In the early 2010s, competitive market logic was introduced into healthcare systems so as to achieve rapid improvements. This took place as improvement policies began to emphasize the notion of collaboration as a method of ensuring patient safety across organizational boundaries. This thesis addresses how staff, in their practical improvement work, balance economic values, on the one hand, against meaningful solutions for the patient, on the other. The research interest focuses on the particular interpretations about improvements that emerge in negotiations about change. These interpretations are foundational to the learning that simultaneously takes place. The aim of the thesis is to analyse and explain the pedagogical conditions that take place in improvement practices in a healthcare system in the 2010s. The thesis takes its theoretical point of departure in a pedagogical theory that describes how contextual conditions influence learning processes in a specific practice where communication is foundational for learning. The thesis uses critical discourse analysis as a methodological point of departure and builds on a model of improvement work, namely, the clinical microsystem. The first study consists of a literature review of the microsystem framework. Subsequently, three case studies were conducted at Jönköping county council, Sweden. Discussions of improvements at clinical meetings and improvement coaches’ reflections over their pedagogical approaches provide the empirical data for the case studies. The findings show that market logic gives rise to a number of displacement effects with respect to learning processes. Short-term profits are shown to supersede goals of a more profound development of knowledge. The composition of an improvement practice is of critical importance to the nature of the negotiation that takes place, and thus how the practice comes to successfully challenge things that are taken for granted and the power structures that exist within the practice. Improvement coaches themselves become pedagogical prerequisites under the influence of the prevailing conditions, as they promote different learning organizations. This thesis develops the conceptual framework that is instantiated by the clinical microsystem, and it also contributes to the social constructionist field of improvement science by establishing pedagogical and discursive perspectives on improvement and change. / Bridging the Gaps

The purpose of this paper is to create an understanding of the negotiation process behind the decision of who will stay at home with a sick child and to develop the knowledge of the mechanisms considered to affect the negotiation process, in particular, the mechanisms likely to contribute to an uneven use of care leave. In the study six interviews were conducted with three sets of parents. These interviews were then analysed with Janet Finch’s (1989) definition of negotiation of family responsibilities. The study finds that the negotiation on care leave is a result of the negotiation of the shared view of reality. This image is in turn influenced by a number of institutional aspects such as job design, relative resources, and the couple's ideological points. Previous studies that found that relative resources, converted to salary, affects the distribution greatest. Instead the results of this study points out that the nature of work is most important for how parents divide their care leave. If one parent have work that easier can be pushed forward or to be away from, the latter tend to be the one who stays at home. This arrangement, however, is affected by a number of other factors. For example, the ideas of a fair distribution of care leave counteract this tendency.

Abstract [sv] Titel: Revisorns självförtroende vid förhandling Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Henrik Alvin Rydén. Handledare: Jan Svanberg. Datum: 2015-05 Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva vilka faktorer av transformellt ledarskap, identifikation och förhandlingsbeteende som kan ha ett samband med revisorns upplevda self-efficacy i en förhandlingskontext. Metod: Uppsatsen har ett deduktivt förhållande till teori och utvecklar flera hypoteser som sedan testas. Datainsamlingen sker med hjälp av en enkätundersökning. Urvalet består av 3 300 revisorer i Sverige, auktoriserade och godkända. Analysen av insamlad data sker med hjälp av datorprogrammet SPSS och statistiska metoder som Principalkomponentanalys (PCA), korrelationsanalys och multipel linjär regression. Resultat och slutsats: Distributivt förhandlingsbeteende har ett delvis negativt samband med self-efficacy. Resultaten är dock inte entydiga och ger inte tillräckligt stöd för att motivera ett accepterande av hypotesen. För de övriga hypoteserna finns inget samband i detta urval. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ansträngningar bör göras för att förbättra urvalet med hjälp av slumpmässiga principer istället för det bekvämlighetsurval som används nu. Utöver urvalet kan det även vara på sin plats att titta närmare på ett av de använda måtten. Det råder oklarheter kring validiteten för ett av måtten som mäter transformellt ledarskap. Detta bör i första hand vara nästa steg för att se om resultaten av den här studien även gäller utanför det befintliga urvalet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Det här är en av de första studierna som görs om self-efficacy med revisorn och förhandlingar som utgångspunkter. Den kan därför ses som en studie som kan peka på intressanta områden för fortsatt forskning. / Abstract [en] Title: The auditors self-confidence in negotiation Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Henrik Alvin Rydén Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2015-05 Aim: The main thesis of this study is to describe what the relationship is between a number of factors that might be associated with self-efficacy in negotiation. These factors are transformational leadership, organizational identification, professional identification and distributive and integrative negotiation behavior. Method: The essay has a deductive approach to theory and develops several hypotheses which are then tested. The data collection is done by using questionnaires. The sample is based on 3 300 auditors in Sweden. The analysis of collected data is done using the computer program SPSS and several statistical tools: principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Result & Conclusions: Distributive negotiation behavior has, in part, a negative association with self-efficacy. The results thereby give some support for one the hypothesis even though it is not enough to provide an answer that would lead to an acceptance of the hypothesis. No findings within this sample suggest that the other constructs is associated with self-efficacy. Suggestions for future research: Efforts should be made to improve the sample using random principles instead of the convenience sample used now. In addition to the sample, there is uncertainty about the validity of one of the measurements of transformational leadership. This should primarily be the next step to see if the results from this study also are applicable outside the existing sample. Contribution of the thesis: This is one of the first studies made about self-efficacy with the auditor and negotiations as starting points. For that reason it should be viewed as a study that might point out directions for further investigations within the fields of self-efficacy and auditor and client negotiations.

Informal negotiations "Children´s participation and influence in School-Age Educare centre” Within the activities at a School-Age Educare centre (SAE-centre), there are several formal occasions where the children participate and have influence. These occasions are most often initiated by educators. This study illustrates children’s reasoning about various ways they make use of when trying to extend their influence in their everyday lives at the informal arena at the SAE-centre. The intention was to investigate the strategies and abilities used by children to influence informal situations. The study shows childrens reasoning, how negotiations and decisions can shift levels of participation as formulated in Hart's (1992) participation model. Earlier research shows how democracy is expressed in schools, but above all, how democracy, participation and influence relate to curriculum and the intention to turn children into able citizens of a democracy. This study illustrates children’s reasoning about various ways they make use of when trying to extend their influence in their everyday lives at the informal arena at the SAE-centre. The result exposed four different abilities: the large mass, the benefits of compliance, the ability to see the mood and the skill of spotting the weak link. Impact capital as a concept is inspired by Bourdieu's theories of human capital. It gives a logical picture of children's different ways to get the upper hand in negotiations. / Informella förhandlingar ”Barns delaktighet och inflytande i fritidshem” I fritidshemmets verksamhet finns det flera formella tillfällen där barn är delaktiga och har inflytande. Dessa tillfällen är oftast initierade av pedagogerna. Undersökningen försöker belysa hur barn orienterar sig och påverkar sin vardag i de informella arenorna under fritidshemstiden. Avsikten var att studera vilka strategier och förmågor som används av barnen för att påverka i informella situationer. Undersökningen syftar till att visa hur förhandlingar och beslut kan förskjuta nivåer av delaktighet med Harts (1992) delaktighetsmodell som utgångspunkt. Tidigare forskning visar hur demokrati tar sig i uttryck i skolan, men framför allt hur demokrati, delaktighet och inflytande relaterar till skolans styrdokument och skolans intention att forma barn till goda demokratiska medborgare. Tillvägagångssättet i undersökningen är att låta barn, genom gruppintervjuer, ge oss en insyn i hur de påverkar pedagogers beslut och vilka strategier de använder sig av i förhandlingar med pedagoger. Resultatet exponerade fyra olika påverkanskapital: den stora massan, följsamhetens fördelar, att skåda humör och konsten att se den svaga länken. Påverkanskapital som begrepp är inspirerad av Bourdieus teorier om humankapital. Det ger en logisk bild av barns olika sätt att förhandla till sin egen fördel.

I denna studie analyseras bilderböcker med fokus på hur riskfylld lek och maktrelationer skildras. Analyserna sker med hjälp av narratologiska begrepp. Viktiga begrepp i analysen av bilderböckerna, utöver riskfylld lek, är makt, motstånd och förhandling. Tidigare forskning visar att riskfylld lek är gynnsam för barnens både fysiska och kognitiva utveckling och deras förmåga att bedöma risker. Analysen är en kvalitativ bilderboksanalys med syfte att belysa hur riskfylld lek och barns självständighet gestaltas i bilderböcker för barn i förskoleålder. Det framkom att den riskfyllda leken gestaltas på olika vis i de olika bilderböckerna, men med ett övergripande tema där leken är lustfylld för barnen. I de analyserade bilderböckerna är i vissa fall de vuxna inte närvarande, när de vuxna finns med i berättelserna så har de övergripande ett negativt synsätt kopplat till de risker barnen möter i leken. Att arbeta pedagogiskt med samtal och aktiviteter kring litteratur som gestaltar riskfylld lek kan medföra att representationerna i bilderböckerna samt i de normer barn och pedagoger möter i förskolan skulle kunna ändras för att bättre överensstämma med utbildningsteori och barns egna erfarenheter. Samtalen, med fokus på ämnen som riskfylld lek, makt och delaktighet kopplat till förskolans verksamhet, kan möjliggöra för barn att genom dessa samtal påverka sin egen situation. / This study looks at how “risky play” and children’s independence is portrayed in picture books aimed at children ages 3-6. The picture books are analyzed using narratological concepts, focusing on how power relations are portraited. Some of the key concepts dealt with in the analysis, in addition to risky play, are power, resistance and negotiation. Research shows that risky play in ECEC is important for children to develop not only physically, but also their cognitive development and ability to assess risks. Although it was concluded that risky play is portraited in different ways in the books analyzed, an overarching theme of the play portraited as joyful was identified. In some of the picture books analyzed, adults were absent throughout. When the adults were included in the stories, they generally had a negative view on the potential risk children face in risky play. By working pedagogically in ECEC with conversations and activities around literature that portrays risky play, representations could shift to better align with educational theory and children’s own experience. The conversations, with a focus on topics such as risky play, power and participation connected to the ECEC context, can enable adults and children to, through conversations, give the children the opportunity to influence their own situation in the ECEC settings.

I över ett år har vi levt med en pandemi orsakad av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2. Till följd av kraftig smittspridning har folkhälsomyndigheten rekommenderat hemarbete för alla som har möjlighet till det. Studien har gjorts mitt i pandemin med pågående vaccinationsprogram med syftet att ge en bild över coronapandemins påverkan på kontorsmarknaden i Stockholm. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer har hållits med fastighetsägare och hyresgästrepresentanter för att undersöka dels vilka utmaningar pandemin skapat för fastighetsägare, dels hur efterfrågan på kontorsyta och flexibla avtal sett ut men även hur pandemin påverkat avtalsförhandlingen mellan hyresvärd och hyresgäst. Den tydligaste slutsatsen som kan dras är att pandemin och distansarbetet den medfört har skapat osäkerhet hos företag om det framtidakontorsbehovet där många företag fortfarande håller på att utreda behovet. Under pandemin har man upplevt en lägre efterfrågan på vakanta lokaler än innan pandemin. Hur den framtida efterfrågan kommer se ut är mer osäker och beror på flera olika faktorer. Under pandemin har det förekommit kortsiktiga lösningar exempelvis avtalsförlängningar på ett år på grund av osäkerhet inför framtiden. Avtalsförhandlingar har präglats av ett pragmatiskt förhållningssätt där man i större utsträckning än tidigare arbetat tillsammans för att hitta en lösning. I studien framkommer att pandemin har medfört flera utmaningar för fastighetsägarna främst av ekonomisk och organisatorisk karaktär. / For over a year we have been living with a pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As a result of the widespread infection, the public health authority has recommended remote work for everyone that has the opportunity to do so. The study was conducted in the middle of the pandemic with the aim of providing a picture of the impact of the corona pandemic on the office market in Stockholm. The study has a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews have been held with property owners and tenant representatives to examine what challenges the pandemic has created for property owners, and how the demand for office space and flexible leases looked like, but also how the pandemic affected the contract negotiation between landlord and tenant. One conclusion that can be drawn is that the pandemic has created uncertainty among companies about their future office space needs and many companies are still investigating that. During the pandemic, there has been a lower demand for vacant office space than before the pandemic. What the future demand will look like is more uncertain and depends on several different factors. During the pandemic, there have been short-term solutions, such as lease extensions of one year due to uncertainty about the future. Contract negotiations have been characterized by a pragmatic approach where they have worked together to a greater extent than before to find a solution. The study show that the pandemic has brought several challenges for property owners, mainly of an economic and organizational nature.

The study aims to describe and analyse how case managers reflect and act in the regards to self-determination when caring for residents with dementia diagnosis. Our main questions dealt with how the case managers handle the right to self-determination in relation to the residents’ relatives’ opinions when a person has dementia. To find answers to our questions, we interviewed seven care takers within elderly care in four different municipalitys in the Southern Sweden. We used qualitative interviews based on a semi-structured interview guide and two vignettes. The vignettes were based on two fictive narratives which both included persons with dementia but with different relatives and opinions. The purpose of the vignettes were to investigate whether there was different perceptions among the case managers in terms of consideration the residents’ self-determination in relation to their relatives. The results of the study were analyzed using Hasenfeld’s theory on Human service organizations, Lipsky’s street-level bureaucracy and Strauss’ negotiation-perspective. We displayed similarities to previous research showing that the case managers work with the residents’ best interest in mind even though relatives can be very obstinate. Our main conclusions are that the interpretation of self-determination is fluidity according to the case managers is fluidity and the case managers at some occasions try to persuade the person with dementia to apply for care and welfare. Furthermore can the relatives of the person with dementia be both beneficial and disadvantageous depending of the relation between them.

Title: Impact of personality types on negotiations - A study conducted with the help of the personality test The Big Five. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degrees in Business Administration Author: Felicia Sökare and Josefin Ruthman Lloyd Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2019 May Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze the personality traits of negotiators in relation to how they prepare for a negotiation and in relation to what is required to refrain from negotiating with the help of The Big Five. Method:The study is based on mixed methods. The method is based on a combination of both a qualitative and quantitative research method. The empirical material is obtained through five semi-structured interviews with a total of 15 real estate agents who, in connection with the interviews, answered a questionnaire survey. The data was processed using a cluster analysis, which was created in the statistical computer program SPSS. The results are then compared with theory and the interviews. Result & Conclusions: The results of the study show that real estate agents read in on the statistics, listen to music and come in good time to prepare for a negotiation. The result also shows that threatening, lack of communication, high price expectations or a bad feeling inside requires that negotiators in the real estate brokerage refrain from entering into negotiations. Through this study we can observe that high values of extraversion and low values of neuroticism do not have to be related to a competing negotiating style, which differs from what previous research has shown. Contribution of the thesis:The study's implementation has provided both practical and theoretical contributions, especially how different negotiators with different personality profiles prepare for negotiation and in which situations they choose to refrain from entering into negotiations. The study gives an insight that negotiators are not quite as personal in character, meaningful information about what differences there are in preparing for negotiators with more and less experience in the professional role of real estate agent, an insight that the words that the real estate agents use most during the interviews show connection with their personality traits and knowledge of which personalities choose to refrain from being included in the negotiation at the first customer meeting. Suggestions for future research:As this study focuses on real estate agents and their personalities, it would be interesting to investigate other industries to see if real estate agents results differ from other professional roles. It would also be interesting to carry out the study in other countries to investigate whether there are any similarities or differences in comparison with the real estate agents in Sweden. Further research should continue to investigate real estate agents with more and less experience in the industry to ensure the results in this study. Key words: Personality, The Big Five, real estate agents, integrative negotiations, negotiation, preparation.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration of four learners of Swedish as a second language during a pair-writing task, as well as their experiences of the process, in order to draw conclusions about how to execute pair-writing in the L2 classroom. The study has found that the establishment of compatible partners are of great importance to achieve success and learning through pair-writing. One of the pairs studied managed to work well together and use each other’s knowledge to improve their text, while the other pair continuosly battled for dominance, which had a negative impact on their performance. The two successful students had enjoyed the task and believed they had learned something from it and that pair-writing can be a useful source of knowledge. The other two both felt that they were too independent to write together and that they could not learn from writing collaboratively with a peer.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration of four learners of Swedish as a second language during a pair-writing task, as well as their experiences of the process, in order to draw conclusions about how to execute pair-writing in the L2 classroom. The study has found that the establishment of compatible partners are of great importance to achieve success and learning through pair-writing. One of the pairs studied managed to work well together and use each other’s knowledge to improve their text, while the other pair continuosly battled for dominance, which had a negative impact on their performance. The two successful students had enjoyed the task and believed they had learned something from it and that pair-writing can be a useful source of knowledge. The other two both felt that they were too independent to write together and that they could not learn from writing collaboratively with a peer.