Dans ce mémoire de recherche-création en littératures de langue française, j’aborde la question des rapports entre les procédés de réécriture (par exemple, l’intertextualité, l’intratextualité et l’autotextualité, mais aussi les figures de la répétition et de la correction) et l’effet de défamiliarisation (ou de distanciation) au moyen d’un essai sur le roman Mercier et Camier de Samuel Beckett et d’une création littéraire de mon cru : un livre-objet constitué de trente et une feuilles non paginées et non reliées, sur lesquelles je réécris autant de fois l’incipit de Bouvard et Pécuchet, de Gustave Flaubert, en recourant à une mise en page qui défie le mode de lecture linéaire. Autant mon essai que ma création s’appliquent à montrer que les procédés de réécriture peuvent être employés pour produire un effet de défamiliarisation visant la fonction représentative de la littérature. / In this creative Master’s Thesis in French Literature, I addess the issue of the relationship between processes of rewriting (eg, intertextuality, intratextuality and autotextuality, but also the figures of repetition and correction) and defamiliarization (or the distancing effect) by the means of an essay on the novel Mercier et Camier by Samuel Beckett and of a literary creation of my own, consisting of thirty-one unbounded and unpaginated sheets, on which I rewrote as many times the incipit of Bouvard et Pecuchet by Gustave Flaubert in a layout that defies linear reading. Both my essay and my creation intend to show that processes of rewriting can be used to defamiliarize the representative function of literature.

Dans ce mémoire de recherche-création en littératures de langue française, j’aborde la question des rapports entre les procédés de réécriture (par exemple, l’intertextualité, l’intratextualité et l’autotextualité, mais aussi les figures de la répétition et de la correction) et l’effet de défamiliarisation (ou de distanciation) au moyen d’un essai sur le roman Mercier et Camier de Samuel Beckett et d’une création littéraire de mon cru : un livre-objet constitué de trente et une feuilles non paginées et non reliées, sur lesquelles je réécris autant de fois l’incipit de Bouvard et Pécuchet, de Gustave Flaubert, en recourant à une mise en page qui défie le mode de lecture linéaire. Autant mon essai que ma création s’appliquent à montrer que les procédés de réécriture peuvent être employés pour produire un effet de défamiliarisation visant la fonction représentative de la littérature. / In this creative Master’s Thesis in French Literature, I addess the issue of the relationship between processes of rewriting (eg, intertextuality, intratextuality and autotextuality, but also the figures of repetition and correction) and defamiliarization (or the distancing effect) by the means of an essay on the novel Mercier et Camier by Samuel Beckett and of a literary creation of my own, consisting of thirty-one unbounded and unpaginated sheets, on which I rewrote as many times the incipit of Bouvard et Pecuchet by Gustave Flaubert in a layout that defies linear reading. Both my essay and my creation intend to show that processes of rewriting can be used to defamiliarize the representative function of literature.

Le Kutiyattam du Kerala est un théâtre épique qui entremêle drame et récit et dont le jeu d’acteur, central, se caractérise par une constante distanciation. Cette hypothèse d’ordre esthétique – l’« épique » renvoie à Brecht – est démontrée dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, ethnoscénologique. Tout commence par une « première scène » et un enfant jouant un rôle d’Acteur, puis devenant acteur-conteur. Fil conducteur de la thèse, cette cérémonie contient « tout », tous les fondements et les ingrédients de l’esthétique épique, ensuite explicités par l’exemple du Ramayana, l’épopée que le Kutiyattam porte en scène, entre autres œuvres anciennes en sanskrit. Le Livre I traite des « compétences », et tout d’abord du je des concepteurs et maîtres du Kutiyattam, les Cakyar (première partie). Après cette ethnographie, il s’attache aux apprentissages sous-tendant la formation du corps-acteur, véritable enjeu en soi par son extrême codification (deuxième partie). Le Livre II, dédié aux « performances », étudie les textes en jeu (troisième partie) dans les cinq cycles performatifs ramaïques représentés dans les temples : cinq actes dramatiques en sanskrit et les longs récits en malayalam qui s’y enchâssent, consignés dans les manuels scéniques des praticiens. Ces textes forment un répertoire unifié présentant des structures d’emboîtements multiples où se combinent des principes d’arrêt du temps, de changement de perspective et de retour en arrière générateurs de distanciation. Le jeu scénique (quatrième partie) exalte cette dramaturgie : performeur aux multiples fonctions – personnage, conteur, danseur et surtout régisseur –, l’acteur jongle en maître avec ces principes lorsqu’il entre dans la « substitution », jeu de rôles aux saisissants effets de simultanéité. Les annexes (vol. 3) contiennent des analyses complémentaires (annexes I) et les textes (annexes II) et supports audiovisuels (3 DVD-DL avec livrets) nécessaires à l’étude des performances. La forme de la thèse et le montage des films reflètent la dramaturgie étudiée en procédant à des arrêts et à des extensions du temps. Note : Les titres, résumés et mots clés figurant sur version originale de la thèse portent une accentuation qui, pour des raisons techniques, n’a pas pu être reproduite ici. / Kutiyattam of Kerala is an epic theatre that interweaves drama and narrative, characterized by an acting technique wherein the performance of the central actor makes constant recourse to a distancing effect. This hypothesis – esthetic in nature while "epic" refers to Brecht – is demonstrated through a multidisciplinary, ethnoscenogical approach. Everything begins with a so-called "first performance" in which a child plays at being an Actor-character, and then becomes a storyteller. This ceremonial, which serves as a common thread throughout our study, contains "everything", i.e. all of the foundations and ingredients of the epic esthetic, which we go on to explain using the example of the Ramayana – one of the numerous ancient Sanskrit texts that Kutiyattam brings to the stage. Book I first proposes an ethnography of the Cakyar-masters of Kutiyattam (first part), emphasizing their unique skills. It then analyses the training that underpin the codification of the actor’s body, demonstrating the challenge of being an actor in itself, before even assuming a character/persona (second part). Book II is dedicated to the performances. It begins by examining the texts (third part) of the five Ramayana cycles that are performed in the temples: five acts in Sanskrit into which are interwoven narratives in Malayalam, written in performers’ acting manuals. Taken together, these texts form a unified repertoire characterised by iterative embedded structures that interlock the principles of stop-in-time, change in point of view and flash-back. The acting (fourth part) enhances this dramaturgy. The performer who has multiple functions – character, storyteller, dancer, and director – juggles these principles, especially when he enters into the "substitution" process, a role-play that engenders striking effects of simultaneity. The annexes (Book III) contain the additional analyses (annex I) and the texts (annex II) and audiovisual materials (3 DVD-DLs with booklets) related to the performances. The thesis itself, including the montage of the films, is structured in such a way that it reflects the dramaturgy of Kutiyattam, and notably its use of stop-in-time. Note : Titles, summaries and keywords appearing in the dissertation contain accents, which, because of technical reasons, could not be reproduced here.

Social isolering förekommer i samhället ständigt och drabbar människan på olika sätt. Det kan orsaka ohälsosamma beteenden, depression och för tidig död. I och med coronaviruset Covid-19 har en stor del av Sveriges befolkning uppmuntrats begränsa graden av social kontakt. Social kontakt är viktigt för att bibehålla människans välmående och motivation. Brist på social kontakt kan leda till social isolering vilket har en negativ effekt på motivation till akademiska studier samt fysisk aktivitet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur motivation till studier och fysisk aktivitet påverkas vid begränsad social kontakt. Dessutom skall faktorer som self-efficacy (tron på sin egen förmåga), autonomi, samhörighet och kompetens (SDT) verka som potentiella faktorer som möjligen influerar graden av motivation begränsad social kontakt. Urvalet bestod av 34 universitetsstudenter från Sverige. Data samlades in via enkäter vilka besvarades två gånger med 3 veckors mellanrum. Analys av data gjordes genom deskriptiv statistik, beroendet-test och ett oberoende t-test. Resultatet visade att studiemotivation signifikant försämrats under studiens gång. En icke-signifikant skillnad observerades i graden av motivation till fysisk aktivitet. Self-efficacy och SDT förklarade inte graden av motivation för studier eller fysisk aktivitet. De icke-signifikanta resultaten kan förklaras av begränsat och icke-representativt urval, hög grad av social kontakt hos deltagarna samt att de utfärdade restriktionerna delvis begränsar deltagarna. / Social isolation occurs in society and affects people in different ways. Social isolation could give rice to unhealthy behaviour, depression and premature death. Due to the spread of the Coronavirus, Covid-19, a great amount of the Swedish population has been encouraged to restrict their social interaction with other people. However, social interaction is of importance for the level of motivation and well-being that people experience. Limited social interacation can lead to social isolation which produces a negative effect on motivation towards education as well as towards physical activity. The objective with this research was to examine if students with limited social interaction experience a deficiency in motivation towards education and physical activity. To examine possible factors that could influence the degree of motivation this study used scales based on self-efficacy (one’s beliefs in one’s ability), autonomy, relatedness and competence (SDT). The selection was 34 university students from Sweden. Data was gathered with a survey that was distributed two times within a time frame of three weeks. The analysis of the data was computed through descriptive statistics, paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test. A statistical significance was found for motivation towards education. There were no significant results for motivation towards physical activity. Neither Self-efficacy or SDT explained the degree of motivation towards education or physical activity. The non-significant result could be explained by the non-representative and small sample size as well by the students' high amount of established social interaction. Sweden's issued restrictions could have affected the result as it only moderately limits students' social environment.

[pt] Nesta tese, à luz do prisma filosófico, empreendemos um olhar que abrangeu o pensamento médico filosófico desde a Antiguidade até a Revolução Terapêutica. Nosso olhar contemplou: na Antiguidade, uma época em que houve uma estreita colaboração entre Filosofia e Medicina, baseada na pesquisa mútua dos aspectos etiológicos, quer da enfermidade da alma, quer daquela do corpo; foi a época do nascimento e apogeu da Analogia Médica; na Idade Média, identificou um estado de hibernação da Analogia Médica no século XII, seguido de um leve despertar no século XIII, a volta a um estado de adormecimento e o despertar definitivo, no século XV; na Renascença, captou a retomada dos textos médicos e a queda do saber galênico tradicional; na Modernidade, finalmente, diagnosticou o início do distanciamento entre os saberes filosófico e médico, com o respectivo definhamento da Analogia Médica. Desde então, nosso olhar aprofundou se nas idas e vindas do saber médico filosófico, especulando as causas e consequências desse distanciamento, e chegou à conclusão de que o legado deixado pelo pensamento médico moderno orientou e orienta a Medicina contemporânea para um sentido de desumanização em relação à pessoa do paciente. Por fim, depois de tanto ver, nossa razão assentiu para a necessidade de uma reforma na Medicina, principalmente em sua paidéia, baseada numa próxima colaboração com a Filosofia a fim de receber subsídios quando à questão central de qualquer procedimento terapêutico: qual é o ser do ser humano? / [en] In this Thesis, using the light of the philosophical prism, we undertake an examination embracing medical philosophical thought beginning in antiquity, continuing up until the Therapeutic Revolution. Our view contemplates: in antiquity, a time during which there was a strict collaboration between Philosophy and Medicine, based upon mutual research of the etiological aspects of disease not only of the soul but also of the body; it was the time of the birth and apogee of the Medical Analogy; during the Middle Ages it was possible to identify that the Medical Analogy had entered a state of hibernation in the twelfth century, followed by a slight awakening in the thirteenth century, returning to a state of sleep, with the final awakening occurring in the fifteenth century; during the Renaissance it captured a return to the medical texts and the fall of traditional Galenic knowledge; finally during the Modern era we have diagnosed the initial phases of a distancing between philosophical and medical knowledge, with a respective weakening of Medical Analogy. Since the Modern era our examination has focused upon the vacillations of medical philosophical knowledge, speculating upon the causes and consequences of this distancing, and our examination found that the legacy left by modern medical thought has oriented and continues to orient Modern Medicine towards a dehumanization in relation to the person of the patient. Finally, we concluded that medical reform is needed, principally, in its Paideia, based upon a closer collaboration with philosophy, with the intent to provide subsidies to help answer the central question of any therapeutic procedure, which is: what is the nature of the being of the human being?

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan individers olika tidsperspektiv (TP) med deras rörelse i samhället och mängd av fysiska kontakter i relation till de nationella rekommendationerna om fysisk distansering under COVID-19-pandemin. En studie (n = 52) utfördes med syftet av att samla grundläggande information om deltagarna tillsammans med ett mått av deras respektive TP utifrån den korta versionen av Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). Efter rekrytering skickades dagliga enkäter till varje deltagare under en vecka för att samla data om deras dagliga aktiviteter innehållandes bl.a. rörelser och sociala interaktioner. En kvantitativ mätning analyserades utifrån deltagarnas antal besök på diverse ställen i samhället samt mängden av fysiska kontakter under en veckas deltagande. Hypotesen var att deltagares poäng på FP-dimensionen från S-ZTPI skulle visa ett negativt samband mellan antalet besökta platser och mängden av fysiska kontakter. Deltagares poäng på PH-dimensionen förväntades i stället att visa ett positivt samband mellan antalet besökta platser och mängden av fysiska kontakter. Resultaten visade inget signifikant samband mellan varken TP (PH och FP) och aktivitet eller TP och mängd fysiska kontakter under en veckas tids medverkande i studien. / The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between individuals different time perspectives (TP), movement in their community and amount of psychical contacts in relation to the national recommendations about physical distancing during the COVID-19-pandemic. A study (n = 52) was conducted with the purpose of collecting basic information about the participants along with a measure of their respective TP using the short version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). After recruitment, daily questionnaires were sent to each participant during a week to collect data about their daily activities involving e.g. movement and social interactions. A quantitative measure was analyzed using participants number of places visited in their community along with the amount of physical contacts during a week’s participation. The hypothesis of this thesis was that participants score on the FP-dimension from the S-ZTPI would be negatively related to the number of places visited and the amount of physical contacts. In contrast, participants PH-score was expected to be positively related with number of places visited and the amount of physical contacts. The results showed no significant relation between neither TP (PH and FP) and activity or TP and physical contacts during a week’s participation in the study.

Bakgrund: Sedan pandemins start har det blivit vanligare att arbeta hemifrån. Vid distansarbete kan aktivitetsmönstret förändras då gränsen mellan arbete och fritid lätt kan suddas ut. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur distansarbete påverkar aktivitetsmönstret hos yrkesverksamma personer mellan 19–35 år. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes för att samla in data genom en egenkonstruerad enkät. Med inspiration från instrumentet GAP i vardagens aktiviteter och från Patterns Of Daily Occuaptions har frågor konstruerats. En blandning mellan snöbollsurval och bekvämlighetsurval användes. 36 personer deltog i studien. Data analyserades med hjälp av Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) och de öppna frågorna med inspiration från kvalitativa analysmetoder. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att aktivitetsmönstret har påverkats av att arbeta på distans. De flesta deltagarna upplevde att de hade mer tid för sina vardagsaktiviteter vid distansarbete jämfört med arbete på arbetsplatsen samt att den fysiska miljön i hemmet påverkar arbete på distans. Slutsats: Flertalet deltagare upplever sämre ergonomi och minskad arbetsro och många upplever att de har en mer flexibel vardag vid distansarbete. / Background: Since the start of the pandemic, it has become more common to work from home. During teleworking, activity patterns may change as the boundary between work and leisure can be easily blurred. Aim: The aim was to describe how teleworking affects the activity pattern of professionals between 19–35 years of age. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed to collect data through a self-constructed questionnaire. With inspiration from the instrument GAP in everyday activities and Patterns of Daily Occuaptions, questions have been constructed. A mixture of snowball and convenience selection were used. 36 people participated in the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS and the open questions with inspiration from qualitative analysis methods. Results: The results of the study show that the activity pattern has been influenced by teleworking. Most participants felt they had more time for everyday activities during telework compared to work at the workplace and that the physical environment at home affects teleworking. Conclusion: Most participants experience poorer ergonomics and reduced peace of mind and many participants felt they had a more flexible everyday life when teleworking.

Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om vilka olika synsätt som lärare i fritidshem har på arbetet med inkludering och inkludering av elever i behov av särskilt stöd i skolan och fritidshemmet. Frågeställningarna författarna har i studien är: Vad innebär begreppet "inkludering" för lärare i fritidshem? Hur arbetar lärare i fritidshem med inkludering och inkludering av elever i behov av särskilt stöd? Undersökningens datainsamlingsmetod är kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och respondenterna som deltar är åtta lärare i fritidshem. Resultatet analyseras utifrån dilemmaperspektivet där resultatet synliggör två dilemman som handlar om innebörden av begreppet inkludering och tillvägagångssätt i arbetet med inkludering. Resultatet visar att respondenterna arbetar med inkludering genom anpassningar, stöttning i skolan, rastaktiviteter och styrda aktiviteter i fritidshemmet. Utifrån resultatet uppfattar respondenterna att begreppet inkludering är när det finns en gemenskap där alla får vara med. / The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about different views teachers in after-school programs have about the work with inclusion and inclusion of students in need of special support in school and after-school programs. The questions at issues of the study are: What does the concept of inclusion mean to teachers in after-school programs? How do the teachers in after-school programs work with inclusion and inclusion of students in need of special support? The data collection method of the study is qualitative semi-structured interviews and the respondents who participate in the study are eight teachers in after-school programs. The result is analyzed from the dilemma perspective and the result makes two dilemman visible that is about the meaning of the term inclusion and the course of action in the work with inclusion. The result shows that the respondents work with inclusion by adjustments, support in school, restactivities and controlled activities in after-school programs. By the result it shows that the respondents perceive that the term of inclusion is when there is a community where all students participate.

Since the COVID-19 outbreak, countless studies have been conducted about the pandemic regarding people's physical and mental health, but there is a significant gap on the persistent effects on consumer behaviour. Hence, this thesis aimed to investigate if there is a relationship between the social constraints as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential increased engagement of post-purchase behaviour. The research focused exclusively on Swedish female millennials who are active social media users.    The research used a deductive approach by formulating hypotheses based on already existing theories. The explanatory design was used when aiming to investigate a causal relationship between two variables, i.e., prior to the pandemic compared to today. Further, a quantitative strategy was used by collecting primary data through a questionnaire, which thereafter was analysed through SPSS, using the paired sample t-test. To target the desired sample a convenience sampling method was used which collected a total of 226 respondents, with 197 valid participants. The sample was collected through several Facebook groups, combined with the utilizing of the authors own social media channels. Since this study aimed to measure engagement, the key concepts were converted in the survey questions to more specific terms, by a modified existing scale. Indicators were established to be able to measure the engagement under controlled conditions.   Furthermore, the results from the statistical tests resulted in a p-value to confirm or reject the null hypothesis, followed by a correlation coefficient value to determine the strength of the relationship. The empirical findings combined indicated significant evidence that because of the social constraints since the COVID-19 outbreak, there has been an increased engagement in the post-purchase behaviour on social media for Swedish female millennials. This was confirmed through a p-value of 0.000 in the t-tests for all seven hypotheses. Furthermore, all tests show correlation values between 0.449 and 0.617, which means that all the existing relationships are positive.    This means that during the period when COVID-19 has been an active societal problem with all its effects, the new living conditions have entailed an increased involvement in post-purchase behaviour on social media for Swedish female millennials. If corporations take these changed behaviours in consideration and adapt the marketing strategy accordingly, it  can contribute to increased sales as the credibility of the brand gets strengthened through the transparency that the customer base values.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the modes of thinking and learning of South African disadvantaged learners as well as to discover whether the teaching methods used by their teachers, encourage diverse cognitive skills and learning styles amongst learners. A survey of existing literature on this subject identifies a number of theories that indicate that learners come to school with diverse modes of thinking and learning. Furthermore, existing literature, indicate that educationally disadvantaged learners tend towards a Field Dependent, socially orientated mode of cognitive processing and a largely visual and kinaesthetic mode of sensory processing information. Research also reveals that teaching methods and teacher expectation of learner potential play a vital role in the academic achievement of disadvantaged learners. Teachers tend to have lower expectations of the academic potential of disadvantaged learners. Moreover, teachers tend to favour teaching methods that meet the needs of learners who use Field Independent cognitive and Auditory sensory processing. Another aspect acknowledged in existing literature that influences the academic achievement of disadvantaged learners is the role of family and the community. Disadvantaged learners generally do not have the support and security of a stable home and are frequently exposed to violence and an educationally impoverished environment. Parents and guardians tend to be less involved in the education of their children. Disadvantaged learners who were part of this empirical study conducted in the Ekhuruleni Metropolitan area, east of Johannesburg, South Africa, showed a more concrete approach to academic activities and revealed a tendency towards Field Dependency and a visual and kinaesthetic sensory approach to processing information. Learners preferred more frequent social interaction during academic activities. The study also found that the teaching method most commonly used in the geographical area mentioned above, took the form of lecturing or `chalk-and-talk' and that teaching aids generally took the form of worksheets. Hence the teaching approach most used by teachers in the study, did not address the modes of thinking and learning of disadvantaged learners in the schools that participated in the empirical study and generally did not encourage deeper cognitive structures. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)