Good conditions in the workplace, fairness in the workplace and the social differences contribute to a general improvement in public health. A health-promoting leader is working to create a workplace that promotes health, supports its employees and contributes to their wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the first-line managers in the city of Västerås experience and deal with their conditions and obstacles in the health-promoting leadership. A qualitative approach was chosen and the selection was six first-line managers working in three different areas of the City of Västerås. Managers were interviewed by an interviewguide and the material was analyzed with a manifest content analysis, with an inductive approach. The results showed that managers had knowledge of health-promoting leadership and that they were working with health promotion strategies, both deliberately and unconsciously. Conditions that affect the health promoting leadership proved knowledge, manager’s personality, requirements, collaboration and support. Obstacles in health leadership were considered for some time, ignorance and to many employees to be responsible for. There was a need for more knowledge and support in health leadership. The conclusions were that the conditions for health promotion leadership should be improved and there is a need for training in the subject and the support of the head of health promotion within the City of Västerås.

During World War I, war films became an important part of Swedish cinema programs. Newsreels as well as war related fiction films from the different battling nations were distributed to film theaters around the country. With these new films, the recently established censorship bureau also got new duties to consider. Aside from protecting public moral and the youth, the censors were now expected to uphold the Swedish neutrality policy in the domain of cinema. Material sensitive for diplomatic relations or potentially politically arousing for the audience was removed or edited. There were several reasons as to why cinema was singled out as the most important medium to control during these sensitive times. The authentic aura of moving images together with a fear of the reactions of mass audiences made the risk of biased propaganda seem greater. This thesis analyzes the complex web of relations between Swedish neutrality, media specificity discourse and censorship of World War I films. Examples of censorship of both newsreels and fiction films are discussed in relation to media specificity discourse in trade journals and daily newspapers of the time.

In the decades leading up to the First World War, the Swedish army (as the rest of Swedish society) was greatly influenced by Germany (i.e. subject primarily to Prussian military influence). German equipment was purchased and German training methods and ways of organizing military units were copied. Apart from such easily discernible traces of German influence, the Swedish officer corps - according to earlier research - harboured sympathies for Germany and the German Army. But did the German influences, and the sympathies for Germany, also result in a professional bias – i.e. in a lack of professional objectivity? The purpose of this essay is to examine whether the officer corps of the Swedish army in the period 1900-1914 managed to achieve a level of professional objectivity, i.e. if it in a systematic way endeavoured to study the military development in other countries than Germany. Earlier research has shown that Swedish officers travelled to all major European countries in order to study a wide range of subjects. The essay connects on to these results but also strives to examine the study tours as well as the officers who undertook them in greater depth. The author examines reports written by Swedish officers who studied in France between 1900 and 1914 as well as contemporary army lists.  In the essay two main questions are raised: 1. Which were the subjects for Swedish military study tours to France before the First World War? 2. Which categories of officers (rank, posting, career etc.) undertook such tours? The following main results are presented: A very wide range of subjects were studied – all relevant to Swedish military development of that time. The coverage of subjects was probably due to a systematic approach from the army authorities responsible for the approval of money for the tours. The officers who studied abroad were drawn from various units and backgrounds. The result of the examination of contemporary army lists shows that a high percentage of them later enjoyed successful military careers (e.g. what seems to be a higher than average percentage were later promoted to the rank of full colonel) – and that the army put the knowledge acquired abroad to use. An indication of the latter is that many of them, after having studied abroad, were given postings with a connection to the subjects they had studied in France. All in all, the results indicate that the Swedish officer corps achieved a level of professional objectivity in spite of the strong German influences of that time.

The aim of this qualitative study is to understand how first-line managers lead their employees in the implementation of social service legislated value-base for elderly people. We wanted to understand what kind of leadership the managers used and how this leadership is formed by their acting space. Method: For this study is a qualitative method used. Trough semi-structured interviews, with 7 first-line managers, the empirical data were collected. Theory: For the analysis of the empirical data was Kurt Lewin’s three classic leadershipstyles used; the autocracy, the democracy and laissez-faire, and the theoretical concept of acting space. Result: The result of the study showed that the most common leader-style is the democracy style among the first-line managers. In the work with the social service legislated value-base for elderly people it is important to be a present leader that supports and include the employees in this work. However there are situations where the leader has to use an autocracy leader-style. The leadership is shaped by the acting space the first-line manager has. It can be affected by the organizational conditions like resources and the possibility of education for both the managers and the employees.

Syfte & forskningsfrågor: Syftet med studien är att klargöra på vilka sätt hotell kan tillämpa sinnesorienterad marknadsföring i sin lobby för att förbättra sina gästers upplevelse och därmed stärka sin position på marknaden. Med syftet som bakgrund formulerades två forskningsfrågor: • Vilken betydelse har ett första intryck i en lobby och hur kan det påverkas av sinnesorienterad marknadsföring? • Hur kan en mer positiv kundupplevelse i lobbyn, via sinnesorienterad marknadsföring, vara stärkande för ett hotells varumärke? Metod: Studien är grundad i en kvalitativ forskningsmetod för att uppnå en djupare förståelse för ämnet. Forskningsansatsen började med deduktiva inslag för att sedan övergå till induktiv vid insamling av empiriskt material. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsatser: Resultatet i studien visar att ett första intryck av en hotellvistelse skapas i lobbyn. Därför har vi kommit fram till att det är viktigt att påverka gästens upplevelse i en positiv riktning i ett så tidigt skede som möjligt, då det första intrycket kommer prägla resten av vistelsen. För att kunna göra det är vår slutsats att hotell bör utforma en strategi för sinnesorienterad marknadsföring i sin lobby, för att förbättra gästens upplevelse och sin position på marknaden. / Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this study is to clarify how hotels can apply sensory marketing in their lobby to enhance their guest’s experience and thereby strengthen their position on the market. With the purpose as a background we formed two research questions: • What significance has a first impression in a lobby and how can it be influenced by sensory marketing? • How can a more positive customer experience in the lobby, through sensory marketing, be strengthening for a hotel brand? Method: The study is established in a qualitative research method to achieve a deeper understanding of the subject. The study is in the beginning based on a deductive character and are changing into a inductive character in the collecting of empirical material. The empirical material is collected from eight semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The results of our study shows that a first impression of a stay at a hotel is created in the lobby. Therefor, we have come to the conclusion that it is important to affect the customer experience in a positive direction as early as possible, since the first impression will characterize the rest of the stay. In order to do that, our conclusion is that hotels need to implement a strategy of sensory marketing in the lobby, to enhance the guest experience and thereby their position on the market.

E-commerce is becoming more common in Sweden and many Swedes buy clothing and sporting goods online. Online fashion retailers offer a visually pleasing range of products, which places greater emphasis on the aesthetic design of the online retailer. This paper examines how the perceived credibility of an online fashion retailer is influenced by the aesthetic design through a first impression. This study was conducted through ten interviews where the informants observed, assessed, and then discussed the online fashion retailers that were used in this study. Results show that recognition of an aesthetic design and a perception of usability and professionalism affects the perceived credibility in a positive way. Credibility is also conveyed through a simple aesthetic design and negatively affected by poor readability and a perception of lack of information. The result also shows that the user doesn’t need to find the aesthetic design appealing to assess the online retailer as credible. We hope that our results can be used in future studies and also possibly be helpful for future design of the websites of online fashion retailers. / E-handel blir allt vanligare i Sverige och många svenskar köper kläder och sportartiklar online. Onlinebutiker inom mode erbjuder ett visuellt tilltalande sortiment vilket gör att ökad vikt läggs vid den estetiska utformningen av onlinebutiken. Denna c-uppsats undersöker hur upplevd trovärdighet på en onlinebutik inom mode påverkas av den estetiska utformningen vid ett första intryck. Detta undersöktes genom tio intervjuer där informanterna fick observera, bedöma och sedan diskutera det urval av onlinebutiker som förekom i studien. Vi har sett att igenkänning av den estetiska utformningen och en upplevelse av användbarhet och professionalitet påverkar trovärdigheten positivt. Trovärdighet förmedlas även genom en enkel och stilren estetisk utformning. Den påverkas i sin tur negativt av uppfattningen om dålig läsbarhet samt bristande mängd delgiven information. Resultatet visar även att användaren inte behöver finna den estetiska utformningen tilltalande för att bedöma onlinebutiken som trovärdig. Vi hoppas att våra resultat kan användas i framtida studier och även möjligtvis vara till hjälp vid framtida utformning av onlinebutiker inom mode.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of how first-line managers in the elderly care experience and manage staff shortages. With the help of six different first-line managers, a qualitative study was conducted by collecting material with the help of interviews. Today, the work of first-line managers is an essential part of social work because they work near a large part of the welfare sector, the elderly care. Other studies show a decrease in care workers, and the forecast indicates that the future looks the same right now. Furthermore, research demonstrates that first-line managers have complex work situations where they balance different administrative tasks with staff responsibility. According to previous research, a significant factor in staff shortages is that elderly care is not an attractive profession enough. The conclusions with this study were that the first line managers experienced that the profession perceived like a low-status profession and not attractive enough to attract staff. Work tasks need to be distributed better, working conditions need to be improved, which include wages and working hours, and education requirements need to be increased to attract people to a more attractive workplace. Another outcome was that there was limited latitude since much of the time is spent on administrative work, which meant that the managers could not spend as much time on the staff as they wish. The first line managers are limited in their work with decisions they cannot influence. The last conclusion is that it needs to create an understanding that everyone has a responsibility in staff shortages, and the change must take place from political level to unit level.

Bakgrund: För den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan kan den första tiden i yrket upplevas som utmanande och påfrestande då förväntningarna inte alltid möter verkligheten. Stress är ett ofta förekommande fenomen inom sjuksköterskeyrket och kan manifestera sig på en rad olika sätt. Stressen påverkar både människan och utförandet av den holistiska patientvården.Syfte: Syftet var att belysa upplevelsen av stress för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor under sitt första verksamma år.Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes genom att systematiskt söka i två olika databaser vilket genererade tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Databearbetningen utfördes genom en klart framträdande innehållsanalys.Resultat: I resultatet belyses det hur stress påverkar den första tiden för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor och vad stressen kan leda till hos en nyutexaminerad sjuksköterska. Resultatet presenteras i tre teman som svarar på studiens syfte. De teman som belyses är: bristande självkänsla, rädsla för bristande vårdresultat och utmattning. Stress kunde leda till att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde brister i arbetets utförande, kände sig otillräckliga och behövde ta ansvar för dåliga vårdresultat. Stressen kunde även leda till utmattning och risk för att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor lämnade professionen.Slutsats: Hos den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan kan stress inverka på olika sätt. Stress kan påverka hur nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor utför sitt arbete, samt i vilka situationer stressen uppkommer och vad den kan leda till. / Background: For the newly graduated nurse the first year can be perceived as challenging and strenuous because the expectations do not always measure up with reality. Stress is a widely discussed phenomenon within the nursing profession and can manifest in a variety of ways. Stress can also affect both the person and the holistic patientcare.Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate the experience of stress for newly graduated nurses during their first professional year.Method: The literature study was conducted by systematically searching two databases which generated ten scientific articles. The data processing was carried out by a clearly prominent content analysis.Findings: The result illustrates how stress affects newly graduated nurses and what the stress could lead to for a newly graduated nurse. The results are presented in three themes that answer the study ́s purpose. The themes are: lack of self-esteem, fear of poor care results and exhaustion. Stress could lead to deficiencies in the performance of the work, feelings of being insufficient and having to take responsibility for poor care results. Stress could also lead to fatigue and a risk of newly graduated nurses leaving the profession.Conclusion: Stress can affect newly graduated nurses in different ways. Stress can affect how newly graduated nurses perform their work, as well as in what situations the stress arises and what it can lead to.

Det ökade vårdbehovet i takt med minskade resurser, ställer krav på vårdorganisationer att bedriva förbättringsarbete. Det ligger i första linjens chefers uppdrag att utveckla och förbättra verksamheterna för att möta dessa krav som ställs på verksamheterna. Detta uppdrag har blivit en allt större del av chefers arbete och det ställer större krav att arbeta med förbättringsarbeten. Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskapen om vilka faktorer som påverkar första linjens chefer i deras arbete med förbättringar genom att undersöka deras upplevelse och erfarenheter kring förbättringsarbete. Det genomfördes tio kvalitativa intervjuer som tolkades utifrån en induktiv innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att första linjens chefer ansåg att deras främsta uppgift låg i att få med sig medarbetarna i förbättringsarbetet. De upplevde att stöd och förtroende från sin chef och ledning var viktigt. Det upplevdes även viktigt att kunna få stöd av sina chefskollegor och ta hjälp av varandra vid förbättringsarbete. Första linjens chefer påpekade också att de faktorer som påverkade deras arbete med förbättringar var främst tid, ekonomi och personalomsättning. Tidigare forskning bekräftade vikten av att första linjens chefer behövde arbeta med att få med sig medarbetare i förbättringsarbetet. Det visade även att en stöttande organisationskultur där stöttning fanns i alla led gynnade första linjens chefers arbete med förbättringar. Det framgick även från tidigare forskning att resurser som tid, ekonomi och bemanning var några förutsättningar för att kunna bedriva ett lyckat förbättringsarbete.

Användningen av internet har ökat exponentiellt sedan skapandet av The World Wide Web vilket har gjort att användare alltmer använder internet för att utföra sina vardagliga ärenden. Detta har då också börjat ställa krav på funktionell och estetisk design av hemsidor för att användare ska känna sig trygga och ska vilja fortsätta använda hemsidorna. I denna studie undersöks kopplingen mellan webbdesign och känslor av förtroende. Vi delar upp förtroende i 3 underkategorier- kompetens, ärlighet, och välvilja. Även design delas upp i tre kategorier - visuell design, innehållsdesign, och strukturell design. För att identifiera kopplingarna mellan dessa 6 underkategorier så utfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med 4 olika användbarhetsexperter där dessa fick undersöka 4 olika myndigheters hemsidor. Den data som har samlats in har analyserats och jämförts för att hitta samband och likheter i vad som ger en känsla av förtroende men även vad som kan förstöra förtroende och dessa resultat används till slut för att besvara hur designkategorierna påverkar förtroende samt vad som gör vissa hemsidor mer förtroendeingivande. Utifrån denna undersökning kan vi se vissa tydliga samband för dessa frågor. Resultatet visar att alla tre designkategorier är mycket viktiga för att ge användare en känsla av förtroende men av olika anledningar. Alla tre designkategorier är dock viktiga för att göra en myndighetshemsida mer förtroendeingivande. Det visar sig också att avsaknaden av bra kvalité hos en av designkategorier kan medföra mycket försämrad förtroende överlag även om om man gör ett bra jobb med de andra designkategorierna.