L'objectif de ce mémoire est de montrer comment Gadamer parvient à apporter une légitimation philosophique à la vérité des sciences humaines sans recourir aux critères méthodologiques de la science moderne. Comme ces critères ne permettent pas de reconnaître le statut gnoséologique de certaines expériences que nous faisons, comme l'expérience esthétique ou l'expérience de notre appartenance à l'histoire, il est nécessaire de se questionner si celles-ci appartiennent, malgré cela, au champ de la connaissance ou si elles doivent en être exclues. Dans la mesure où les sciences humaines prennent en charge une part de ces expériences, en tant qu'héritières de la tradition humaniste, il est à se demander ce qui justifie leur prétention à la vérité. Selon une perspective herméneutique, Gadamer s'efforce de sonder les modalités propres au savoir des sciences humaines, ce qui l'amène à renouer avec la philosophie pratique d'Aristote, qui lui sert de modèle épistémologique pour penser la vérité de l'expérience humaine dans sa globalité. En s'inspirant aussi de l'analytique heideggérienne de la temporalité du Dasein, Gadamer parvient à fournir aux sciences humaines un fondement dans « les choses elles-mêmes », permettant ainsi d'en démontrer la pertinence autant sur le plan cognitif qu'existentiel.

El trabajo que presentamos tiene fundamentalmente como objetivo exponer las problemáticas de la historicidad y la finitud tal como éstas se plantean en el pensamiento filosófico de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Dichas problemáticas serán abordadas a lo largo de los dos primeros capítulos de la tesis en su articulación esencial y en la tercera parte mostraremos su conexión con el tema de la lingüisticidad de la existencia

Le dessein de ce mémoire est de repérer la motivation éthique qui préside à une phénoménologie de l'expérience herméneutique dans Vérité et Méthode de Hans-Georg Gadamer. La dimension éthique de l'expérience est inséparable des ressources de la tradition humaniste et rhétorique, de la réappropriation de la phronēsis aristotélicienne et de l'apport de la dialectique platonicienne. La signification unitaire de ces divers «moments» éthiques montre à quel point les modèles de la phronēsis et du dialogue s'imposent à l'ensemble de l'expérience humaine. Nous devons apercevoir en eux l'unité de notre être-historique et de notre être-langagier. L'herméneutique rappelle ainsi que toute recherche humaine de sens s'inscrit dans la facticité de l'homme dont le savoir ne se sépare ni de l'être ni de son application à une situation concrète. Ayant pris conscience de l'indépassable conditionnement historique de son savoir, l'homme qui veut approfondir la connaissance de soi devra entrer en dialogue, avec soi-même ou avec d'autres, dans le but de relativiser les prétentions de son savoir situé.

Denna uppsats handlar om hur pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar påverkar barnen och förskolans verksamhet. Genom att använda mig utav en hermeneutisk forskningsansats har jag försökt få en ny förståelse utifrån den förförståelse jag redan har. Framförallt har jag använt mig utav Hans- Georg Gadamers hermeneutik. Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa på hurpedagogers stress påverkar barnen på förskolan och verksamheten. Genom att visa hurskapas en förståelse över hur man kan arbeta annorlunda. Vad behöver man som pedagog bära med sig in i verksamheten?  Min berättelse handlar om tre olika situationer där kortsiktiga lösningar och stress är en faktor. Den ena situationen är ett möte, den andra en vanlig dag på förskolan och den tredje handlar om kommunikation mellan kollegor och kommunikation mellan medarbetare och chef. Mina frågeställningar är:  Hur påverkar pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar förskolans verksamhet? På vilket sätt påverkas barnen i förskolan utav pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar? Då människor reagerar olika på stress och olika stressorer så finns det inget mirakelmedel för att ”bota” situationerna. Jag har därför i min uppsats visat på vilka rättigheter man har som medarbetare och vilka skyldigheter arbetsgivaren har.  Det jag kommit fram till är att pedagogers stress och kortsiktiga lösningar påverkar barn och verksamheten indirekt. Genom att andra faktorer såsom möten och personalbrist hindrar verksamheten så påverkas barnen indirekt. Detta genom att pedagogen är mindre närvarande och mer lättirriterad på grund av sociala och organisatoriska faktorer. Detta i sin tur påverkar barnen indirekt genom att pedagogen hindras från att göra ett tillfredsställande arbete. / This essay is about how educators´ stress and short-term solutions affect the children and the preschool activities. By using a hermeneutic research approach, I have tried to get a new understanding based on the pre-understanding I already have. Most importantly, I have used Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic. The purpose of the paper is to show how preschool teachers´ stress affects the children in preschool and the function of preschool, by showing how to create an understanding of how to work differently. What do you need, as a preschool teacher, to bring into the preschool?                       My story is about three different situations where short-term solutions and stress are factors. One situation is a meeting, the other is a regular day at preschool and the third is about communication between colleagues and communication between coworkers and boss.                       My questions are:  How do the educator´s stress and short-term solutions affect the preschool's activities? In what way are the children in the preschool affected by the educator´s stress and short-term solutions?                       As people react differently to stress and stressors, there is no miracle "cure" of the situations. In my essay, I have therefore discussed the rights of employees as well as the duties of the employer.                        What I have concluded is that preschool teachers´ stress and short-term solutions affect children and the preschool indirectly. Because other factors, such as meetings and staff shortages, hinder the activities, the children are indirectly affected. This is because the pedagogue is less present and more easily irritated due to social and organizational factors. This, in turn, affects the children indirectly by preventing the pedagogue from doing a satisfactory job.

This paper addresses the question about what role typography plays in the interpretation of a text. From three different handbooks in typography arguments are gathered and categorized in to three categories: roman types, san serif and others. Interviews with people from the graphic design area are also a part of the paper and are accounted for in the discussion part of the paper. Areas of theory are a broad hermeneutic view based on Hans-Georg Gadamers thoughts, which have sub categories such as: Michel Foucault’s theory about discourses, John Swales genre theory and Anders Björkvall’s thoughts on typography and multi-modal texts. The result of the paper is that all typography, even the one often called the invisible typography, is interpreted by the reader who gathers it’s pre-knowledge from genre, history, culture and discourses. This means that typography plays an important role in the interpretation of a text. Key words: typography, interpretation, hermeneutic, Hans- Georg Gadamer, discourse, Michel Foucault, genre analysis, John Swales, Multi- modal, Anders Björkvall, semiotic. / Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om vilken roll typografin spelar för tolkningen av en text. Från tre olika handböcker i typografi samlas argument in och kategoriseras i tre kategorier: antikva, sanserif och övriga. Även intervjuer med personer yrkesverksamma i det grafiska fältet genomförs och redovisas sedan i diskussionen. Teoretisk utgångspunkt hämtas från Hans-Georg Gadamers tankar om hermeneutik, på vilken följande underkategorier av teorier följer: Michel Foucaults diskursteori, John Swales genreteori och Anders Björkvalls tankar om typografi och multimodala texter. Resultatet pekar mot att all typografi, även den som ofta kallas för den osynliga typografin, tolkas av mottagaren som i sin tur samlat sina förkunskaper från genre, historia, kultur och diskurs. Detta innebär att typografi spelar en viktig roll i tolkningen av en text. Nyckelord: typografi, tolkning, hermeneutik, Hans-Georg Gadamer, diskurs, Michel Foucault, genreanalys, Johan Swales, multimodalitet, Anders Björkvall, semiotik.

Taking as its central motif Hans-Georg Gadamer’s claim that “the true locus of hermeneutics is [the] in-between,” this thesis defends Gadamer’s concept of the fusion of horizons as radically interstitial against recent allegations that link his project to Romantic interpretive commensurability. Distancing Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics from both the Romantic hermeneutical approach and the incommensurabilist alternative proposed by John D. Caputo, this study reassesses Gadamer’s contributions toward understanding the other in a manner that avoids both imperious reductions and hyperbolic valorizations of the other’s alterity. Extending this discussion to cross-cultural interpretation, this thesis concludes by arguing for the fusion of horizons as a model for conceiving a new postcolonial space, irreducible to the commensurabilism of colonialism and the incommensurabilism of nativism. To this end, Gadamer is brought into discussion with Homi K. Bhabha, whose work on cultural hybridity offers a striking parallel with Gadamer’s fusion of horizons.

"One of the most contentious issues in aesthetics is whether or not there can be truth in art. This is so because the question of the possibility of truth in art implicitly assumes two other fundamental questions: the nature of truth and the nature of human understanding. In his treatment of truth in art, Gadamer comes down roundly on the side of the possiblity of truth in art. In this thesis, I show how Gadamer's approval of truth in art hinges on his notion of hermeneutics and his belief in art's transformative power, and propose that his account of truth in art is still a viable and creative approach to the question today. After taking a look at the Kantian, Heideggerian, and Aristotelian background with which Gadamer is operating in his treatment of truth and art, I trace where this led Gadamer, specifically in the sense of his move to have aesthetics so closely connected to hermeneutics. Through interaction with work by Mary Devereaux, I highlight some concerns over Gadamer's use of tradition and of order as a fundamental feature of the artwork, and give an account of how those concerns may be addressed."

This dissertation proposes to examine the work of scholars Christine de Pizan and Luce Irigaray in order to develop the possibilities of fiction in philosophy for the purposes of social transformation. Using four of her major narrative texts (The Mutacion of Fortune, the City of Ladies, the Path of Long Study and the Vision) I show how Christine employs the complex array of hermeneutical tools available to her in fictionalized ways as a means of training her readers into re-writing their understanding of themselves and their contexts. Alongside such re-writings, I show that she understands herself to have a particular vocation for educating the powers of France towards ethical action in their governance, and that she does so in these works in the form of philosophically oriented fictionalizations. I use the work of Luce Irigaray to explore a philosopher from the twentieth and twenty-first century who uses narrative and hermeneutical tools that bear a family resemblance to Christine's. Tracing Irigaray's formulations on the necessity of sexual difference I show how she re-tells stories from myth and history in such a way as to develop the sexual difference she desires. Finally, having engaged with these two philosophers, I use the hermeneutical work of Hans-Georg Gadamer to present my own work on how well-crafted fiction can be used to build philosophical concepts and understandings that are not yet available in our world, but which become available to us through our participation in the new fictionalized contexts and fictional worlds we create. I show how it is through understanding the possibilities this kind of philosophical and fictionalized utopic thinking holds that social transformation rooted in the world-building capabilities of individual persons can occur.

The need for Registered Nurses (RNs) in the long-term care of older people is being questioned, particularly in the context of nursing shortages, while suggestions for 'professionalising' Care Assistant (CA) roles are emerging. Despite ongoing debates about the importance of their work, research has so far been unable to provide an evidence-base for the outcomes of the work of either RNs or CAs in UK care homes. Using a multi-method interpretive approach, adopting a structure-process-outcome framework and grounded in the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer, this qualitative research sought to illuminate the distinct contributions made by RNs and CAs to outcomes for older people in care homes. RNs and CAs from around the UK contributed 'significant' examples of their work for Phase 1 of the study and Phase 2 comprised researcher fieldwork (observation, interviews and documentary analysis) in three care homes around England. Participants included RNs, CAs, older residents, relatives, home managers and professionals working in the homes. The findings offer a rich and detailed analysis of the realities of the work, much of which takes place 'behind closed doors' and has been described to a limited extent in the literature. They suggest that the CAs' daily support helps residents to function and to feel valued, and that close, reciprocal, family-type relationships develop. The health knowledge and clinical expertise of good RNs is critical in determining residents' health outcomes, particularly in the long-term, and RNs' 24-hour 'perceptual presence' can make life or death differences in acute or emergency situations. RNs also influence the environment, atmosphere and quality of care in the home. In the context of the literature, the findings offer new insights into the role and contribution of RNs and CAs, the outcomes of their work and the priorities of residents. The study produced new models of RN and CA roles in care homes, encompassing dimensions not previously acknowledged in the literature or their job descriptions, and a new framework within which the outcomes of care for older people could be evaluated. The research offers a positive image of work with older people in independent sector care homes.

Ma thèse montre la présence et le rôle de la métaphysique dans Vérité et méthode. Elle tente de démontrer que Gadamer s'inspire du néoplatonisme pour surmonter le subjectivisme de la modernité et propose une métaphysique à cette fin. Après avoir expliqué comment Gadamer se réapproprie l’héritage de la pensée grecque pour critiquer la modernité en situant son interprétation de Platon par rapport à celle de Heidegger, je montre que Gadamer s’approprie la conception de l’être de Plotin de façon telle qu’il peut s’y appuyer pour penser l’autoprésentation de l’être dans l’expérience herméneutique de la vérité. L’art va, pour ce faire, redevenir sous la conduite du néoplatonisme source de vérité. Gadamer redonne en effet une dignité ontologique à l’art grâce à la notion d’émanation, notion qui permet de penser qu’il y a une présence réelle du représenté dans sa représentation, celle-ci émanant du représenté sans l’amoindrir, mais lui apportant au contraire un surcroît d’être. La notion d’émanation permet ensuite à Gadamer d’affirmer le lien indissoluble qui unit les mots aux choses. En effet, la doctrine du verbe intérieur de Thomas d’Aquin implique ce lien que Platon avait occulté en réduisant le langage, comme la logique, à n’être qu’un instrument de domination du réel. L’utilisation de la notion néoplatonicienne d’émanation permet donc de dépasser la philosophie grecque du logos et de mieux rendre compte de l’être de la langue. Je montre ensuite comment Gadamer radicalise sa pensée en affirmant que l’être qui peut être compris est langage, ce qui veut dire que l’être, comme chez Plotin, est autoprésentation de soi-même. Pour ce faire, Gadamer rattache l’être du langage à la métaphysique néoplatonicienne de la lumière. Les dernières pages de Vérité et méthode rappellent en effet que la splendeur du beau est manifestation de la vérité de l’être. On rattachera alors le concept de vérité herméneutique à ses origines métaphysiques. La vérité est une manifestation de l’être dont on ne peut avoir part que si on se laisse submerger par sa lumière. Loin d’être affaire de contrôle méthodique, l’expérience de la vérité exige de se laisser posséder par ce qui est à comprendre. Je démontre ainsi que Gadamer a découvert dans le néoplatonisme des éléments permettant de s’opposer à la dictature du sujet moderne, dictature qui doit être renversée, car elle masque le réel rapport de l’homme à la vérité en faisant abstraction de la finitude de son existence concrète. La critique du subjectivisme moderne sous la conduite du néoplatonisme ouvre ainsi le chemin vers une métaphysique de la finitude. / My thesis shows the presence and role of metaphysics in Truth and Method. It attempts to show that Gadamer builds upon Neoplatonism to overcome the subjectivism of modernity and offers a metaphysics in this regard. It explains how Gadamer reclaims the legacy of Greek thought to criticize modernity, placing his interpretation of Plato compared to that of Heidegger, I argue that Gadamer appropriates Plotinus’ concept of being in such a way that it may lean to think of self-presentation of being in the hermeneutic experience of truth. In that sense, art is going to be a source of truth under the leadership of Neoplatonism. Gadamer gives an ontological dignity to art through the concept of emanation, a concept which suggests that there is a real presence of the represented in its representation, the latter derived from the represented without weakening it, providing it instead with more being. The concept of emanation then gives Gadamer an opportunity to affirm the indissoluble bond that unites words and things. Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of the inner word indeed implies the link that Plato had covered up by making language, like logic, a mere domination instrument of the real. The use of the Neoplatonic concept of emanation makes it possible to overcome the logos of Greek philosophy and to better account for the being of language. I then show how Gadamer radicalized his thinking as he says that the being that can be understood is language, which means that being, as in Plotinus, is self-presentation. To this end, Gadamer links the being of language to Neoplatonic metaphysics of light. The last pages of Truth and Method recall indeed that the splendor of beauty is an expression for the truth of being. The concept of hermeneutic truth is then connected to its metaphysical origins. Truth is a display for the being in which we can partake only if one gets overwhelmed by its light. Far from being a matter of methodical control, the experience of truth requires to be possessed by what must be understood. In this way, I demonstrate that Gadamer found in Neoplatonism elements to challenge the dictatorship of the modern subject, which must be reversed because it hides the real relationship of man with truth by ignoring the finitude of its concrete existence. The criticism of modern subjectivism led by Neoplatonism opens the way to a metaphysics of finitude.