本論文以「美元霸權」為核心，討論美國做為貨幣霸權對於國際金融體系的影響。首先介紹霸權穩定論之理論內涵與發展，經過重新檢視霸權穩定論的思想內涵後，筆者發現霸權穩定論有許多缺陷並提出修正。其次，討論美元霸權在布列敦森林體系瓦解之後的形成與運作。美元霸權的起源是1971年尼克森將美元與黃金脫鉤，之後，經由1974年「石油-美元計價機制」與金融全球化進一步鞏固美元的霸權地位。最後，以「石油金融化」現象為例，說明美國是如何結合「石油-美元計價機制」與「金融全球化」來鞏固美元霸權地位，最後也導致國際金融體系的不穩定。 本文認為，美國將石油市場變成了一個大型賭場。石油價格暴漲暴跌將對世界經濟，尤其是發展中國家帶來不利影響。「石油-美元計價機制」是一種「誘捕」，它強化了從屬國家對美元的依賴。憑著不對稱的金融相互依賴，美國穩居霸權地位。然而，一個穩定的國際金融體系不能只靠主導國家權力的使用，一個階層狀態的國際關係，還必須有從屬國家配合的意願。隨著「二次大戰效應」的消失，美國無法再以國內市場的龐大需求滿足發展中國家的出口導向政策，因此，身為主導國家的美國必須運用國際金融發展的不對稱性，提供從屬國家支持美元霸權的誘因，此種不對稱性的互賴關係也是美元霸權的權力來源。此外，霸權權力具有自我毀滅的傾向。在金融全球化的過程中，政府的權威不斷被削弱，導致政治反應能力遠遠落後於經濟力量的發展。若美國不採取行動管理國際金融體系，取得主導國家的正當性，則衰落是不可避免。

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisou as Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), seguradoras de saúde introduzidas no sistema de saúde colombiano através da reforma sanitária instaurada com a Lei n 100/1993, desde uma perspectiva de economia política crítica, através do método de análise documental. A maioria delas são empresas privadas com finalidade lucrativa que conformaram rapidamente um oligopólio que reproduziu problemas dos modelos de Managed Care e Managed Competition já conhecidos internacionalmente. Esta dissertação analisou as relações entre os processos de financeirização do sistema capitalista e o processo de ajuste estrutural na Colômbia, com a reforma sanitária e a dinâmica financeira das EPS. Também foi analisada a introdução de mecanismos próprios do processo de financeirização na gestão financeira das EPS, como: a alavancagem; a reprodução ampliada de capital através da dívida pública; e os investimentos em ativos securitizados. Dado que o sistema de saúde atual se caracteriza por altos níveis de inequidade e injustiça, as consequências da finalidade lucrativa neste, com suas expressões concretas de sofrimento e morte na população, foram preocupações transversais deste trabalho. Os resultados desta dissertação demonstraram a concentração oligopólica do mercado de seguros privados de saúde, cujas empresas se organizaram como um cartel, dificultando o acesso aos serviços de saúde para seus segurados, o que contribuiu para a piora de indicadores de saúde da população. Quando a mobilização social obrigou a aumentar o controle sobre as EPS, estas começaram a sair do mercado declarando-se em falência, ou entrando subitamente em balanços financeiros negativos. / This thesis analyzes the Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS meaning health promoting entity), which are health insurance companies that act in the Colombian health system since the health reform law of 1993 (Law 100). Based on a document analysis and within a critical political economy framework, we firstly address the relations between the financialization process in the capitalist system, the structural reforms and the health care reform, with the EPSs financial dynamics, and secondly address the reproduction of financialization mechanism inside the EPS including financial leverage; expanded reproduction of capital through the public debt; and investments in securitized assets. Most EPS are private for profit companies, which quickly formed an oligopolistic market and exemplify internationally recognized contradictions of the Managed Care and Managed Competition models, also as its forprofit orientation and functioning has been related to the exacerbation of health inequities and has further been recognized as a driver of suffering and death in the population. This has primarily been related to the oligopolistic concentration of the private health insurance market, whose companies are organized as a cartel, hindering access to health services for the population. When social mobilization forced to increase control over the EPS, they began to leave the market declaring themselves bankrupt, or suddenly entered negative financial statements.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T12:15:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BENATTI_Glauco_2016.pdf: 4657385 bytes, checksum: c8b25df3de46eef54924ed992b7bf785 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T12:15:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BENATTI_Glauco_2016.pdf: 4657385 bytes, checksum: c8b25df3de46eef54924ed992b7bf785 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T12:15:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BENATTI_Glauco_2016.pdf: 4657385 bytes, checksum: c8b25df3de46eef54924ed992b7bf785 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T12:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BENATTI_Glauco_2016.pdf: 4657385 bytes, checksum: c8b25df3de46eef54924ed992b7bf785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Não recebi financiamento / This paper presents a case study on the restructuring process of a Brazilian operation of a century-old Fortune 500 American multinational manufacturer of industrial equipment. The focus of the work lies with the dissonance between discourse and the result of that process, raising the hypothesis that capital market pressure is behind such restructuring. The annual reports of this company portray the restructuring as a recurring corporate strategy, through which the company seeks to boost confidence in the capital market itself and its ability to deliver better results (or reverse bad ones) without, however, such results are achieved in fact, as this case study aims to show. This institutional literature proved to be a flagship tool company speech aimed at telling the actors of the capital market, stories about the strategies set in motion in defense of the interests of shareholders. The examination of such documents for this case study revealed that these strategies unfold in sometimes more tangible actions, sometimes more performing ones and, while restructuring proved to be more performing actions; the strategy of acquisitions / divestiments in series proved to be the most tangible ones. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o processo de reestruturação da operação brasileira de uma multinacional americana centenária, fabricante de equipamentos industriais e presente na Fortune 500. O foco do trabalho recai sobre a dissonância entre o discurso e o resultado desse processo, levantando a hipótese de que a pressão do mercado de capitais esteja por trás de tal reestruturação. Os relatórios anuais desta empresa retratam a reestruturação como uma estratégia corporativa recorrente, através da qual, a empresa busca reforçar a confiança do mercado de capitais em si e em sua capacidade de oferecer melhores resultados (ou reverter os ruins), sem que, no entanto, tais resultados sejam alcançados de fato, como o presente estudo de caso pretende mostrar. Tal literatura institucional revelou-se uma ferramenta emblemática do discurso da empresa que visa contar aos atores do mercado de capitais, histórias sobre as estratégias colocadas em movimento em defesa dos interesses dos acionistas. O exame de tais documentos para este estudo de caso revelou que tais estratégias se desdobram em ações ora mais tangíveis, ora mais performáticas sendo que, enquanto as reestruturações se revelaram ações mais performáticas, a estratégia de aquisições / alienações em série revelaram-se as mais tangíveis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisou as Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), seguradoras de saúde introduzidas no sistema de saúde colombiano através da reforma sanitária instaurada com a Lei n 100/1993, desde uma perspectiva de economia política crítica, através do método de análise documental. A maioria delas são empresas privadas com finalidade lucrativa que conformaram rapidamente um oligopólio que reproduziu problemas dos modelos de Managed Care e Managed Competition já conhecidos internacionalmente. Esta dissertação analisou as relações entre os processos de financeirização do sistema capitalista e o processo de ajuste estrutural na Colômbia, com a reforma sanitária e a dinâmica financeira das EPS. Também foi analisada a introdução de mecanismos próprios do processo de financeirização na gestão financeira das EPS, como: a alavancagem; a reprodução ampliada de capital através da dívida pública; e os investimentos em ativos securitizados. Dado que o sistema de saúde atual se caracteriza por altos níveis de inequidade e injustiça, as consequências da finalidade lucrativa neste, com suas expressões concretas de sofrimento e morte na população, foram preocupações transversais deste trabalho. Os resultados desta dissertação demonstraram a concentração oligopólica do mercado de seguros privados de saúde, cujas empresas se organizaram como um cartel, dificultando o acesso aos serviços de saúde para seus segurados, o que contribuiu para a piora de indicadores de saúde da população. Quando a mobilização social obrigou a aumentar o controle sobre as EPS, estas começaram a sair do mercado declarando-se em falência, ou entrando subitamente em balanços financeiros negativos. / This thesis analyzes the Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS meaning health promoting entity), which are health insurance companies that act in the Colombian health system since the health reform law of 1993 (Law 100). Based on a document analysis and within a critical political economy framework, we firstly address the relations between the financialization process in the capitalist system, the structural reforms and the health care reform, with the EPSs financial dynamics, and secondly address the reproduction of financialization mechanism inside the EPS including financial leverage; expanded reproduction of capital through the public debt; and investments in securitized assets. Most EPS are private for profit companies, which quickly formed an oligopolistic market and exemplify internationally recognized contradictions of the Managed Care and Managed Competition models, also as its forprofit orientation and functioning has been related to the exacerbation of health inequities and has further been recognized as a driver of suffering and death in the population. This has primarily been related to the oligopolistic concentration of the private health insurance market, whose companies are organized as a cartel, hindering access to health services for the population. When social mobilization forced to increase control over the EPS, they began to leave the market declaring themselves bankrupt, or suddenly entered negative financial statements.

The crises which contemporary capitalism goes by reveal its contradictory face that is made in the midst of its own condition of existence as a system that reproduces itself through the accumulation of wealth. To think of crisis emerged from overaccumulation or capital surplus is to understand that there are contradictions that are deeply rooted in the very model of structure that it creates. The economic crisis in the United States in 2008 affected the real estate sector, raising new interests among the different agents of capital in the era of financialization of the economy - financial capital. It can be seen from then on that housing policy assumes an important role in capturing new spaces and, consequently, profit in order to remedy the impacts of the crisis. In this context, the rural environment of Colony Treze Village, located in the municipality of Lagarto, Sergipe state, has received housing projects to benefit the low income population through the Residential Lease Program through state action. The social use of land has received new contours, which influences the social use of agricultural land and its exchange value. We have the configuration of new spatial rearrangements in the region through the suppression of the rural habits and the entrance of urban equipment, once that the supranational organs need these rearrangements for the so called financialization of the economy. The land structure and land use in Brazil have been demostrated as structural components of the unequal distribution of social classes and configures the interests of the owners of the means of production as an instrument of socio-territorial control and maintenance of the economic system, supported by the contribution of the state machinery. Nowadays, the investments of the capital approach the countryside and the city, as a way to guarantee its amplified reproduction with the metamorphosis of the rural spaces, synthesis of the change in the use of the soil. The present research intends to reflect on the impacts of the 2008 crisis, through the current public housing policies; To analyze how these policies remodel the space of the referred Colony and how they affect the social use of the land. In order to fulfill these and other objectives, the specialized literature on the state of the art was read, associated to the critical reading of the empirical reality of the municipality of Lagarto; interviews; Photographic record of the study area. The collection of quantitative data was made at IBGE, at Ministry of Labor and Ministry of Agriculture, at the Municipal Health Secretariat and at Coopertreze (Mixed Cooperative Farmers of Treze Ltda). It can be seen that the housing policy, symbol of the financial capital in the midst of the crisis, has caused changes in the organizational structure of the place: change in the municipal legislation - creation of the area of urban expansion - to attend to the dictates of the real estate capital; Land valuation; Greater power of action of the financing bodies - banks; Change in work profile, less linkage to agricultural land and greater dependence on the secondary and tertiary sectors. / As crises por que passa o capitalismo contemporâneo revela sua face contraditória que se faz em meio a sua própria condição de existência como sistema que se reproduz através da acumulação de riqueza. Pensar em crise advinda da superacumulação ou do excedente de capital é compreender que existem contradições fortemente enraizadas no seio do próprio modelo de estrutura por ele criado. A crise econômica ocorrida nos Estados Unidos no ano de 2008 afetou o setor imobiliário, suscitando novos interesses entre os distintos agentes do capital na era da financeirização da economia - capital financeiro. Constata-se a partir de então que a política habitacional assume papel importante na captação de novos espaços e, consequentemente, de lucro para sanar os impactos da crise. Nesse contexto o meio rural do Povoado Colônia Treze, situado no município de Lagarto, estado de Sergipe, tem recebido projetos habitacionais para beneficiar a população de baixa renda pelo Programa de Arrendamento Residencial através da ação do Estado. O uso social da terra tem recebido novos contornos, o que influi no uso social da terra agrícola e no seu valor de troca. Tem-se a configuração de novos rearranjos espaciais na região a partir da supressão dos hábitos rurais e a entrada de equipamentos urbanos, como necessidade dos órgãos supranacionais com a chamada financeirização da economia. A estrutura fundiária e o uso da terra no Brasil tem se pautado como componentes estruturais da desigual distinção de classes sociais e configura os interesses dos proprietários dos meios de produção como instrumento de controle socioterritorial e manutenção do sistema econômico, tendo como aporte a máquina estatal. Atualmente as investidas do capital aproximam campo e cidade, como forma de garantir sua reprodução ampliada a partir da metamorfose nos espaços rurais, síntese da mudança no uso do solo. A presente investigação pretende refletir sobre os impactos da crise de 2008, através das atuais políticas públicas de habitação; analisar como tais políticas remodelam o espaço da referida Colônia e como afetam o uso social da terra. Para o cumprimento desses e de outros objetivos foram realizadas leitura da literatura especializada sobre o estado da arte, associados à leitura crítica da realidade empírica do município de Lagarto; entrevistas; registro fotográfico da/na área de estudo. A coleta de dados quantitativos fez-se junto ao IBGE, Ministério do Trabalho e Ministério da Agricultura, na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e na Coopertreze (Cooperativa Mista dos Agricultores do Treze). Percebe-se que a política habitacional, símbolo do capital financeiro em meio a crise, tem causado mudanças na estrutura organizacional do lugar: mudança na legislação municipal – criação da área de expansão urbana - para atendimento aos ditames do capital fictício imobiliário; valorização fundiária; maior poder de atuação dos órgãos financiadores - bancos; alteração no perfil do trabalho, menor ligação com a terra agrícola e maior dependência do setor secundário e terciário.

The finance-dominated growth regime has affected key macroeconomic variables in several contradictory ways. This paper investigates some of these effects: an increase of rentiers income, housing wealth and net financial wealth on private consumption expenditures and the effects of changes in payments to the rentier by the business on private investment expenditures. A Post-Kaleckian macro model is used as a starting point for this investigation. The paper thus contributes to two debates. First, it aims at clarifying some important macroeconomic effects of financialization. Second, it extends the analysis of distribution-led demand regimes by controlling for financialization variables. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

L’expression « nouveaux risques » est de plus en plus employée pour désigner les risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés au progrès scientifique et technique lorsque leurs conséquences dommageables bien qu’anticipées sont entourées d’un fort contexte d’incertitude scientifique. Cette incertitude est souvent invoquée par les professionnels créateurs de ces risques pour tenter d’échapper à leur responsabilité et, quand ils n’y parviennent pas, pour en faire supporter la charge par leur assureur de responsabilité, au risque d’accréditer l’idée que l’assurance déresponsabilise. C’est autour de la question de l’assurabilité des nouveaux risques, ou plutôt de leur inassurabilité, que cette thèse est construite. Il s’est agi d’étudier l’aptitude du système actuel de responsabilité du fait des produits, aidé par l’assurance de cette responsabilité, à satisfaire l’objectif social de prise en charge des victimes de nouveaux risques. Les solutions du droit français ont été éprouvées à la lumière de celles retenues par les droits américain et chinois qui sont confrontés aux mêmes problèmes. A cet égard, l’étude des nouveaux risques, en conduisant à revisiter la notion de risque assurable, fait prendre conscience des limites des systèmes actuels de prise en charge. Il apparaît opportun de revenir aux fondamentaux du droit de la responsabilité et du droit des assurances tout en recherchant des techniques complémentaires. Ce pourrait être le recours à la solidarité nationale (par la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation) ou aux marchés financiers. / The expression « emerging risks » is increasingly used to describe the health and environmental risks related to scientific and technical progress whenever their damaging consequences, although anticipated, are shrouded in an opaque veil of scientific uncertainty. The professionals, who created these risks, often use this uncertainty in an attempt to avoid any liability. When unable to do so, they try to have them covered by their liability insurance, even though such behavior fuels the idea that insurance promotes irresponsible behavior. This thesis is built around the question of the insurability, or to be more precise, the non-insurability of emerging risks. The aim was to study the capacity of the current products liability system, complemented by the relevant liability insurance, to meet the social goal of taking care of the victims of those « emerging risks ». The solutions provided by the French law system have been put up for a test by comparing them with those of the American and Chinese ones, while taking into account the contextual problems met by the latter. In this regard, the study of emerging risks leads us to review the concept of insurable risk, and to admit there are limits to the current system dealing with the victims’ compensation. It seems appropriate to refer back to the fundamentals of liability law and insurance law while seeking additional solutions. Appealing to national solidarity (through the setting up of a compensation fund) or to financial markets could be the solution.

Cette thèse étudie le rôle joué par les investisseurs financiers sur les marchés des matières premières, connu sous le nom de financiarisation des matières premières. Elle est constituée d’une partie théorique et d’une autre empirique. Les recherches menées visent à étudier la participation des investisseurs, détenant des portefeuilles d’actions, aux marchés à terme de matières premières, pour des raisons de diversification. De plus, cette diversification peut être obtenue en investissant dans un panier de produits de base. Le premier chapitre analyse théoriquement l’interaction entre le marché des matières premières et celui des actions. Le deuxième chapitre étudie empiriquement l’impact du choix des investisseurs financiers sur la prime de risque des contrats à terme sur les matières premières. Il s’intéresse principalement à trois produits de base : pétrole brut (WTI), fioul pour chauffage et gaz naturel. Le troisième chapitre étudie théoriquement l’intégration de deux marchés de matières premières. Nous clarifions certaines considérations concernant l’effet de la financiarisation sur lesquelles la littérature existante reste hésitante. Nous démontrons le pouvoir d’influence qu’exercent les investisseurs sur le marché des matières premières. Toutefois, ceci dépend de la nature de la position de l’investisseur sur le marché à terme. De manière générale, la financiarisation entraîne la hausse des prix spot, des prix des contrats à terme et des niveaux des stocks. Nous montrons aussi que les investisseurs représentent un canal de transmission entre les marchés de matières premières. Leurs effets étendus se limitent à la corrélation croisée des marchés de matières premières. Enfin, nous montrons que les rendements des marchés d’actions sont devenus un déterminant de la prime de risque des contrats à terme après la crise financière de 2008. Cet effet des rendements des actions est indifférent entre les maturités courtes et longues. / This dissertation studies the role of financial investors on commodity markets, which is referred as financialization of commodity. The content of the dissertation splits to theoretical and empirical work. The implemented researches are motivated by the participation of investors, who own stock portfolios, in commodity futures markets for diversification reasons. Furthermore, that diversification is likely achieved by investing in a basket of commodities. The first chapter investigates, theoretically, the interaction between commodity and stock markets. The second chapter studies, empirically, the impact of financial investors on the commodities futures risk premium. It focuses on studying three commodities: crude oil (WTI), heating oil and natural gas. The third chapter examines, theoretically, the integration between two commodity markets. We clarify the hesitating of the previous literature in finding evidences of the impact of financialization. We confirm the influential power of investment in commodity market. However, that depends on the financial investors positions taken in the futures market. Generally, financialization increases the spot prices, the futures prices and inventory levels. We find, also, that investors are a transmission channel between commodity markets. Their effects spread out restricted to the cross commodity markets correlation. Finally, stock market returns became effective determinant of the futures risk premium after 2008 financial crisis. Also, the effect of the stock returns indifferent between short and long maturities.

[pt] Os mercados de commodities tornaram-se uma nova alternativa para investidores nos últimos quinze anos, em um processo conhecido como financeirização dos mercados de commodities. Vários estudos têm explicado as razões deste fenômeno, porém esta é uma questão ainda pouco estudada na literatura de economia agrícola e energética no Brasil. Como a financeirização do mercado de commodities mudou a dinâmica dos preços ao longo dos anos? Esta tese aplica modelos não lineares para entender se a especulação causou os movimentos de preços nos mercados de commodities agrícolas, bem como para investigar a descoberta de preços no mercado brasileiro ao se testar os mecanismos de transmissão dos preços internacionais de energia e commdities agrícolas aos preços brasileiros de etanol e gasolina. Procuramos investigar com os mesmos modelos não lineares os efeitos de transbordamento dos mercados globais de futuros para os preços à vista locais. Por fim, analisa-se o aumento da liquidez nos mercados de commodities, desenvolvemos para tanto uma nova medida para compreender o grau de ambiguidade dos preços de 12 commodities agrícolas. Apesar dos testes econométricos, os resultados foram inconclusivos sobre o papel da especulação no impacto dos retornos dos preços das commodities. Existe um nexo entre os preços internacionais do petróleo e do etanol brasileiro, e os preços globais das commodities aumentaram os efeitos de contágio nos mercados spot brasileiros. Finalmente, a financeirização dos mercados de commodities aumentou a liquidez do mercado medida pelo grau de ambiguidade. Esta tese contribui para o campo ao aplicar abordagens econométricas robustas e inovadoras, bem como ao evidenciar como o price discovery e o risk-sharing afetam a dinâmica dos preços das commodities. / [en] Commodity markets have become a new investment alternative for portfolio investors over the last fifteen years, in a process known as the financialization of commodity markets. Several studies have explained the reasons for this phenomenon (e.g., speculation and increase in biofuels production), leading to a question largely understudied in agricultural and energy economics literature. How has the financialization of the commodities market changed the price dynamic over the years? This thesis applies nonlinear models to understand whether the speculation caused the price movements in the agricultural commodity markets; investigates the price discovery in the Brazilian market by analyzing the transmission of international energy and feedstocks prices to Brazilian ethanol and gasoline prices; and investigates the spillover effects from global futures markets to local spot prices. In addition, it analyzes the increased liquidity in the commodity markets by developing a new measurement to gauge the degree of ambiguity for 12 agricultural commodities prices. Despite the robust econometric tests performed, the findings were inconclusive on the role of speculation in impacting the price returns of commodities. It also found that there exists a nexus between international oil and Brazilian ethanol prices, and global commodities prices have increased the spillover effects on the Brazilian spot markets. Finally, the financialization of commodity markets has increased the liquidity in the market as measured by the degree of ambiguity. This thesis contributes to the field not only by applying more robust, novel econometric approaches but also by evidencing how information discovery and risk-sharing affect the commodity price dynamics.

No description available.