceptual designs of Gilles Deleuze and Hans Blumenberg form points of departure for this argument: <br><br> Gilles Deleuze’ aesthetics outlines a concrete possibility of overlap between art and philosophy, on the basis of which my hypothesis of ‘thinking with art’ can be developed. It can be argued on the basis of the underlying assumptions of Deleuzian thought - the notion that not only art but also philosophy is a creative activity. Both disciplines are based on the principle of a creatio continua through which art creates sensations and philosophy concepts. And it is exactly this creative process that allows art and philosophy to enter into a productive relationship. The way Deleuze develops his conceptual work alongside artistic practice is shown on the basis of an analysis of the little known text Un manifeste de moins with reference to the theatre of Carmelo Bene. <br><br> Hans Blumenberg provides a completely different approach to the design of a practical aesthetics, indicating a theory of in-conceptuality. Following his call for an increased integration of metaphor into the practice of philosophical thought, he takes this further in the more radical call to take into equal consideration the non-sensual by placing the non-conceptual side by side with the conceptual. Weakness in definition emerges as the true strength, which reaches its apogee in its in-conceptuality. I understand the shipwreck as a central metaphor – in a sense as the metaphor of metaphor – that illustrates the grounding and failure of omniscience. The shipwreck illustrates the productive collision between theory and practice. <br><br> Through ‘creatio continua’ and ‘in-conceptuality’, Deleuze and Blumenberg show the limits of understanding by emphasizing that aesthetics not only refers to artistic experiences but is itself involved in the process of making experiences present. That means: Aesthetic reflection must proceed in ways other than just by conceptual means. Practical aesthetics encourages us to recognize other forms of representation (such as images, sounds, bodies) as different reflective modes of equal standing, and to place them side by side with language as forms that make one vulnerable. Such a reading emphasises the creative and design aspect of aesthetics itself. <br><br> The film ‘Point of View’, which I co-produced, forms an additional chapter of the thesis in order to illustrate the gap between (body-)image and concept. The film shows performers who have consciously decided to present their ‘deviant’ bodies on stage. The term vulnerability indicates the paradoxical task to enable something fragile to carry some weight; thus it also points towards a special form of relationship, to the way human beings are existentially dependent on each other. Since vulnerability concerns everyone, it establishes a special kind of community. In that sense, vulnerable places are not just aesthetic but also ethical places, which emphasizes the political dimension of the task.

This essay is reading the Swedish author Stig Larssons debut Autisterna [The Autists] (1979) in the light of Gérard Genettes narratology and the time philosophy of Gilles Deleuze. The focus of the essay is time and how it is seemingly dissolved. The essay maps out a chronology of the non-chronological novel and from there discusses the breaking up of the empirical time. The essay uses Deleuze to explore the time-image of the novel to see how it is built up in the text for example by literary anyspace-whatevers. Hence the title, Anytime-whatever. We see in the novel an anachronistic relationship between story and narrative which cuts through the episodes of the novel like a modernist film creating disconnected space and temporal sequences.

Gegen die Unumgänglichkeit des philosophiehistorischen Wissens sich zu stellen, haben verschiedene Denker unternommen, andere wollen die Umgangsformen der Philosophiegeschichte reformieren und neue Modelle des (historischen) Umgangs einführen. Gilles Deleuze nun scheint beides zu versuchen, indem er dem philosophiehistorischen Wissen als Philosoph jede Evidenz bestreitet und es zugleich als Philosophiehistoriker in einer neuen Umgangsweise aufhebt. Seine Philosophie ist offenbar verträglich mit einer Rede über andere Philosophien, ja scheint sie sogar zu fördern, wenn man so die Tatsache interpretieren will, daß Ddeuze eine ganze Reihe von Büchern zu einzelnen Denkern veröffentlicht hat. Wie diese Beziehung von Philosophie und Philosophiegeschichte bei ihm aussieht, ist bisher nicht untersucht. Zum paradoxen Unterfangen von Gilles Deleuze, Philosophiegeschichte zu treiben und sie zugleich zu unterlaufen, die folgenden Überlegungen, deren vorläufiger Charakter daran zu erkennen ist, daß sie sich an verstreuten expliziten Äußerungen orientieren.

This thesis explores and connects two main elements: the utopian studies and the studies of social and political critique. The big quantity and variety and history of utopian texts raises a simple question: why someone writes utopian texts, why one wishes for a better and different life? And how do these factors operate in the large picture of humanity. It has been observed that utopian literature flourish in the times of human despair. In the times of unhappiness people try to search for decisions inside the dominant order in which they often feel hopeless to change. The utopians might say: “We do not want reforms, we want new forms!”. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the critical side of utopias. How this critique works and how does it unfolds? What reactions does it create and why? This thesis is also concerned about the ambiguous nature of the concept utopia and its possible connections with human desire. If we agree with Deleuze and Guattari concept of desire as production, we can view utopia totally differently – as a immanent process of becoming, as a direction, not a destination. / Šis magistro darbas apžvelgia ir apjungia du pagrindinius šio darbo elementus: utopijų studijos ir socialinė bei politinė kritika. Didelis kiekis įvairiausių utopinių tekstų kelia klausimą: kodėl žmonės rašo utopinius tekstus ir apskritai kodėl svajoja apie geresnį ir kitokį gyvenimą? Istoriškai pastebime, kad utopijų rašymas intensyviausiai atsiskleidžia per negandų ir nelaimių laikus. Neaiškumo ir nelaimės akivaizdoje žmonės ieško būdų radikaliai pakeisti esamą padėtį, bet dažnai susiduria su valstybinio aparato stagnacija. Utopistas sakytų: „Užteks politinių reformų, mes norime naujų formų!”. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas orientuojasi į kritinė utopinio mąstymo pusę. Kaip veikia utopinė kritika? kaip ji išsiskleidžia? Kokias reakcijas sukelia utopinis mąstymas ir kodėl? Šis darbas taip pat gilinasi į sąvokos „utopija“ problematiką. Jei mes sutinkame su Deleuze ir Guattari geismo, kaip nepertraukiamos produkcijos sąvoka, mes galime atsakyti daug klausimų dėl utopinio mąstymo įvairoves, taip pat pažiūrėti į ją iš kito kampo – kaip į imanentišką tapsmo procesą, kuris turį krypti, bet ne galutinę atvykimo vietą.