Muslims and islam are unquestionably a part of European social life. In recent times, however, different events, such as the enlargement of the EU and the fact that muslims to a higher extent demand their rights, have brought a number of questions to the fore concerning muslims and islam in Europe. Moreover, we can see an increasing level of islamophobia in contemporary Europe, but also that the EU has launched several programs to increase both the diversity and the unity throughout the Union and to combat islamophobia. However, most of these programs focus on islam as religion and muslims in general, and such a narrow viewpoint runs the risk of missing important issues. In this new context it would be interesting to widen the scope and ask what place not only the muslim community and islam, but also sharia (an important element in islam), may have in future Europe – especially when it comes to muslim identity? My main objects are to see how the concept of sharia is constructed in the debates in the European Parliament, how that discourse relates to a social practice – the increasing islamophobic ideas in Europe – and what effect this may have on muslim identity in a European context. The results shows that the Parliament constructs sharia as, for example, something archaic, threatening, inhuman and misogynistic. In that sense, the discourse fits in with the predominant order of discourse regarding islam and muslims (in Europe) – and strengthen it. Though my results are neither absolute nor uniform, they show, persuasively enough, that sharia (as it is seen by the Parliament) is not consistent with and can not be included in or accepted by “European norms and values”. However, this must be said with one reservation: sharia is not always excluded as a whole. Still, it is not difficult to maintain that it is sharia as such that activates the (negative and) excluding connotations. Thus, an “approved” European muslim identity, as it seems, can not have too close connections with sharia, if (any) at all. Moreover, there is a risk that muslims themselves take on a restricting practice concerning their identity. In all, this will to a large extent circumscribe the possible muslim identities in Europe. To form a substantial and really pluralistic diversity in Europe, the EU, and others, must liberate itself from the logic of these discourses. But this is not an easy thing to do. One way that might be profitable, is to challenge the prevailing discourse with new narratives – narratives and voices that for the most part must come from the muslims themselves. Despite the fact that these voices do exist, as has been shown, the question is how and under what circumstances they can be seen – or rather heard. Unfortunately the answer is not to be found in this thesis; the need of further research is obvious.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nf_me_mar.pdf: 613141 bytes, checksum: f189f2544f657ac67b3f9820b3f7dfe1 (MD5) / Nesta dissertação pretendemos fazer um estudo pormenorizado de três pontos essenciais presentes no pensamento de Ernesto Che Guevara: o homem novo, a consciência e o trabalho. Envolvido diretamente em todo o processo de conquista do poder enquanto comandante de uma das colunas guerrilheiras existentes em Sierra Maestra, Che Guevara, a partir da vitória dos insurrectos cubanos em 1959, passou a encarar um novo desafio: como fazer a transição do capitalismo miserável e dependente de Cuba para o socialismo e o comunismo. Utilizando-se de uma base teórica marxista, tentou esboçar uma teoria de um homem novo que, conscientemente e através de uma nova relação com o trabalho, seria capaz de construir uma nova sociedade, não somente com um novo modo de produção, mas, principalmente, com uma nova moral / In this dissertation we intend to introduce a detailed study of three essential points present on the Ernesto Che Guevara‘s thought: the new man, the conscience and the work. Directly involved in the whole process of conquest of power while commandant of a guerrilla warfare column existent at Sierra Maestra, Che Guevara, from the Cuban insurrects victory‘s in 1959 on, has begun to face a new challenge: how to make the transition from the dependent and miserable capitalism of Cuba to the socialism and the communism. Applying a Marxist theoretician base, he tried to sketch a theory about a new man that, consciously and by a new relation with his work, would be capable to build a new society, not only with a new production system, but mainly with a new moral

This thesis investigates the counter-hegemonic formation of Danish-based transnational feminist curatorial collective Kuratorisk Aktion in a single-case study. It serves as a unique example, presenting how the collective engages to overcome the existing gap between curatorial aims and the implementation through curating. Their work and approach is shaped highly by their political mindset, aiming to resist tendencies of depoliticisation, right-wing populism or neoliberalism with the means of curating. Chantal Mouffe’s theory of radical democracy and her deliberations and notions concerning agonisms, citizenship, feminism, counter-hegemonic interventions and activism through art are used in order to contextualise and discuss the possibilities and limitations of the political work by Kuratorisk Aktion. An interview with the collective conducted by scholar Angela Dimitrakaki in 2010 as well as their realised curatorial projects enhanced the argumentation. The analysis exemplified, that over the years Kuratorisk Aktion has developed their personal and exceptional curatorial paradigm, which is able to counteract hegemonic structures. This reveals their radical democratic potential and aspiration through curating and the curatorial.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-01T11:36:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Kamila Lima do Nascimento_Dissertacao.pdf: 2896826 bytes, checksum: aa987a070abf0effa7e783c8b26bc43a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T11:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Kamila Lima do Nascimento_Dissertacao.pdf: 2896826 bytes, checksum: aa987a070abf0effa7e783c8b26bc43a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / O problema da democracia é um dos mais antigos da política e continua a ser central nos dias atuais. Nosso trabalho intenta ser uma contribuição para esta discussão através da análise do desenvolvimento da noção de democracia radical e plural na obra do filósofo argentino Ernesto Laclau, em sua fase pós-estruturalista, que compreende o intervalo entre 1985 e 2014, ano da sua morte. A abordagem teórica do autor vem ganhando destaque no campo das discussões teóricas sobre a democracia e motivado a construção de diversos outros conceitos que tomam por base a radicalidade e a pluralidade propostas em seu projeto. Entretanto, em geral os autores partem da noção construída por Laclau 30 anos atrás como se esta fosse uma fotografia final e desconsideram o seu movimento durante todos esses anos. Nosso trabalho intenta justamente esclarecer os sentidos da noção de democracia radical e plural e mostrar seu desenvolvimento na obra do autor, pois acreditamos que sua compreensão adequada é central para sua utilização no campo de pesquisa. / The problem of democracy is one of the oldest problems in politics and continues to be central today. Our work tries to give a contribution to this discussion by examining the development of the concept of radical and plural democracy in the work of the Argentine philosopher Ernesto Laclau, in his post-structuralist moment, covering the range from 1985 to 2014, the year of his death. The theoretical approach of the author is gaining prominence in the field of theoretical discussions on democracy and motivates the construction of several other concepts based on the radical and the plurality proposals in your project. However, in general, the authors begin with the notion constructed by Laclau 30 years ago as if it were the last photograph, disregarding its movement over the years. Our work tries to clarify precisely the meanings of the notion of radical democracy and to show its development in his works, as we believe its proper understanding as central to its use in the search field.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura / Esta investigación aborda la manifestación del motivo del viaje al Averno en dos novelas argentinas, Adán Buenosayres1 (1948), de Leopoldo Marechal (1900-1970), y Sobre héroes y tumbas2 (1961), de Ernesto Sábato (1911-2011). La parte específica del Adán Buenosayres que se ha elegido corresponde al capítulo III. En él, se relata el viaje nocturno que emprende Adán Buenosayres, protagonista de la obra, en compañía de sus amigos hacia Saavedra, con el fin de asistir al velorio de Juan Robles, personaje que goza de gran admiración entre los criollistas del grupo. En el caso de Sobre héroes y tumbas, se ha seleccionado el "Informe sobre ciegos", especie de crónica de viaje escrita en primera persona con fines "científicos". En él, su autor, Fernando Vidal Olmos, relata su incursión al mundo de la Secta, una siniestra organización internacional conformada por malignos ciegos. Pese a lo disímiles que son entre sí las tramas, los viajes de Adán y Fernando tienen algo en común: la posibilidad de ser interpretados como manifestaciones del motivo del viaje al Averno. Ahora bien, lo que esta investigación persigue no es la mera constatación de un periplo de connotaciones infernales, sino la observación de las particularidades que adquiere el motivo en cuestión en función de la dinámica propia del género novelesco.

La alteración de procesos ecológicos tales como la dinámica de las interacciones biológicas, el ciclado de nutrientes y la dispersión de propágulos por parte de disturbios como el sobrepastoreo, promueve la ocurrencia de invasiones biológicas. En el caso de los pastizales naturales del sistema serrano de Ventania, el sobrepastoreo ha producido el reemplazo de gramíneas palatables por comunidades con alta representatividad de gramíneas no palatables como Nassella trichotoma. Esta especie posee características que explicarían su comportamiento invasor, por ejemplo: evitación del pastoreo, tolerancia a la defoliación a través de la elaboración de una alta densidad de macollos, alta producción y frecuencia de semillas en el banco del suelo, entre otros. A pesar de lo mencionado, el conocimiento sobre cómo los procesos ecológicos vinculados a los atributos de N. trichotoma intervienen en el incremento de su representatividad en su rango de hábitats de origen es incierto. Por tanto, el objetivo general de esta tesis es contribuir al entendimiento del proceso de invasión de N. trichotoma en el pastizal serrano del Sistema de Ventania a través del análisis de las características y requerimientos de esta especie en los distintos estadios de su ciclo de vida. Los objetivos específicos de esta tesis fueron (1) cuantificar y describir el patrón de distribución espacial de N. trichotoma en el banco de semillas del suelo en áreas con diferente abundancia de la especie, (2) evaluar el reclutamiento de plántulas de N. trichotoma y de una gramínea palatable en parches de vegetación dominados por una u otra especie y bajo distintas intensidades de defoliación, (3) determinar las relaciones de competencia entre N. trichotoma y especies palatables del pastizal serrano bajo distintos niveles de intensidad y selectividad de defoliaciones (mecanismo de competencia), (4) evaluar la productividad de biomasa aérea de N. trichotoma bajo distintos niveles de intensidad de defoliación (mecanismo de tolerancia), y (5) determinar la variación temporal en la concentración de proteína y de fibra en los tejidos foliares de N. trichotoma en plantas sometidas a distintos niveles de defoliación. La metodología utilizada comprendió muestreos de banco de semillas, siembra de semillas, estudios de competencia mediada por la defoliación y análisis de calidad nutritiva de las muestras. La densidad de semillas en el banco del suelo fue relativamente elevada a todos los niveles de abundancia estudiados. El reclutamiento de N. trichotoma fue mayor en micrositios con bajos niveles de competencia aérea en comparación con una especie palatable. Al mismo tiempo, N. trichotoma presentó un cierto grado de tolerancia a la defoliación y, contrario a lo postulado, la defoliación selectiva sobre gramíneas palatables creciendo en competencia aparente con N. trichotoma no parecería beneficiar a esta última en la competencia interespecífica. Por último, los resultados no apoyaron la hipótesis que el disturbio por defoliación mejora la calidad de N. trichotoma, al menos a las intensidades de defoliación aplicadas en el presente estudio. Los resultados obtenidos aportan evidencia a que N. trichotoma presenta mecanismos ecológicos que le otorgarían a la misma un carácter invasor y atributos de especie estrés/disturbio tolerante. / The alteration of ecological processes such as dynamics of biological interactions, nutrient cycling and propagule dispersal by disturbances such as overgrazing, promotes the occurrence of biological invasions. In the case of natural grasslands of the Ventania mountain system, overgrazing has led to the replacement of palatable grasses by communities with high representativity of non-palatable grasses such as Nassella trichotoma. This species has characteristics that may explain its invasive behavior, for instance: grazing avoidance mechanism, certain degree of tolerance to defoliation relaying on the elaboration of a high density of tillers, high production and frequency of seeds in the soil seed bank, among others. In spite of the aforementioned, information about how ecological processes linked to attributes of N. trichotoma intervene in increasing their representativeness in its region of origin is lacking. The specific objectives of this thesis were (1) to quantify and describe the spatial distribution pattern of N. trichotoma propagule density in the soil seed bank in areas with different species abundance in the established vegetation, (2) to evaluate the recruitment of seedlings of N. trichotoma and a palatable grass species in microsites located in patches of vegetation dominated by one or another species and under different intensities of defoliation, (3) to determine the competition relationships between N. trichotoma and a palatable species under different levels of intensity and selectivity of defoliation (competition mechanism), (4) to evaluate the standing biomass productivity of N. trichotoma under different levels of defoliation intensity (tolerance mechanism), and (5) to determine the temporal variation of physicochemical quality of foliar tissue of N. trichotoma under different intensities of defoliation. The methodology included seed bank sampling, seed sowing, competition studies mediated by defoliation and nutritional quality analysis of the samples. Seed density in the soil bank was relatively high at all abundance levels. The recruitment of N. trichotoma was higher at microsites with low levels of aerial competition in comparison to the palatable species. At the same time, N. trichotoma presented a certain degree of tolerance to defoliation and, contrary to expectations, selective defoliation on palatable grasses growing in apparent competition with N. trichotoma did not benefit the latter in interspecific competition. Finally, the results did not support the hypothesis that defoliation increases the chemical quality of N. trichotoma, at least at the intensities of defoliation applied in the present study. The results obtained provide evidence that N. trichotoma presents ecological mechanisms that may explain its invasive character and attributes of a stress/tolerant species.

La presente tesis expone a Kilisani, novela del autor puneño Ernesto More, como un texto ficcional que se construye a partir de la interacción conflictiva de lo moderno y lo tradicional. Ambas ideologías se interrelacionan y componen en un mundo posible donde lo foráneo y lo autóctono dialogan constantemente. Producto de ello, el narrador-personaje de la novela reproduce dichos acontecimientos mediante acciones y pensamientos que favorecen a lo moderno y minimizan a lo tradicional. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo se plantea determinados objetivos. En primer lugar, el estudio evalúa la perspectiva moderna, establecida principalmente por la lógica de progreso, y su inmersión en la subjetividad del narrador-personaje. En segundo lugar, la investigación evidencia los mecanismos sociales de carácter tradicional: tradicionalidad, sujeto tradicional e historicidad propia, los cuales se refractan en la novela de Ernesto More. En tercer lugar, el análisis literario evidencia la operatividad de la idea de raza, desarrollada por la colonialidad del poder, como factor social determinante para deslegitimar a la ideología andina representada en el mundo posible de Kilisani. En tal sentido, es indispensable utilizar tres fuentes teóricas para su interpretación literaria: Colonialidad del poder, modernidad y tradición. De esta manera, se logra visualizar que el narrador-personaje de la novela está regido por los patrones sociales de la modernidad, firmemente ligados al pensamiento Colonial, los cuales desarrollan argumentos que subyugan cualquier tipo de presencia relacionado al mundo tradicional. / Tesis

Before the regulation of opium as a “narcotic” in Sweden in 1923, opium was not regulated for its intoxicating properties and was freely available. But not in any kind of shop. Opium was legally available only through the pharmacies. This thesis explores how this free availability of a narcotic was understood by its traders, the pharmacists. The title of this thesis – The Value of Poison – indicates how opium could be conceptualized both as a safe, everyday remedy essential to keep freely available and as a drug of intoxication. As a poison it could be articulated as a matter of primarily pharmacological, not moral or medical, concern. This also gave the pharmacists, with their special knowledge of pharmaka (drugs, poisons), an autonomous space of knowledge free from the ever more intruding “medical gaze”. But, in order to articulate this kind of understanding of opium, another kind of knowledge was needed to be acknowledged: that of the user. In this articulation a “sensus communis” was tied in with a broader cultural knowledge of drugs. Problems with opium were focused on the danger of acute poisoning, not recreational intoxication. Concepts that could have problematized this kind of use were rearticulated as problems either of illegitimate trade, unregulated markets and advertising or of draconian regulation by greedy or sloppy doctors. These rather opposite elements were made equivalent through the articulation of ignorance in both cases, thus further emphasizing the special knowledge of the pharmacist. The thesis locates a process of contradiction that contributes to the eventual diminishing of the discourse of poison towards the end of the period. The pharmaceutical knowledge that guaranteed the discourse was based on a “pharmaceutical gaze” on pharmaka. It pierced through the drug to identify its constituent parts. In this process it was promised that the different effects of opium would be separated. “Narcotic” could be a by-product, to be discarded or controlled, without dispensing of other therapeutic effects. With this ever deeper knowledge of opium, knowledge in the pharmacies was made insufficient for the full understanding or opium, and so too was that of the traditional user. The era of opium as a poison was over. / Före den första särlagstiftningen om narkotika i Sverige 1923 reglerades inte opiumets rusgivande egenskaper. Drogen var fritt tillgänglig i handeln. Men inte i vilken butik som helst. Opium kunde bara köpas lagligt på landets apotek. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur denna fria tillgänglighet av narkotika förstods av droghandlarna själva, apotekarna. Titeln pekar på hur opium på en och samma gång kunde tänkas som en säker husmedicin vars tillgänglighet var avgörande för folkhälsan och som en rusgivande drog. Som ”gift” artikulerades det som en i första hand farmakologisk angelägenhet, inte en moralisk eller medicinsk. När de talade på detta sätt upprättade apotekarna, genom sin särskilda kunskap om farmaka, ett eget rum för sitt vetande, fritt från läkarnas allt mer genomträngande ”kliniska blick”. Men för att kunna artikulera denna förståelse av opium krävdes också att en annan typ av kunskap vidkändes: brukarens. Genom denna artikulation knöts brukarnas ”sensus communis” samman med en bredare kulturell kunskap om droger. De av opiumets problem som lyftes fram handlade om akut förgiftning, inte rekreationellt rusbruk. De begrepp som hade varit möjliga att användas för att problematisera denna senare form av bruk reartikulerades: antingen förpassades de till den olagliga handeln, de oreglerade marknaderna och reklamen, eller också till de drakoniska regleringarna som giriga och slarviga läkare stod bakom. Apotekarna artikulerade dessa båda helt motstående element som ekvivalenta genom en brist på kunskap, vilket i sin tur ytterligare stärkte deras egen kunskapsmakt. Avhandlingen lokaliserar även en processande motsägelse som sker när giftets diskurs tynar bort vid slutet av den undersökta perioden. Den farmaceutiska kunskap som underbyggde diskursen vilade på en ”farmaceutisk blick” på farmaka. Denna genomborrade drogämnet för att avslöja dess beståndsdelar. Genom denna process utlovades att opiumets olika effekter skulle kunna skiljas från varandra. ”Narkotikan” kunde ses som en bieffekt, som kunde kastas åt sidan eller kontrolleras separat, utan att opiumets kvarvarande terapeutiska effekter minskade. Denna allt djupare kunskap medförde att de enskilda apotekarnas eget vetande på apoteken inte räckte till för att fullt ut förstå opium, och därmed bröts även samartikulationen med brukarnas kunskap. Tidseran när opium var ett gift tog därmed slut under mellankrigsperioden.

In this essay I try to find out how the local political climate in the Swedish Municipal Örebro looks like through the eyes of Michel Foucault. I’ve been focusing on the concept power, knowledge and politic. I’ve been applying the discourse theory on the study and the founder of that theory is Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau, the discoursetheory is a refinement of Foucaults thoughts about discourse. The object of study is the Mayor of Örebro, Staffan Werme and the position connected to that post. I’ve used the method “shadowing”, and I’ve been following the Mayor in every physical room that he appears in for nearly two weeks. The aim is too see which subject-position that the Mayor ascribes to in those different rooms, and also how the concept of power is used.

1 Abstract A Group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro has been struggling to overthrow the Cuban President Fulgencio Batista since the half of 1950s. After they succeeded on New Year's Eve 1959 the Revolutionary Cuban Government changed strategy in all aspects of the state administration. One of the most visible change happened in the sector of foreign policy. Cuba began to act not only as a sovereign country in relation to the neighbouring states which led to the conflict with the United States, but also began to actively export her model of revolution. The main initiators in this turn were Ernesto "Che" Guevara and Fidel Castro. The first region where Havana attempted to export the revolution was Latin America. Nevertheless, all attempts failed during 1960s. At the same time, the process of decolonisation in Africa visited by Guevara in the middle of 1959 was in progress. In Egypt, he established his first contacts with revolutionary leaders and subsequently informed Havana about the situation. The socialist character of a number of revolutionary movements was close to Cubans, so they started to widen relationship with them. First aid to Africa was sent by Cuban government at the end of 1961 to Algeria which fought for independence on France since 1954. Strengthening of relations between Havana and...