Background: Have you ever wondered what top athletes occupy themselves with after their career? Most scientists agree that it is important to take advantage of the qualities and traits that elite athletes received through sport. Therefore, are athletes able to use and exploit their sports background in business? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate which traits former elite athletes consider important in an effective business leader. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine the traits that former elite athletes feel that they have developed during their sporting careers, which they now have the use of in their leading position in the business world. Question: What is, according to former elite athletes, essential for an effective leader in business? What traits have these former elite athletes, in their view, developed during their active career? Methodology: The study uses a qualitative method which is based on six semi-structured interviews with former Olympians. All interviews were conducted by phone or videoconference call. Conclusion: The authors answer the questions and try to clearify the respondents’ interpretations of the key traits of effective leaders. The authors believe that it is also possible to identify some traits that the respondents brought from the sport and that they now use in their civilian career. Finally, suggestions for further research / Bakgrund: Har du någon gång funderat på vad elitidrottare sysselsätter sig med efter sin avslutade karriär? Flertalet forskare är överens om är att det är viktigt att ta tillvara på de egenskaper och kunskaper som elitidrottaren fått genom idrotten. Därför har ett intresse skapats för huruvida elitidrottare är kapabla att använda och utnyttja sina kunskaper inom näringslivet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka egenskaper som före detta elitidrottare anser är viktiga hos effektiva ledare inom näringslivet? Vidare är syftet att undersöka vilka egenskaper som före detta elitidrottare uppfattar att de har utvecklat under sin idrottsliga karriär, som de nu har användning av i sin ledande position inom näringslivet. Frågeställningar: Vilka egenskaper är, enligt före detta elitidrottares uppfattning, viktiga för en effektiv ledare inom näringslivet? Vilka egenskaper hos före detta elitidrottare har, enligt deras uppfattning, utvecklats under den aktiva karriären? Metod: Studien använder en kvalitativ metod som är baserad på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med före detta olympier. Samtliga intervjuer har genomförts via telefon eller videointervju. Slutsats: I slutsatsen besvarar författarna på studiens frågeställningar och försöker klargöra för respondenternas tolkningar av viktiga egenskaper hos effektiva ledare. Författarna anser att det även går att urskilja några egenskaper som respondenterna fått med sig från idrotten och som de nu har användning för inom sin civila karriär. Slutligen ges förslag på vidare forskning.

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att skapa en deskriptiv bild över de tre utvalda sårbarhetsfaktorer (tävlingsoro, sömnsvårigheter och fysiska skador) samt undersöka eventuella samband och skillnader mellan dessa gällande elever som läser specialidrott på Riksidrottsgymnasium (RIG). Studiens frågeställningar var: 1) Vilken fysisk skadefrekvens (överbelastning respektive traumatisk skada) har RIG-elever haft under det senaste året? 2) I vilken grad upplever RIG-elever tävlingsoro inför och under tävling/match? 3) I vilken grad upplever RIG-elever sömnsvårigheter? 4) Vilka samband eller skillnader finns mellan de tre valda sårbarhetsfaktorerna? 5) Vilka skillnader i skadefrekvens, skadetyp, sömnsvårigheter och tävlingsoro finns mellan årskurserna? Metod Elektronisk enkätundersökning användes som verktyg för mätbara data genom slutna enkätfrågor. De formulär som använts för den elektroniska enkätundersökningen var CSAI-2 (tävlingsoro), ISI (Sömnsvårigheter) samt fysisk skadefrånvaro enligt definition av Tranæus (2013). Inbjudan till att delta i studien skickades ut till samtliga RIG i Sverige, totalt 40 skolor. Av dessa tackade 18 skolor ja till deltagande, 8 tackade nej och 14 svarade inte på inbjudan. Av den totala populationen deltog 336 riksidrottsgymnasieelever från 24 olika idrotter. Svaren från enkäten presenteras dels i deskriptiv kvantitativ karaktär och dels i en analytisk del. Resultat Inom populationen hade 70 procent varit frånvarande på grund av fysiska skador under året (48 procent på grund av en överbelastnings- och 22 procent på grund av en traumatisk skada), varav 41 procent var frånvarande från träning, tävling eller match längre än en vecka.  Markanta sömnbesvär rapporterades hos 15 procent av eleverna. På CSAI-2 skalan hade självförtroende ett medelvärde på 22,3 ± 5,9 poäng, somatisk oro 18,6 ± 5,6 poäng, kognitiv oro 17,6 ± 4,8 poäng. Statistiska analysen visade signifikanta samband mellan skadefrånvaro, ISI och CSAI-2, förutom mellan somatisk oro och skadefrånvaro. Inga signifikanta skillnader i någon aspekt fanns mellan årskurserna. Slutsats Studiens slutsats är att fysiska skador har ett samband med sömnstörningar och att tävlingsoro korrelerar med både fysiska skador och sömnen negativt. Resultatet kan hjälpa lärare och tränare att få förståelse för dessa faktorer kan behöva uppmärksammas i starten av unga elitidrottares uppväxt. / Abstract The aim of this study was to get a descriptive view of the area and to investigate possible relationships/differences between the three selected vulnerability factors for students who study sports at a Riksidrottsgymnasium (RIG). The study aimed to answer the following questions: 1) To what physical injury rate (overload or traumatic injury) have RIG students had in the past year? 2) To what extent do RIG students experience anxiety before and during competition / match? 3) To what extent do RIG students experience sleep difficulties? 4) What are the relationships or differences between the three selected vulnerabilities? 5) What differences in rate of injury, type of injury, insomnia and anxiety are between grades? Method Electronic survey was used as a tool for measurable data through closed questionnaires. The form that the study used for the electronic survey was CSAI-2 (Anxiety), ISI (Injury) and physical injury severity according to the same definition as Tranæus (2013). The invitation to participate in the study was sent to all RIGs in Sweden, a total of 40 schools. Out of these 40 schools 18 schools accepted to participate in the study, 8 schools voted to not participate and 14 did not respond. Of the total population, 336 high school athletics students participated in 24 different sports. The answers from the questionnaire are presented in a descriptive quantitative character and an analytical part. Results In the population, 70 percent were absent due to physical injuries, of which 41 percent were absent from training, competition or match longer than one week. 48 percent of all students had an overload injury and 22 percent traumatic injury in the past year. 15 percent showed significant sleep disorders. Self-confidence had an average of 22.3 ± 5.9 points, somatic concern, 18.6 ± 5.6 points, cognitive concern, 17.6 ± 4.8 points. Statistical analysis showed significant results between injury absence, ISI and CSAI-2 aside from somatic concern and injuries. Regarding differences between grades, the results showed no diferences in any aspects. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that physical injuries are associated with sleep disorders and that anxiety is correlated negatively with both physical injuries and sleep. The result can help teachers and coaches to understand these factors may need to be noted at the start of young elite athletes.

Background: It has been proved that bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) saves lives; however, which training method in CPR is most instructive and whether survival is affected by the training level of the bystander have not yet been fully described. Aim: To identify the factors that may affect 7th grade students’ acquisition of CPR skills during CPR training and their willingness to act, and to describe 30-day survival from outof- hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) after bystander CPR and the actions performed by laymen versus off-duty medically educated personnel. Methods: Studies I–III investigate a CPR training intervention given to students in 7th grade during 2013–2014. The classes were randomized to the main intervention: the mobile phone application (app) or DVD-based training. Some of the classes were randomized to one or several additional interventions: a practical test with feedback, reflection, a web course, a visit from elite athletes and automated external defibrillator (AED) training. The students’ practical skills, willingness to act and knowledge of stroke symptoms, symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and lifestyle factors were assessed directly after training and at 6 months using the Laerdal PC SkillReporting system (and entered into a modified version of the Cardiff test scoring sheet) and a questionnaire. The Cardiff test resulted in a total score of 12–48 points, and the questionnaire resulted in a total score of 0–7 points for stroke symptoms, 0–9 points for symptoms of AMI and 0– 6 points on lifestyle factors. Study IV is based on retrospective data from the national quality register, the Swedish registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 2010-2014. Results: A total of 1339 students were included in the CPR training intervention. The DVD-based group was superior to the app-based group in CPR skills, with a total score of 35 (SD 4.o) vs 33 (SD 4.2) points directly after training (p<0.001) and 33 (SD 4.0) vs 31 (SD 4.2) points at six months (p<0.001). Of the additional interventions, the practical test with feedback had the greatest influence regarding practical skills: at six months the intervention group scored 32 (SD 3.9) points and the control group (CPR only) scored 30 (SD 4.0) points (p<0.001). Reflection, the web course, visits from elite athletes and AED training did not further increase the students’ acquisition of practical CPR skills. The students who completed the web course Help-Brain-Heart received a higher total score for theoretical knowledge in comparison with the control group, directly after training: stroke 3.8 (SD 1.8) vs 2.7 (SD 2.0) points (p<0.001); AMI 4.0 (SD 2.0) vs 2.5 (SD 2.0) points (p<0.001); lifestyle factors 5.4 (SD 1.2) vs 4.5 (SD 2.0) points p<0.001. Most of the students (77% at 6 months), regardless of the intervention applied, expressed that they would perform both chest compressions and ventilations in a cardiac arrest (CA) situation involving a relative. If a stranger had CA, a significantly lower proportion of students (32%; p<0.001) would perform both compressions and ventilations. In this case, however, many would perform compressions only. In most cases of bystander-witnessed OHCA, CPR was performed by laymen. Off-duty health care personnel bystanders initiated CPR within 1 minute vs 2 minutes for laymen (p<0.0001). Thirty-day survival was 14.7% among patients who received CPR from laymen and 17.2% (p=0.02) among patients who received bystander CPR from off-duty health care personnel. Conclusions: The DVD-based method was superior to the app-based method in terms of teaching practical CPR skills to 7th grade students. Of the additional interventions, a practical test with feedback was the most efficient intervention to increase learning outcome. The additional interventions, reflection, web course, visit from elite athletes and AED did not increase CPR skills further. However, the web course Help-Brain-Heart improved the students’ acquisition of theoretical knowledge regarding stroke, AMI and lifestyle factors. For OHCA, off-duty health care personnel bystanders initiated CPR earlier and 30-day survival was higher compared with laymen bystanders.