Submitted by José Carlos Toledo Veniziani Junior (veniziani@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T10:46:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Veniziani_Jr_J_C_T.pdf: 11360032 bytes, checksum: c6b48273852e5aad2d73183ee856e5ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-05-30T13:15:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 venizianijunior_jct_dr_rcla.pdf: 10933461 bytes, checksum: 13254f5586b981ff360e18d863f2ad6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T13:15:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 venizianijunior_jct_dr_rcla.pdf: 10933461 bytes, checksum: 13254f5586b981ff360e18d863f2ad6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-13 / A disponibilidade da água é influenciada pelo comportamento sistêmico do ciclo hidrológico, do qual a vazão, a precipitação e a cobertura vegetal são importantes elementos. Devido às suas características espaciais, a bacia hidrográfica constitui uma unidade geográfica adequada para a realização de estudos ambientais e hidrológicos. As ferramentas de geoprocessamento forneceram suporte metodológico à realização destes estudos, facilitando a obtenção, a organização e a análise espacial. Esta tese analisou a relação entre as variáveis vazão, precipitação, e a densidade da cobertura vegetal, estimada através do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada, (IVDN), para as sub-bacias hidrográficas dos rios Jacaré-Pepira e Jaú (SP). Também objetivou verificar a viabilidade do uso do IVDN como subsídio à gestão ambiental de bacias hidrográficas. Os resultados mostraram que existe correlação entre as variáveis precipitação, vazão e o IVDN, utilizado como um indicativo das características da cobertura vegetal. Esses resultados indicaram que as vazões médias e mínimas apresentaram maior correlação com o IVDN. Considerando os anos padrão climáticos, secos, chuvosos e habituais, foi possível perceber que nos anos secos esta correlação ficou mais evidente reforçando a compreensão de que maiores densidades de cobertura vegetal aumentam a infiltração e reduzem o escoamento superficial, garantindo uma maior disponibilidade de água para as demandas socioambientais locais. A dinâmica espaço-temporal do uso e ocupação das terras na bacia do Jacaré-Pepira era menos intensa e caracterizada principalmente por pastagens e silvicultura que não demandam ciclos de cultivo curtos. Enquanto que na Bacia do Rio Jaú a dinâmica era mais intensa, sobretudo por influência do cultivo de cana de açúcar que apresenta ciclos curtos de plantio e colheita. A precipitação e IVDN apresentaram dependência espacial na sub-bacia do rio Jacaré-Pepira, enquanto no rio Jaú esta dependência não foi verificada. Isto se deve ao fato de que a cobertura vegetal suprimida no período da colheita, não ser influenciada diretamente pelas precipitações, diminuindo a dependência espacial destas duas variáveis. Foi possível verificar que o IVDN representa um importante indicador da situação ambiental hidrológica local, podendo subsidiar a gestão ambiental de bacias hidrográficas. Essas constatações são importantes para a gestão dos recursos hídricos superficiais em bacias hidrográficas, evidenciando o impacto do uso das terras na cobertura vegetal e na vazão, interferindo diretamente na disponibilidade da água superficial para a sociedade. / The systemic behavior of the hydrological cycle, mainly flow, precipitation and vegetation cover influence the availability of water. The watershed is the appropriate geographic unit for environmental and hydrological studies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing, helping to carry out hydrological studies, making it easier to obtain, organize, and analyze data. The objective of this research was to characterize the main environmental aspects and analyze the relation among flow rate, rainfall, and the vegetation cover variables, estimated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), for the sub-basins of the Jacaré-Pepira and Jaú rivers (SP). It was also possible to check the viability to use NDVI to manage the environmental conditions of watershed. These results indicated that the average and minimum flows are the variables that showed the highest correlation with the NDVI in both areas. In the dry standard years, the correlation between the IVDN and the flow were more evident. This situation showed that greater intensities of vegetal cover intensify the infiltration and reduce the surface runoff, offering a greater availability of water for the local socio-environmental processes. The dynamics of land use in Jacaré-Pepira was less intense and characterized mainly by pasture and silviculture that do not require short crop cycles. While in Jaú the dynamics were more intense, mainly to the influence of sugarcane cultivation, which presents short crop cycles. The variables precipitation and NDVI showed spatial dependence in the Jacaré-Pepira, while in Jaú the dependence was not present. This situation evidenced that the rainfall spatial distribution demonstrated by the coefficient of variation promotes greater impacts in areas where the dynamics of land use is more intense. This situation occurs because the suppressed vegetation in the harvest, by the anthropic action, is not influenced directly by the rains, reducing the spatial dependence of these two variables. The NDVI can be considered an important indicator of the local hydrological environmental situation and subsidize the environmental management of watersheds. It is important for the management of surface water resources, showing how land use and its consequent impact on vegetation cover can influence flow rate, and interfere in the accessibility of surface water to society.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de procedimentos analíticos baseados na análise em fluxo com multicomutação, acoplada à detecção por fluorescência, espectrofotometria com longo caminho óptico ou quimiluminescência em guias de ondas (LCW), para a determinação de poluentes ambientais. Os procedimentos desenvolvidos atendem aos requisitos de sensibilidade e limite de detecção impostos pela legislação ambiental vigente e as características analíticas encontram-se em concordância com as tendências atuais de redução do consumo de amostras e reagentes, da geração de resíduos e de custo, apresentando alta freqüência de amostragem e operação simples. Os módulos de análises desenvolvidos são compactos, podendo ser adaptados para o monitoramento in situ. Com o acoplamento da cela LCW de 100 cm de caminho óptico a sistemas de análises por injeção em fluxo e monossegmentado, para medidas por turbidimetria e espectrofotometria, foi observada significativa melhora nos limites de detecção e sensibilidade. Discrepâncias entre o aumento de sensibilidade verificado e previsto pela lei de Beer têm relação com diferenças de dispersão em celas de 1 e 100 cm. Para a determinação espectrofotométrica de paraquat, foi desenvolvido um módulo de análises com micro-bombas solenóides. Ácido dehidroascórbico foi empregado como reagente, sendo a solução estável por uma semana. Resposta linear foi observada de 0,1 a 5,0 mg L1, r=0,997, com limite de detecção, coeficiente de variação e freqüência de amostragem estimados em 22 µg L-1, 1,0% (n=10) e 63 h-1, respectivamente. Os resultados para amostras de águas foram concordantes com o procedimento de referência (95% de confiança). Para a determinação fluorimétrica de cianeto dissociável em ácidos, foi desenvolvido um módulo de análises com válvulas solenóides, explorando a reação com oftalaldeído e glicina. Sensibilidade 2 vezes maior foi observada com a retenção da zona de amostra por 60 s, com resposta linear entre 1 e 200 µg L-1, r=0,999. O coeficiente de variação, limite de detecção e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 1,4% (n=10), 0,5 µg L-1 e 22 h-1, respectivamente. Com prévia etapa de separação por difusão gasosa, o procedimento foi aplicado em amostras de águas naturais, sendo os resultados concordantes com o procedimento de referência ao nível de confiança de 95%. Para a especiação redox de cromo, os procedimentos analíticos foram baseados em sistemas de análises em fluxo com micro-bombas solenóides. O Cr(VI) foi determinado por espectrofotometria de longo caminho óptico com difenilcarbazida. Resposta linear foi observada entre 2 e 40 g L-1, r=0,973. O limite de detecção, coeficiente de variação e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 1,8 µg L-1, 0,6% (n=10) e 55 h-1, respectivamente. Quimiluminescência foi utilizada para determinar Cr(III), com resposta linear observada entre 2 e 50 µg L-1, com r=0,999. O limite de detecção, coeficiente de iv variação e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 0,38 µg L-1, 3,3% (n=10) e 50 h-1, respectivamente. Oxidação em linha foi também implementada para a determinação espectrofotométrica de cromo total. Em amostras de águas naturais, os resultados foram concordantes para Cr(VI), mas efeitos de matriz foram observados para Cr(III), aparentemente devido à complexação com sustâncias húmicas. / This work aimed the development of analytical procedures based on flow analysis with multicommutation, coupled to detection by fluorescence, long pathlength spectrophotometry or chemiluminescence in liquid-core waveguides (LCW), for determination of environmental pollutants. The developed procedures are in accordance with the requirements of sensitivity and detection limits of the current environmental legislation and the analytical characteristics are in agreement with current trends as low sample and reagents consumption, low waste generation, high sampling rate, low cost and simple operation. The compact flow systems could be adapted for in situ monitoring. Improvements in detection limit and sensitivity were observed by coupling the 100-cm LCW to flow injection analysis and monosegmented flow analysis for turbidimetric and spectrophotometric measurements. Discrepancies between the experimentally evaluated increase in sensitivity and that estimated by the Beers law are related to differences in sample dispersion with 1 and 100 cm flow cells. A multicommuted flow-system with solenoid micro-pumps was used for the spectrophotometric determination of paraquat. The reducing reagent, dehydroascorbic acid, was stable for at least one week. Linear response was observed from 0.1 to 5.0 mg L-1, with r=0.997 and detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate estimated as 22 µg L-1, 1.0% (n=10) and 63 h-1, respectively. The procedure was applied for paraquat determination in water samples, yielding results in agreement with the reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. For the fluorimetric determination of Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide, a multicommuted flow system was development with solenoid valves, exploiting the reaction with o-phthalaldehyde and glycine. A two-fold higher sensitivity was observed with a 60-s stopped-flow interval, with linear response between 1 and 200 µg L-1, r=0.999. The coefficient of variation, detection limit and sampling rate were estimated as 1.4% (n=10), 0.5 µg L-1 and 22 h-1, respectively. After separation by gas diffusion, the procedure was applied to the analysis of natural water samples, with results in agreement with the reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. For redox chromium speciation, the procedures were based on a multicommuted flow system with solenoid micro-pumps. The determination of Cr(VI) was performed by long pathlength spectrophotometrywith diphenylcarbazide. Linear response was observed between 2 and 40 g L-1, r=0.973. The detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were estimated as 1.7 g L-1, 0.6% (n=10) and 55 h-1, respectively. Chemiluminescence was used to determine Cr(III), being the linear response observed between 2 and 50 µg L-1, with r=0.999. The detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were estimated as 0.38 µg L-1, 3.3% (n=10) and 50 h-1, respectively. On-line oxidation was also implemented for the determination of total chromium. In natural water samples, results were consistent for Cr(VI), but matrix vi effects were observed in Cr(III) determination, apparently in view of complexation with humic substances.

Förtätning av städer kan ses som det rådande idealet i dagens stadsutveckling. Att låta staden växa inåt anses ge sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska fördelar gällande hållbar utveckling. Med tätare bebyggelse och ökad population inom ett område minskar avstånden till stadens aktiviteter och flera invånare för möjlighet att ta del av viktiga funktioner. I bland annat Stockholm finns en vilja att bygga tätt, både horisontellt och vertikalt. Samtidigt bidrar högre bebyggelse och kortare avstånd mellan huskroppar till att tillgången till dagsljus kan bli svårare att tillgodose för stadens invånare. Dagsljus har i forskning visat sig vara nyttigt för människors hälsa och välbefinnande och den omfattande förtätningen som sker i städer kan således ha en negativ påverkan på detta enligt Boverket. I det här kandidatarbetet har jag undersökt hur ett samtida stadsbyggnadsprojekt har hanterat direkt sol- och dagsljus i detaljplaneringen. Det visar sig att det finns en medvetenhet om dagsljuset men som inte riktigt lyser fram under hela processen och i den planerade bebyggelsen. Kandidatarbetet är ett analysprojekt där en undersökande del kombineras med en analyserande del vilket kulminerar i ett exempelförslag på utformning av bostadskvarter och ett gestaltningsförslag med hänsyn till direkt solljus och dagsljus. Förslagen kommer baseras på insamlad kunskap och behandla del av stadsutvecklingsprojektet Norra Stationsområdet av Hagastaden i Stockholm.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de procedimentos analíticos baseados na análise em fluxo com multicomutação, acoplada à detecção por fluorescência, espectrofotometria com longo caminho óptico ou quimiluminescência em guias de ondas (LCW), para a determinação de poluentes ambientais. Os procedimentos desenvolvidos atendem aos requisitos de sensibilidade e limite de detecção impostos pela legislação ambiental vigente e as características analíticas encontram-se em concordância com as tendências atuais de redução do consumo de amostras e reagentes, da geração de resíduos e de custo, apresentando alta freqüência de amostragem e operação simples. Os módulos de análises desenvolvidos são compactos, podendo ser adaptados para o monitoramento in situ. Com o acoplamento da cela LCW de 100 cm de caminho óptico a sistemas de análises por injeção em fluxo e monossegmentado, para medidas por turbidimetria e espectrofotometria, foi observada significativa melhora nos limites de detecção e sensibilidade. Discrepâncias entre o aumento de sensibilidade verificado e previsto pela lei de Beer têm relação com diferenças de dispersão em celas de 1 e 100 cm. Para a determinação espectrofotométrica de paraquat, foi desenvolvido um módulo de análises com micro-bombas solenóides. Ácido dehidroascórbico foi empregado como reagente, sendo a solução estável por uma semana. Resposta linear foi observada de 0,1 a 5,0 mg L1, r=0,997, com limite de detecção, coeficiente de variação e freqüência de amostragem estimados em 22 µg L-1, 1,0% (n=10) e 63 h-1, respectivamente. Os resultados para amostras de águas foram concordantes com o procedimento de referência (95% de confiança). Para a determinação fluorimétrica de cianeto dissociável em ácidos, foi desenvolvido um módulo de análises com válvulas solenóides, explorando a reação com oftalaldeído e glicina. Sensibilidade 2 vezes maior foi observada com a retenção da zona de amostra por 60 s, com resposta linear entre 1 e 200 µg L-1, r=0,999. O coeficiente de variação, limite de detecção e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 1,4% (n=10), 0,5 µg L-1 e 22 h-1, respectivamente. Com prévia etapa de separação por difusão gasosa, o procedimento foi aplicado em amostras de águas naturais, sendo os resultados concordantes com o procedimento de referência ao nível de confiança de 95%. Para a especiação redox de cromo, os procedimentos analíticos foram baseados em sistemas de análises em fluxo com micro-bombas solenóides. O Cr(VI) foi determinado por espectrofotometria de longo caminho óptico com difenilcarbazida. Resposta linear foi observada entre 2 e 40 g L-1, r=0,973. O limite de detecção, coeficiente de variação e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 1,8 µg L-1, 0,6% (n=10) e 55 h-1, respectivamente. Quimiluminescência foi utilizada para determinar Cr(III), com resposta linear observada entre 2 e 50 µg L-1, com r=0,999. O limite de detecção, coeficiente de iv variação e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 0,38 µg L-1, 3,3% (n=10) e 50 h-1, respectivamente. Oxidação em linha foi também implementada para a determinação espectrofotométrica de cromo total. Em amostras de águas naturais, os resultados foram concordantes para Cr(VI), mas efeitos de matriz foram observados para Cr(III), aparentemente devido à complexação com sustâncias húmicas. / This work aimed the development of analytical procedures based on flow analysis with multicommutation, coupled to detection by fluorescence, long pathlength spectrophotometry or chemiluminescence in liquid-core waveguides (LCW), for determination of environmental pollutants. The developed procedures are in accordance with the requirements of sensitivity and detection limits of the current environmental legislation and the analytical characteristics are in agreement with current trends as low sample and reagents consumption, low waste generation, high sampling rate, low cost and simple operation. The compact flow systems could be adapted for in situ monitoring. Improvements in detection limit and sensitivity were observed by coupling the 100-cm LCW to flow injection analysis and monosegmented flow analysis for turbidimetric and spectrophotometric measurements. Discrepancies between the experimentally evaluated increase in sensitivity and that estimated by the Beers law are related to differences in sample dispersion with 1 and 100 cm flow cells. A multicommuted flow-system with solenoid micro-pumps was used for the spectrophotometric determination of paraquat. The reducing reagent, dehydroascorbic acid, was stable for at least one week. Linear response was observed from 0.1 to 5.0 mg L-1, with r=0.997 and detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate estimated as 22 µg L-1, 1.0% (n=10) and 63 h-1, respectively. The procedure was applied for paraquat determination in water samples, yielding results in agreement with the reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. For the fluorimetric determination of Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide, a multicommuted flow system was development with solenoid valves, exploiting the reaction with o-phthalaldehyde and glycine. A two-fold higher sensitivity was observed with a 60-s stopped-flow interval, with linear response between 1 and 200 µg L-1, r=0.999. The coefficient of variation, detection limit and sampling rate were estimated as 1.4% (n=10), 0.5 µg L-1 and 22 h-1, respectively. After separation by gas diffusion, the procedure was applied to the analysis of natural water samples, with results in agreement with the reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. For redox chromium speciation, the procedures were based on a multicommuted flow system with solenoid micro-pumps. The determination of Cr(VI) was performed by long pathlength spectrophotometrywith diphenylcarbazide. Linear response was observed between 2 and 40 g L-1, r=0.973. The detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were estimated as 1.7 g L-1, 0.6% (n=10) and 55 h-1, respectively. Chemiluminescence was used to determine Cr(III), being the linear response observed between 2 and 50 µg L-1, with r=0.999. The detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were estimated as 0.38 µg L-1, 3.3% (n=10) and 50 h-1, respectively. On-line oxidation was also implemented for the determination of total chromium. In natural water samples, results were consistent for Cr(VI), but matrix vi effects were observed in Cr(III) determination, apparently in view of complexation with humic substances.

The results from this study show that it is possible to obtain data series on the steel scrap collection based on mass balance model on the crude steel production figures by steelmaking reactor type and additional knowledge on process metallurgy as well as information on inputs and outputs into the reactors with an area correlation coefficient of 0,91 compared to data obtained from trade statistics. Furthermore, the study shows that based on a new method it is possible to calculate the time duration of mass flows on a continuous basis. Furthermore, two complementary statistical dynamic material flow models that can be used to calculate the societal recycling rates of steel was constructed. These statistical models contribute to a standardized way of obtaining consistent results. The new models are able to segregate the non-recirculated amounts of steel into the hibernating steel stock available for future collection from the amounts of losses based on statistics. The results show that it is possible to calculate the amounts of steel scrap available for steelmaking at a given point in time. In addition, based on the new models it is possible to calculate recycling trends in society. Also, the models are able to calculate robust forecasts on the long-term availability of steel scrap, and test if forecast demand of steel scrap exceeds a full recovery. This due to that the steel scrap generation is a function of the collection rate of steel scrap. Also, a method for obtaining representative samplings on the alloy content in steel scrap called random sampling analysis (RSA) was developed. The results from the RSA show that it is possible to optimize the recovery of valuable elements in the production process of steelmaking based on the information on the composition of steel scrap. / <p>QC 20151020</p>

I have organized this paper into four chapters: "The Environmental Situation," "Space and Place," "Art and the Natural Environment," and "Creating Work of My Own." Chapter 1 explains human beings' intrinsic interconnection to the natural environment, outlining why humans should be concerned about the current degraded state of the natural world. Chapter 2 discusses the concepts of space and place. It analyzes how human beings interact with and experience spaces, developing their sense of place - within physical, theoretical, and spiritual realms. It finally illustrates the importance that spaces and places have in humans' lives. Chapter 3 describes the Land Art phenomenon: its development, the different forms within it, and artists producing Land Artworks. The forms and artists included are those that have been inspirational for the development of my own work. It also emphasizes Land Art as a fundamental form for improving humans' relationship with the natural environment and the new realm of eco-feminism that resonates with Land Art ideals. Chapter 4 recounts the development of my art throughout my college career. It describes my work as site-specific, sculptural installations that use natural materials. It also states why this format is the most effective for my senior art thesis project. Focusing mainly on "Ecological Reawakening: organic DNA," it explains the mentality in designing, creating, installing, and completing the work. Overall, Chapter 4 emphasizes the work's two main goals: to demonstrate a new avenue for comprehending humankind's place within earth's environmental spaces, and to advocate for an environmental paradigm shift during the twenty-first century. Finally, Chapter 5 describes the transformation of "Ecological Reawakening: organic DNA" as it developed over time during the spring honors senior thesis course. It details my mentalities in adding living plant matter to the structure, incorporating a stool into the piece, and creating "Evolution," the digital photography composition that documents "Ecological Reawakening" and was included in the Scripps Senior Art Exhibition in the Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery from May 1 – May 17, 2009.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur hållbarhetsbegreppet operationaliseras inom svensk planering. Hållbarhetsbegreppet är idag frekvent använt inom den fysiska planeringen genom olika policy- och visionsdokument. Samtidigt är hållbarhet ett diffust och komplext begrepp som saknar en entydig definition och definieras olika från person till person och organisation till organisation. Hur ska då kommuner förhålla sig till och använda hållbarhetsbegreppet i vägledande och styrande dokument? För att möjliggöra en undersökning av de komplexa sammanhang som omger hållbarhetsbegreppet bygger denna studie på en fallstudie av Stockholms stad där kommunala strategiska plandokument har undersökts för att se hur hållbarhetsbegreppet används. Detta genomfördes genom att dokumenten analyserades utifrån faktorer och indikatorer som identifierades ur studiens teoretiska ramverk. De faktorer dokumenten analyserades utifrån fokuserade huvudsakligen på hur hållbarhetsbegreppet operationaliserades genom dokumentet. Detta innebär hur begreppet definieras, vilka visioner och målformuleringar som presenteras, vilka utmaningar som presenteras, hur hållbarhet ska uppnås, genom vilka strategier och åtgärder samt hur dessa motiveras. Resultatet visade att hållbarhetsbegreppet är ett svårt begrepp att hantera men att det inom Stockholms stad har gjorts försök till att etablera en konsekvent operationalisering av hållbarhetsbegreppet men att detta i praktiken har fallerat. Detta visar sig genom en problematik i att översätta övergripande hållbarhetsvisioner till konkreta och applicerbara åtgärder. Detta på grund av begreppets komplexa karaktär samt att det har använts inkonsekvent mellan de olika dokumenten som analyserats. Det gick även att utläsa tendenser till att Stockholms stad använder hållbarhetsbegreppets diffusa karaktär för att förankra önskvärda planeringsprinciper. Detta då det föreslås åtgärder med hållbarhetsplanering som motivering utan att en tydlig förankring presenteras.

Digitaliseringen av samhället är igång och Sveriges regering har satt som mål att Sverige ska vara i spetsen för utveckling och innovation inom området. Efterfrågan på digitala lösningar är stor bland befolkningen och satsningar görs i de flesta branscher. Inom ämnesområdet fysisk planering innebär detta bland annat att nya tekniska lösningar bör utforskas för att hålla jämna steg med de krav som ställs på samtidens och framtidens medborgardeltagande. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka virtual reality-teknikens potential i kommunal fysisk planering och hur den kan tillämpas. Med utgångspunkt i Jan Gehls ”12 kvalitetskriterier för offentliga platser” analyserades fallet Nättraby centrum i Karlskrona kommun som vidare mynnade ut i en redovisning av process samt arbetsmetodik för arbete med VR i kommunal planering. Gehls metod applicerades sedan på den virtuella miljön genom att tjänstemän på Karlskrona kommun fick utvärdera projektet. Syftet med appliceringen av analysmetoden var att belysa styrkor och svagheter med tekniken för att genom intervju med tjänstemän kunna diskutera vilka situationer den är tillämpbar samt hur planförslag bör visualiseras för att uppnå kommunens syfte med tekniken. Resultatet av uppsatsen visade att analysmetoden ”12 kvalitetskriterier för offentliga platser” var tillämpbar i en virtuell miljö men att vissa kriterier var lättare att bedöma än andra. De kriterier som ansågs lätta att bedöma i den fysiska miljön var relaterat till skala, rumslighet och relation mellan volymer. De kriterier som ansågs svåra var relaterade till faktisk rörelse på platsen och sinnesupplevelser som inte var representerade (ljud och känsel), men de behövde inte nödvändigtvis inkluderas i simuleringen för att yrkesverksamma planeringsarkitekter skulle kunna bedöma. Vid utformandet av planförslag i VR ansågs det vara extra viktigt att kommunicera förslagets föränderlighet till medborgare samt att diskutera och kunna motivera förslagets detaljeringsgrad baserat på förslagets kommunikationssyfte. / The process of digitalizing our society is in full swing and the Swedish government has set its sight on Sweden being the spearhead of development and innovation in the field. There is great demand for digital solutions among Swedish citizens and most branches of industry are making investments to answer it. What this means for spatial planning is, among other things, that new technical solutions should be explored to keep up with citizens demands regarding participatory planning today and in the future. The purpose of this thesis has been to explore virtual reality technology’s potential and application in municipalities spatial planning. With point of departure in Jan Gehl’s “12 quality criteria for public space” a case study was performed on Nättraby center in Karlskrona municipality. This was followed by a plan proposal constructed in 3D with a documented design process and work methodology for working with VR in spatial planning. Gehl’s method was then applied in the virtual environment where officials from Karlskrona municipality evaluated the plan proposal. The purpose of the method for analyzing public space was to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the technology to create a discussion with officials from Karlskrona municipality, through an interview, about where VR is best used and how spatial planning proposals should be visualized to fulfill the municipality’s intent with using the technology. The results showed that the analysis method “12 quality criteria for public space” proved to be applicable in a virtual environment, but some of the criteria were easier to evaluate than others. Criteria related to scale, space and relation between volumes deemed easiest to evaluate. Criteria related to actual movement and senses that were not simulated like sound and touch were deemed harder to evaluate, but their lack of representation did not hinder the planning officials to evaluate the criteria. In the design of planning proposals for VR the officials emphasized the need to communicate to its citizens that the proposal was changeable and discuss the importance of the relation between level of detail and the proposals communicative intent.

För att driva på utvecklingen mot energieffektivare byggnader sattes målet från EU att alla byggnader som uppförs efter den 1 januari 2021 ska vara klassade som nära-nollenergi hus. Följden av denna målsättning förväntas komma som skärpta energikrav 2020 och byggföretagen som projekterar byggnaderna står nu inför en förändring. Studien görs på uppdrag av Sweco Architects AB i Umeå med syftet att ta reda på vilka effekter kommande kravändringar har på ett av deras projekterade flerbostadshus. Vidare är syftet att ge en bredare syn på vilka effekter energikraven som presenteras 2020 har för projektering av flerbostadshus i Umeå. Målet med rapporten är att ta fram ett primärenergital beräknat med hänsyn till de kommande ändringarna, samt att undersöka hur mycket ett flerbostadshus primärenergital påverkas av de kommande energikraven. Ytterligare är målet att kunna se hur primärenergitalet påverkas utifrån de kommande ändringarna angående källor för byggnadens värmeproduktion. En referensbyggnad beräknas i energiberäkningsprogrammet BV2 för att sedan kunna jämföra byggnadens energianvändning och genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficient med de gällande samt kommande kraven för NNE-byggnader. Studier görs därefter för att se hur primärenergitalet påverkas av de ändringar som presenteras 2020. Efter beräkning i BV2 fastställdes flerbostadshusets primärenergital till 71,7 kWh/m2 och år samt ett medelvärde på värmegenomgångskoefficienten till 0,288 W/m2K. Dessa klarar och uppfyller de gällande såväl som de kommande kraven. Referensbyggnaden står sig således bra mot de NNE-kraven som träder i kraft 2020. Flera simuleringar på ett flerbostadshus med ett primärenergital på 85 kWh/m2 och år beräknades utifrån kommande värden på primärenergifaktor och geografisk justeringsfaktor och i samtliga fall minskade primärenergitalet med ungefär 12 %. Eftersom att det kommande kravet samtidigt skärps med ungefär 9 % kunde slutsatsen dras att om ett flerbostadshus i Umeå med fjärrvärme som primärkälla, uppfyller dagens krav kommer de även att uppfylla det kommande. Kraven kommer dock att slå hårdare mot byggnader som får sin uppvärmning från biobränslen, gas och olja, men hårdast kommer kraven bli för eluppvärmda hus. / In order to steer development towards more energy efficient buildings, the EU parliament have ruled that all buildings produced after the 1st of January 2021 should be classified as near-zero energy houses. This objective is expected to come as stricter energy performance requirements in 2020, and the companies that design the buildings are now facing a change. This study has been made on behalf of Sweco Architects AB in Umeå with the purpose to evaluate what the effects of the EU directive has on one of their designed multi-family houses. Furthermore, the purpose is to give a broader view on what effects the coming energy performance regulations have on other multi-family houses in Umeå. The aim of the report is to obtain a primary energy number, calculated with regard to the forthcoming changes, as well as to study how much a multi-family house’s primary energy number is affected by the forthcoming energy requirements. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate how the primary energy number is affected by the regulations regarding sources heat production of buildings. A reference building is calculated in the energy calculating software BV2 in order to compare energy use and average heat transfer coefficient to the current as well as the future energy performance requirements for near-zero energy houses. After that, studies are made to see how the primary energy number is affected by the changes taking effect 2020. After calculations in BV2 , a primary energy number of 71.7 kWh/m2 per year was established along with an average heat transfer coefficient of 0.288 W/m2K. These pass and fulfill the current as well as the forthcoming requirement levels, and therefore the reference building is well put-up against the regulations that take effect in 2020. Several simulations of a multi-family house with a primary energy number of 85 kWh/m2 per year were calculated on the basis of future values for primary energy factor and geographical adjustment factor. In all cases the primary energy number decreased with about 12 %. As the forthcoming requirement level reduces with about 9 %, it could be concluded that if a multi-family house in Umeå with central heating fulfills the current regulations, it will fulfill the forthcoming ones as well. However, the regulations will be tougher for electricity-heated buildings followed by buildings that obtain their heating from biofuels, gas or oil.

Purpose: BIM have been criticised as a standalone framework and the believe is that the next step in BIM development is cloud computing. The technology simplify planning of a sustainable construction and hasten the building process through a collaborative friendly information management among different project actors. The implementation of the technology hasn’t been that noticeable since companies are struggling to understanding the technologies contribution. The goal of this research is therefore to investigate the potential of using cloud technology in architects daily work with room finish schedule. Method: To answer the goal of the study, interviews about room finish schedules have been made with five architect companies to collect empirical data. The company's internal documents of room finish schedule have been analysed and the research also makes a literature study and an observation of the cloud service BIMeye. Findings: The study shows that the main differences between an analogue and digital approach are: the link to the model, input of information and management of revisions. The companies have generally a positive attitude towards the technology, but there are doubts about changing their way of working. The cloud service BIMeye meets the companies needs and has great potential to make several tasks, that are considered time consuming in today´s work, more efficient, such as lay-up of rooms, input of information, review of conflicting documents and management of revisions. This mainly through the database's connection to the model and the database's way of managing information more automated. Implications: The conclusion that can be made is that great potential is seen with cloud services as a working method for producing room finish schedules. The transition process to cloud services implies a change of working method but not in the final result. Where cloud services entail additional work in the model to enable a connection to the description, but at the same time contributes to an automatic input of information about rooms. Another change in working method is the ability of cloud services to create parameters that differs from the otherwise analogue paper-work. Revisions in the database get a break through throughout the whole description, in contrast to individual adjustments in the document. Recommendations as a result of the study is to inform companies about the possibilities and impact the technology has on their work. In order to achieve an overall perspective in the industry, new solutions are required so that companies see internal profits with the implementation. Limitations: The result is considered to be applicable to other architect firms since it has appeared from interviews and document analyses that the companies work in similar ways. However, whether the result of the test of BIMeye can be applied to other cloud services is uncertain. The research’s limitation to disregard investment cost has restrict the study as it is a significant factor when implementing new technology. / Syfte: BIM har kritiserats för sitt ensamstående ramverk och nästa steg i BIM utvecklingen anses vara molnteknologin. Tekniken förenklar planering av ett hållbart byggande och påskyndar byggprocessen genom en mer sammarbetsvänlig informationshantering mellan olika projektdeltagare. Implementeringen av tekniken har inte varit så märkbar, detta då företagen har svårt att förstå dess bidrag. Målet med arbetet är därför att undersöka möjligheterna att använda molnteknologin i arkitekters arbete med rumsbeskrivningar. Metod:  För att besvara målet har intervjuer om rumsbeskrivningar gjorts på fem arkitektföretag för att samla in empiri. Företagens interna rumsbeskrivningsdokument har analyserats och i undersökningen görs även en litteraturstudie och en observation av molntjänsten BIMeye. Resultat: Studien visar att de största skillnaderna mellan ett analogt och digitalt tillvägagångsätt är kopplingen till modell, inmatning av information och hantering av revideringar. Företagen har överlag en positiv inställning till tekniken men det finns tveksamheter till att ändra sitt arbetssätt. Molntjänsten BIMeye uppfyller de önskemål som företagen har och har stor potential till att effektivisera flertalet arbetsmoment som anses tidskrävande i dagens arbete, såsom uppläggning av rum, inmatning av information, granskning av motstridiga handlingar och hantering av revideringar. Detta främst genom databasens koppling till modell och databasens sätt att hantera information mer automatiserat. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen är att det finns en stor potential med molntjänster som arbetsmetod vid framtagning av rumsbeskrivningar. Övergångsprocessen till molntjänster innebär förändring av arbetsmetod, men inte i slutresultat. Där molntjänster medför ett merarbete i modellen för att möjliggöra en koppling till beskrivningen, men medför samtidigt automatisk inmatning av information om rum. En annan förändring i arbetsmetod är molntjänsters möjlighet att skapa parametrar som skiljer sig från det annars analoga skrivarbetet. Revideringar i databasen får genomslag i hela beskrivningen, tillskillnad från enskilda justeringar i dokumentet. Rekommendationer till följd av arbetet blir att upplysa företagen om teknikens möjligheter och påverkan på arbetet. För att uppnå ett helhetsperspektiv i branschen behövs nya lösningar så att företagen ser interna vinningar med implementeringen. Begränsningar: Resultatet anses applicerbart på fler arkitektföretag än Krook &amp; Tjäder då det framgått från intervjuer och dokumentanalyser att företagen arbetar på liknande sätt. Däremot huruvida resultatet från testet av BIMeye går att applicera på andra molntjänster är oviss. Arbetets avgränsning till att bortse från investeringskostnader har begränsat arbetet då det är en betydande faktor vid implementering av ny teknik.