Экономическая оценка риска реализации кадровой стратегии предприятия, отличающаяся оценкой уровня экономической безопасности внутренней среды за счет определения уровня удовлетворенности персонала, что позволит определить вероятность раскрытия коммерческий или государственной тайны на оборонном предприятии. / The strategy of personnel management, economic security, safety, satisfaction level of satisfaction personnel.The strategy of personnel management, economic security, safety, satisfaction level of satisfaction personnel.

Целью исследования является разработка усовершенствованной методики оценки экономической безопасности предприятий нефтегазовой отрасли. Поставленная цель достигается посредством решения следующего ряда задач: рассмотреть теоретические и методологические основы оценки экономической безопасности; разработать усовершенствованную методику оценки, учитывающую особенность и спецификацию предприятия нефтегазового комплекса; рассчитать по усовершенствованной методики оценку экономической безопасности ПАО «Газпром»; выявить направления по укреплению экономической безопасности ПАО «Газпром. Научная новизна заключается в следующем: 1. Представлено и раскрыто уточненное определение понятия "Экономическая безопасность предприятия НГО", призванное стать теоретической основой формирования предмета оценочных мероприятий в рамках комплексных аналитических процедур. 2. Усовершенствована методика анализа экономической безопасности предприятий НГО, адаптированная к специфике деятельности предприятий НГО и представляющая возможность формирования интегрированного оценочного суждения об уровне экономической безопасности объекта исследования. 3. Разработан регламент внедрения системы оценки экономической без-опасности, призванный сформировать организационную основу управления экономической безопасностью предприятий НГО. / The aim of the study is to develop an improved methodology for assessing the economic security of the oil and gas industry. The goal is achieved through the solution of the following series of tasks: to consider the theoretical and methodological basis for assessing economic security; to develop an improved evaluation methodology that takes into account the peculiarities and specifications of the oil and gas complex; to calculate, based on the improved methodology, an assessment of the economic security of PJSC Gazprom; Identify areas for strengthening economic security of PJSC Gazprom. Scientific novelty consists in the following: 1. The updated definition of the concept of "Economic security of an OGI enterprise" is presented and disclosed, which is intended to become the theoretical basis for the formation of the subject of evaluation activities within the framework of complex analytical procedures. 2. The methodology for analyzing the economic security of enterprises of the OGI, adapted to the specifics of the activities of enterprises of the OGI, is presented and it is possible to form an integrated assessment of the level of economic safety of the research object. 3. The regulations for the implementation of the economic security assessment system, designed to form the organizational basis for managing the economic security of OGI enterprises, have been developed.

在老年階段中，經濟安全已然為僅次於醫療健康之重要需求之一，亦是影響最基本生活水準之維持，關係著老年社會角色之扮演與參與，進而增進身心健康、確保精神自主之主要因素。當我們對老年階段發展與需求有更清楚的認識，對於可預期之「老化」當可降低恐懼，亦可事先作好經濟安全之預備。 本研究嘗試從最傳統之扶養機制，與社會安全之最後一道防線切入，透過是類途徑之法規範探究，瞭解我國老親經濟安全如何獲得保障，並瞭解政府責任與家庭責任之間如何協調出一個適切之分工關係。 私扶養與公扶助之意涵，反映了政府如何看待家庭所應扮演的角色，以及福利制度如何回應家庭變遷，如果單純復以道德倫理或社會成本衡量一個制度的良窳或續行價值，並不足以趕上新世代親子關係轉變所帶來之需要與互動，亦不足以因應老親因延年益壽所引發的新經濟安全需求。因此與其說是為卑親卸責或是解套，毋寧說是無奈於社會變遷、經濟發展及親子觀念更迭，為提高老親經濟安全保障實效之務實作法與建議。誠然福利制度的完善不必然取代私扶養之價值，惟私扶養規範之框架已違背了自治之精神，參雜過多之司法干預，忽視扶養起於親情間反哺知恩之本質，將扶養定位在經濟能力之衡量，更與論語所追求之養口體、色養、養志等全方位之奉養、承歡膝下，乃至克紹箕裘有所距離。政府如一味蔑視社會觀念的改變、親子關係表達方式之變化，固守不合時宜的扶養規範，並緊守公扶助之窄門，以此婉拒真正有需要之老親者申請公扶助，卻又而無法同時強化家庭功能、給予必要的協助，將導致老親徒具法的權利，卻又無法享有尊嚴的晚年，受害最深者仍是老親本身。而在家庭內部所生之不健全年金市場，如無法真正保障老親之經濟安全，只是讓貧窮之世代一再複製與循環代間之愛恨情仇，最後損失的將不僅是親子關係，更是社會之經濟發展與社會安全品質。 經研究發現，私扶養與公扶助均無法單獨建構一個完整的老親經濟安全網絡，僅憑藉兩者之合作亦無法建構出一個完整而妥善之經濟安全網。惟私扶養與公扶助所扮演著「殘補式」的功能及角色，各自在老親經濟安全保障上仍存有一定之價值及必要性，思及整體經濟安全保障體系之建構與整合時，一個更有尊嚴、不需資產調查、無社會烙印之預防性保障措施，更是社會各界對於社會保險及年金制度殷切期盼且寄予厚望之原因所在。生、老、病、死是人生必經過程，禮記禮運篇：「…..故人不獨親其親，不獨子其子，使老有所終，壯有所用，幼有所長，鰥寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養……」之理想境界，不僅是過去的理想，亦是當代老親的衷願。

本文分析現在的退休金制度和老年經濟安全保障的情形，同時討論家庭所得來源的趨勢，並推估未來退休後所需的費用。最後提供予個人儘早為自己做一些規劃與準備的建議。老年經濟安全保障在台灣地區因為各項因素的影響，顯得十分不足，經由收集資料並分析比較後，以15～64歲的人口來看老年經濟安全三層的保障情況，其中佔4％的軍公教人員有較完整的退休保障制度；佔50％的勞工人口，在第一層的保障中，於2000年平均勞保老年給付每人658,273元。又因為制度未臻完善，第二層之保障只有1～2％的人可以領到退休金。此外，佔有7％的農民在年滿65歲之後，只有不完整的第一層保障，即每月3,000元的老農津貼可領。其他39％的人是未參加公保、勞保或農保等任一項社會保險的。也就是有95％的人是需要儘早規劃退休後的經濟準備。面對大環境中的財政赤字及個人平均壽命的增長，子女親朋經濟支援的減少等等因素，更顯得及早規劃老年經濟安全的迫切性。 關鍵詞：老年經濟安全保障、退休金、國民年金、生活費用推估、所得替代率 / This study focused on investigation and evaluation of the pension system and economic security program in Taiwan. For indviduals, the trend on home income and the required expense for the future retirement were discussed and estimated. Becaurs of several factors, the program of old-age economic security in Taiwan area seems not sound. For this topic, the work force, between 15 and 64 ears old, are taken into account, There are three tiers for the program of old-age economic security, which anr social security and benefit, pension, and individual saving. One of hte finding was that public officials, about four percent of the work force, benefit much more form the pension system and old-age economic security program. The labores, about 50 percent of the work force, have the everage amount NT$658,273 for the 1^st-tier social security and benefit in 2000. Due to the unsound system and the qualiication problem, less than two percent of the laborers can obtain the 2^nd-tier pension. Beside, farmers, about seven percent of the work force, can obtain the 1^st-tier social security and benefit until they are 65 years old or more. Those qualified farmers can obtain NT$3,000 each month. Other individuals are not enrolled in any social insurance and pension program. The public welfare system can hardly cover the economic needs for the aged individuals. Therefore, 95 percent of the work force should plan their own retirement welfare programs in advance to secure thir economic safety. Key words: Old-age Economic Security, Pension, Citizen Beneficiary, Living Expensee Estimate, income replacement rate

20世紀的80至90年代初期，國際形勢發生劇烈動盪與變化，蘇聯於發生解體、東歐局勢劇變，過去美蘇「兩強對峙」之兩極格局所造成40多年的冷戰終告結束，國際體系由「一超多強」，轉變成多極化方向發展。此時中國在綜合國力發展上也有很大的變化，態勢積極的朝大國關係方向調整，除專注內部發展外，更重視與周邊國家的安全關係。中國知到，一個穩定、和睦的周邊環境，才有利於中國持續性發展，在周邊建立安全與穩定的緩衝帶後，可避免與其他大國發生衝突。因為，有安全的環境，才會有安定的社會，才能全面發展經濟，而維繫這種關係的要件，是安全互需和經濟互利與合作。 「上海合作組織」的前身是建立於1996年的「上海五國」機制，是中蘇兩國關於邊境的雙邊談判，蘇聯崩解後改為「上海五國」雙邊談判，再演變成「上海五國」的多邊會談。不但開啟有關邊境軍事安全的會談協商機制，同時亦開啓了穩定區域安全的多邊關係及區域合作模式。烏茲別克加入後，於2001年6月15日，6國元首共同宣布在「上海五國」機制的基礎上成立「上海合作組織」(Shanghai Cooperation Organization)，並發表「上海合作組織成立宣言」。這是中國第一個促成的多邊組織，也是第一個以中國城市命名的政府間組織，成員國包括中國、俄羅斯、哈薩克、吉爾吉斯、塔吉克及烏茲別克等6個國家。 「上海合作組織」創立的首要任務是確保該組織內的和平、安全與穩定，堅決打擊「三股勢力」、毒品及走私等非法交易。並認知當前的國際安全必須建立在各國平等、互信、互利及合作的基礎上，藉由每年定期舉行的元首峰會、總理會議、外交部長會議及不定期舉行的國家協調員會議、各部門領導人會議形成組織運作機制。而位於北京的秘書處及塔什干的地區反恐機構，這兩個常設機構的設立，使上海合作組織朝向更寬廣的方向邁進。本篇論文試圖瞭解冷戰終止及美國「911」恐怖攻擊事件發生後，「上海合作組織」運作與發展方向，直接或間接影響區域經濟及軍事安全的程度為何?另外，就「上海合作組織」與其他大國或國際組織的關係，對全球戰略所產生的影響為何?尤其是中國、美國、日本與俄羅斯的多方戰略關係的發展，非常值得予以持續觀注。 / 1980 to early 1990s, the international system develops from " one superpower and several powers " into a multi-polar direction due to severe turbulences and changes of the international situation, the disintegration of Soviet Union and the drastic changes of Eastern Europe, and the end of the 40-years Cold War which caused by the "a two-confrontation" bipolar situation between U.S.A and the Soviet Union in the past. At this point, there are also great changes in China’s the overall national development, For instance, a positive trend towards big power relations reorientation. Except to focus on internal development, China places more importance on security relations with neighboring countries. China knows that a stable, harmonious surrounding is conducive to China's sustainable development. To establish security and stability buffer zone in the surrounding can avoid conflict with other powers. Since a secure environment is the key to a stable society and a fully develop economic while interdependence and cooperation of security need and economic benefit is the essential element of maintaining this relationship. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" develops from the "Shanghai Five" mechanism which established in 1996. It was the Sino-Soviet bilateral talks about border between the two countries, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became the "Shanghai Five" bilateral negotiations which is followed into the "Shanghai Five State "in multilateral talks. This development not only opened consultation mechanism talks on the border military security, also opened a stable regional security, multilateral relations, and regional cooperation. After Uzbekistan joined in June 15, 2001, six heads of state announced the establishment of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" which based on the "Shanghai Five" mechanism and issued a "Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." This is the first multilateral organization which promoted by China and is the first intergovernmental organization in the name of Chinese city. The member States includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and other six countries. The first and foremost task of "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" is to ensure peace, security and stability of the organization, and resolutely combat the "three forces", drugs, smuggling and other illegal transactions. And to aware that the current international security must be based on national equality, mutual trust, mutual benefit and cooperation. By holding annual heads of states summit meeting, Prime Ministers meeting, Foreign Ministers meeting, and occasional meetings of national coordinators, leaders of various departments to form the operating mechanism of organizations. The establishments of two permanent organizations, the Secretariat in Beijing and the 4 regional anti-terrorism agency in Tashkent, lead the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to move towards a broader direction. This paper attempts to find out the operation and development direction of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" after the end of Cold War and "911" terrorist attacks in the United States, and the degree of how does this directly or indirectly affect the regional economic and military security so far? In addition, what is the impact that the relationships of the"Shanghai Cooperation Organization" between other major countries or international organizations affects on global strategic? Especially the development of multi-strategic relations between China, the United States, Japan and Russia, is very worthwhile continuing being concerned. Keywords：Shanghai Cooperation Organization, economic security, military security, Central Asia, relations among major powers

The dissertation analyses the threats to economic interests of EU in Latin America - mostly focused on MERCOSUR's countries. Both regions share history, cultural and social bonds which were interrupted by the Cold War. During this period was Latin America a natural zone of interest of the United States (similarity with East Europe and USS R). The fundamental event is the end of bipolarity. The dissertation is mostly focused on one decade between 2003-2013. The three main chapters define the concept of economic security, the relationship between the EU-Latin America on the background of the historical insight and third main chapter analyses China's engagement in Latin America. In the post-Cold War period came a significant paradigmatic shift in the perception of economic security/vulnerability. Considering the asymmetry of relations between the two regions, we analyze a historical background, including the so-called "shared values" that partially (but not entirely) can be challenged. Relations between the two regions are viewed as highly pragmatic with a strong emphasis on trade ties. China as a new element in the region, where traditionally has competed the United States and Europe, is the core topic of the main third chapter. Latin America isn't perceived as a single region, but it is consider in...

Le contexte économique actuel se caractérise par un environnement plus turbulent qui pousse les entreprises à envisager un nouveau modèle de création de valeur plus durable. En effet, elles sont rentrées dans une ère post-industrielle qui met en avant et exploite la richesse de leur capital immatériel. Elles doivent créer les conditions de leur développement et de leur succès en activant les richesses de l’invisible mais également en les protégeant des actions hostiles de leurs concurrents car les actifs immatériels sont déterminants en termes de compétitivité. Dans ce contexte, la performance des entreprises est conditionnée par la mise en œuvre de stratégies pouvant anticiper les évolutions de leur environnement ainsi que les risques sur leur capital immatériel.Les PME sont plus sensibles aux modifications de leur environnement que les grandes entreprises. Leur organisation et leurs moyens financiers rend leur capital immatériel plus vulnérable. Notre sujet requiert une pollinisation croisée entre différentes disciplines afin de faire émerger les moyens les plus efficaces pour les PME afin de progresser en fonction de ses spécificités, de son expérience et de l’environnement dans lequel elle évolue.Sans modifier l’organisation de l’entreprise, l’objectif est de mettre en œuvre une démarche rigoureuse permettant à l’entreprise de développer une protection efficace de son capital immatériel pour prendre ses décisions. Cette démarche est synthétisée dans le logiciel ICARS (Intangible Capital Assessment Risk Software) / The current economic environment is characterized by a more turbulent environment that pushes companies to consider a new model for more sustainable value creation. In fact, they have returned to a post-industrial highlights and exploits the richness of their intellectual capital. They must create the conditions for their development and their success in activating the riches of the invisible but also protecting them from hostile actions of their competitors because intangible assets are crucial in terms of competitiveness. In this context, business performance is dependent on the implementation of strategies to anticipate changes in their environment and the risks to their intellectual capital.SMEs are more sensitive to changes in their environment than larger companies. Their organization and financial resources makes them more vulnerable intangible capital. Our subject requires cross-pollination between different disciplines in order to bring out the most effective ways for SMEs to grow according to its characteristics, experience and environment in which it operates.Without changing the organization of the company, the goal is to implement a rigorous approach allowing the company to develop an effective protection of its intellectual capital to make decisions. This approach is synthesized in the software ICARS (Intangible Capital Risk Assessment Software)

The purpose of this study is to analyze security risks regarding the Navalny-case for acquiring a broader understanding concerning the sanctions and the security development regarding Nord Stream 2. Furthermore, upholding an perception concerning definition of security and the impact of a finalized Nord Stream 2-project. Consequently, comprehend the understanding with a liberal and realistic perspective interpreting of the case and the controversial infrastructure project. For a comprehensive apprehension of security, military-, environmental-, energy- and economy security is given. To investigate the scientific problem, a qualitative case study with content analysis is utilized. I will argue of using the criteria contained in the theory that my questions to be answered. All safety dimensions have been considered to be affected, some more than others. At the same time, insecurity is being expressed regarding the military security surrounding increased military activity in the Baltic Sea which could lead to a NATO membership. Higher water temperature and contamination of the seawater is reflected in the environmental security. The effect on energy security is considered to be higher on the agenda after the impact of the Navalny-case, regarding for a reliable trade partner. At the same time, financial security is affected on the basis regarding job insecurity.

Social Safety Nets (SSNs) were in the early 1990s a major feature of poverty alleviation and social impact mitigating mechanism from austere economic reforms implemented by the Zambian Government. Evidently, SSNs became prominent when Zambia accelerated the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the early 1990s. At that time, the levels of poverty skyrocketed affecting 73% of the 10.5 million people of which 58 % were said to be extremely poor with the acute levels of poverty being more concentrated in rural areas which harbour about 65 % of the country’s population (CSO 1998: 20). SSNs are non-contributory transfer programmes for the poor or those vulnerable to shocks and these include income support through participation in public works programmes, cash transfers to the poor or vulnerable households, fee waivers for usage of essential health and education services, in kind transfers such as school feeding or even price subsidies for specific goods deemed essential to the poor (World Bank 2005: 1). Pritchett (2005:17) observed that SSNs can be applied across the various levels of society whether or not the shocks push households below the absolute threshold of poverty. Despite being a major feature of social mitigation it is not clear to what extent they (SSNs) can be said to an effective mechanism for poverty mitigation in Zambia. With SAP be decried by interests groups as having reduced people’s living conditions for fuelling in, higher prices for basic commodities, lower real incomes, reduced access to social services, medical care and retrenchments and lack of job opportunities for those seeking employment. The absence of fully fledged unemployment benefit system, made the victims of the adjustment process worse off. The social security schemes equally got adversely affected by high unemployment levels and growth of the informal sector because the proportion of the insured population plummeted and that inexorably leads to a fall in contributions. Other consequences of SAP besides retrenchments of blotted workforce include child labour and overburdening women as their participation in economic activities increased as part of the copping mechanisms besides their reproductive roles. Given the aforementioned complications that arise during structural reforms, this thesis seeks to examine how effective SSNs are in poverty alleviation programmes in countries like Zambia where they have been tried. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons la nécessité de l’appropriation de l’Intelligence Economique (IE) en tant que culture et mode de gouvernance alternatif capable d’aider un pays en développement à affronter les défis et enjeux triple. Ceux relatifs au sous-développement, au développement alternatif et à la mondialisation. S’approprier l’IE dans le contexte particulier de l’économie Congolaise pour en faire un mode de gouvernance au service du développement et de la coopétitivité renvoie ainsi à deux exigences. La première, consiste à revisiter l’IE afin de mettre en valeur ses avancées, révéler ses limites et l’enrichir d’une capacité de réponse adaptée aux besoins d’un pays en développement. La deuxième exigence consiste à analyser le champ d’appropriation de l’IE afin d’en identifier la nature, d’en dresser le profil et d’articuler ces éléments à ceux des moyens de l’IE dont la plasticité acquise permet désormais d’être adaptés à la contingence en examen. L’objectif est de proposer des moyens pertinents à la mise en œuvre efficiente de l’IE. La conceptualisation des modes opératoires d’intelligence et de sécurité économique (2S-MOISE) chevillé au dispositif stratégique et opératoire du développement (DS-OD), au « M’BONGUI » ainsi qu’au schéma d’analyse de dominance systémique nous permet de répondre à cette double exigence. L’usage de la démarche incrémentale via la transculturation nous permet par ailleurs de présenter les modalités concrètes du processus d’appropriation de l’IE grâce à l’action de la direction générale de l’économie (DGE), vectrice dudit processus tant au sein des instances nationales, qu’au niveau du système éducatif et dans la sphère entrepreneuriale. Une série de préconisations dont la définition d’éléments d’une politique publique d’IE, la mise en place d’un dispositif d’IE et d’un système d’information qui réponde aux besoins de gouvernance fonctionnelle, opérationnelle et stratégique ont été proposés. / In this thesis, we demonstrate the need for ownership of Competitive Intelligence (CI) as a culture and way of governance alternative that can help a developing country to face the triple challenges and issues. Those related to underdevelopment, alternative development and globalization. EI ownership in the particular context of the Congolese economy into a mode of governance for development and coopétitivité thus refers to two requirements. The first is to revisit the IE to showcase its advances, revealing its limitations and to enhance response capability tailored to the needs of a developing country. The second requirement is to analyze the scope of appropriation of IE in order to identify the nature, to raise the profile and articulate its elements to those means which the IE can now acquired plasticity of be adapted to contingency under consideration. The objective is to propose ways relevant to the efficient implementation of EI. The conceptualization of intelligence procedures and economic security (2S-MOSES) pegged to device strategic and operational development (OD-DS), the "M'BONGUI" and the pattern of systemic dominance analysis allows us to meet both requirements. The use of the incremental approach through transculturation also allows us to present the actual procedures of appropriation of the IE through the action of the General Directorate of the Economy (DGE) vector process that bothnational fora, that the education system and in the entrepreneurial sphere. A series of recommendations which define elements of a public policy of IE, the setting up of an IE and an information system that meets the needs of functional governance, operational and strategic are been proposed.