This thesis aims to examine how Swedish ‘sommarstuga’ (Summer Cottage) or ‘cabins’ contributes to the production of gender equal values. This ethnographic work is based on the central case study of the members from Uppsala Extremsportförening, (UppX) and their interactions during two cabin trips; one to a surf cabin in Ericeira Portugal and the other a family cabin in Ängskärs, Sweden. The fieldwork conducted was implemented in a multi-sited ethnographic approach allowing for a broader perspective of possible fieldsites and the techniques of ‘Following The People’ and ‘Carnal Sociology’. Consequently, this led to unique experiences where the ‘sense of place’ of Swedish cabin traditions and values could be seen being practiced in Portugal. While, aiming to address the participants of this fieldwork thoughts and views on myths and misconceptions of Sweden’s image as a utopia or role model for egalitarian values. This thesis highlights that cabins and their surrounding spaces facilitate more than just sporting pursuits. They are a microcosm of interactions, a social space for family and friends, for play and gender politics; a world within a world. Concluding that, Swedish cabins are a ‘heterotopia’ or haven that facilitates gender equal interactions, evidencing this through case studies of gender equal participation in various sporting activities while staying in two very different cabins.

A lei francesa que proíbe o uso dos véus integrais em espaços públicos, recentemente aprovada, suscitou polêmicas políticas e sociais. Tal lei invoca a necessidade de evitar rostos cobertos em espaços públicos e os defensores da medida frequentemente mencionam o papel da lei em promover a laicidade e a igualdade de gênero. Contudo, o consenso sobre essa questão está longe de ser atingido entre os diversos acadêmicos e políticos que a discutem. Muitos dos opositores da lei a veem como uma forma de promover o racismo e a segregação ao invés da justiça, da liberdade, da integração, da igualdade de gênero e da agência das mulheres. Considerando a posição de algumas teóricas feministas, pretendemos desenvolver uma reflexão associando o feminismo às teorias liberal, comunitarista e multiculturalista a fim de refletir sobre as dimensões políticas e ideológicas deste processo. Assim, abordaremos os conceitos de justiça, liberdade e igualdade, fundamentais para a compreensão desse debate. Desse modo, pretendemos discutir as motivações para a criação da lei, bem como as suas consequências na sociedade francesa. / The recent French law banning women from wearing full-cover veils in public spaces has raised controversy in different political and social scopes. The law mentions the necessity of avoiding hidden faces in public spaces and its defenders often mention the law’s role in promoting secularism and gender equality. However, several policy makers and scholars are far from reaching agreement around this issue. Much of the opponents of the law see in this measure a way of promoting racism and segregation instead of justice, freedom, integration, women’s agency and gender equality. Putting at the frontline the position of some feminist scholars, we intend to develop a debate among theoretical feminism liberalism, multiculturalism and communitarism in order to understand the political and ideological dimension of this process. We will be addressing important issues such as justice, freedom and gender equity, which are fundamental to understand this debate. Our aim is to discuss the motivations for creating the law as well as its consequences in French society.

Studien undersöker kvinnliga politiker i kommunfullmäktige i en mindre kommun i Västra Götalands län. Eftersom kvinnorna i denna kommun är en underrepresenterad grupp, finner vi det relevant att studera kvinnliga politiker i kommunen. Vi ämnar därmed att besvara följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever kvinnliga kommunpolitiker sitt inflytande i kommunfullmäktige? Vilka attityder har kvinnliga kommunpolitiker till könsfördelning i kommunfullmäktige? Hur resonerar kvinnliga kommunpolitiker om de bakomliggande faktorer som ligger till grund för kvinnornas underrepresentation i kommunfullmäktige? Undersökningen en kvalitativ studie, där vi använde oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna är fem kvinnliga politiker som finns representerade i kommunfullmäktige. Intervjuerna gjordes med hjälp av en intervjuguide som skapades genom ett analysschema där frågeställningar, tidigare forskning och teorier varit utgångspunkten. Slutsatsen vi kan dra av vår studie är att majoriteten av våra respondenter anser att det inte råder balans mellan kvinnors och mäns delaktighet i beslutsfattandet, trots att de tar del av och påverkar i kommunfullmäktige. Det finns likheter och skillnader i respondenternas attityder till könsfördelningen. Minoriteten av respondenterna anser att en jämn könsfördelning har en betydelse för hur kommunalpolitiken ser ut. Vidare anser samtliga respondenter att kvinnornas underrepresentation inte beror på det politiska uppdraget i kommunfullmäktige, utan snarare på de svårigheterna med att kombinera politiken med det övriga livet. / The study investigates female politicians in the city council in a small municipality in Västra Götaland County. Since the women in this municipality are an underrepresented group, we find it relevant to study female politicians in the municipality. We intend to answer the following questions: How do female municipal politicians feel their influence in the city council? What attitudes do female municipal politicians have for gender distribution in the city council? How do female municipal politicians argue about the underlying factors that underlie women's underrepresentation in the city council? The study is a qualitative study, where we used semistructured interviews where respondents are five female politicians who are represented in the city council. The interviews were conducted with the help of an interview guide that was created through an analysis chart where questions, previous research and theories were the starting point. The conclusion we can deduce from our study is that all respondents take part and influence the city council. The majority of our respondents consider that there is no balance between the participation of women and men in decision making. There are similarities and differences in respondents' attitudes towards gender segregation. The minority of respondents believe that even gender distribution has a bearing on how municipal policy looks. Furthermore, all respondents consider that women's underrepresentation does not depend on the political task of the City Council, but rather on the difficulties of combining policy with the rest of life.

Notre recherche porte sur la mise en place d'un programme d'égalité professionnelle femmes-hommes et s'intéresse à la question suivante : Comment mener une démarche d'égalité professionnelle réelle et pérenne dans une entreprise dont la culture organisationnelle est masculine ? Pour y répondre, nous avons mené une recherche-intervention au sein de Transco, un groupe de transport public de voyageurs. En résultat, nous proposons une typologie des travaux sur l'égalité professionnelle et l'organisation et nous testons pour la première fois la grille de Rutherford, destinée à caractériser la culture organisationnelle genrée. Puis nous exposons les spécificités de la démarche de Transco, et en les rapprochant de la littérature, nous aboutissons à une montée en généralité sur les spécificités des démarches égalité. Ces résultats associés à nos apports théoriques nous permettent de préconiser des actions managériales pour garantir une égalité réelle et durable entre femmes et hommes. / Our research deals with the implementation of a professional gender equality program and is interested in the following question: how to lead an initiative of real and sustainable professional equality in a male environment? To answer it, we led a research-intervention within Transco, a group of public transport. ln our results, we propose a typology of major academic works on the professional equality and the organization. We test for the first time Rutherford's model, intended to characterize the gendered organizational culture. Then we display the specificities of Transco's equality initiative, and we link them to the literature to propose the key characteristics of gender initiatives. These results associated to our theoretical contributions allow us to draw operational recommendations to guarantee a real and sustainable equality between women and men.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the dilemmas that pedagogues’ reflect about in gender equality work at preschool. The target group is active pedagogues in pre-school. A qualitative survey has been realized to achieve the purpose. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with eight pedagogues. They are working in three different preschools in a medium-sized city in Sweden. The dilemmas that emerge in the study are analyzed from a gender theoretical perspective. Hirdmans gender system (1988) reveals how pedagogues' statements can be related to three different levels in a gender contract. The result shows that pedagogues' experience the level of society and preschool norms and values ​​as the biggest challenge with the gender equality mission. The pedagogues show awareness of that traditional gender patterns and gender roles are largely conveyed to children through the border maintain level in social practice at preschool. In turn to the two levels affect the cross-border level, in which the individual is in focus. The results shows that the focus of pedagogues is on a social level, while inequality is realized through border maintain. I have come to the conclusion that knowledge is the tool for an equal preschool, focusing on its own activities. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka dilemman som pedagoger reflekterar kring i jämställdhetsarbetet på förskolan. Målgruppen är verksamma pedagoger inom förskolan. En kvalitativ undersökning har realiserats för att uppnå syftet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta pedagoger som är verksamma på tre olika förskolor i en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Dilemman som framkommer i studien analyseras ur ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv. Hirdmans genussystem (1988) synliggör hur pedagogernas utsagor kan relateras till tre olika nivåer i ett genuskontrakt. Resultatet visar att pedagoger upplever nivån med samhället och förskolans normer och värderingar som största utmaningen med jämställdhetsuppdraget. Pedagoger- na visar en medvetenhet kring att traditionella könsmönster och könsroller till största del förmedlas till barn genom gränsupprätthållande nivån i den sociala praktiken på förskolan. De två nivåerna påverkar i sin tur den gränsöverskri- dande nivån där individen är i fokus. Resultatet visar att pedagogernas fokus ligger på en samhällelig nivå medan ojämställdhet förverkligas genom gränsupprätthållande. En slutsats har framkommit om att kunskap är redskap- et för en jämställd förskola, där fokus hamnar på den egna verksamheten.

Background:           This thesis was written in context of the debate concerning gender equality and female representation on company boards. Gender quota legislation have been implemented by various countries on a national level, and a similar regulation was proposed by the European Commission. Legislation regarding board gender diversity have given rise to the discussion on the actual effects of female director’s on board effectiveness and firm financial performance.   Purpose:                  The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between gender diversity on boards and firm financial results. A sample of 100 Swedish companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm for the time period 2013-2016 is analysed.    Method:                    The study had a quantitative approach and used a panel data methodology. The data analysis was conducted using Ordinary Least Square Regression. Board gender diversity was measured by four variables including the diversity measurements Blau and Shannon indices, and Tobin’s Q was deployed as the market-based measurement of financial performance.   Conclusion: The results of the data analysis indicate that the presence of one or more women has a positive effect on financial performance, which contradicts previous findings. Also, it is found that higher gender diversity on boards influenced firm performance positively, which conformed to the majority of the previous findings.

A lei francesa que proíbe o uso dos véus integrais em espaços públicos, recentemente aprovada, suscitou polêmicas políticas e sociais. Tal lei invoca a necessidade de evitar rostos cobertos em espaços públicos e os defensores da medida frequentemente mencionam o papel da lei em promover a laicidade e a igualdade de gênero. Contudo, o consenso sobre essa questão está longe de ser atingido entre os diversos acadêmicos e políticos que a discutem. Muitos dos opositores da lei a veem como uma forma de promover o racismo e a segregação ao invés da justiça, da liberdade, da integração, da igualdade de gênero e da agência das mulheres. Considerando a posição de algumas teóricas feministas, pretendemos desenvolver uma reflexão associando o feminismo às teorias liberal, comunitarista e multiculturalista a fim de refletir sobre as dimensões políticas e ideológicas deste processo. Assim, abordaremos os conceitos de justiça, liberdade e igualdade, fundamentais para a compreensão desse debate. Desse modo, pretendemos discutir as motivações para a criação da lei, bem como as suas consequências na sociedade francesa. / The recent French law banning women from wearing full-cover veils in public spaces has raised controversy in different political and social scopes. The law mentions the necessity of avoiding hidden faces in public spaces and its defenders often mention the law’s role in promoting secularism and gender equality. However, several policy makers and scholars are far from reaching agreement around this issue. Much of the opponents of the law see in this measure a way of promoting racism and segregation instead of justice, freedom, integration, women’s agency and gender equality. Putting at the frontline the position of some feminist scholars, we intend to develop a debate among theoretical feminism liberalism, multiculturalism and communitarism in order to understand the political and ideological dimension of this process. We will be addressing important issues such as justice, freedom and gender equity, which are fundamental to understand this debate. Our aim is to discuss the motivations for creating the law as well as its consequences in French society.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka samhällskunskapslärares förståelse av och arbete med jämställdhet i årskurs 4-6. Detta eftersom Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2011 framför att skolan ska främja jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män (Skolverket, 2017c). Den teori som inspirerat studien är hermeneutik. I studien har sex lärare som arbetar i årskurs 4-6 från 4 olika kommunala skolor deltagit. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer har det visat sig att lärare generellt förstår jämställdhet som när flickor och pojkar har samma rättigheter och skyldigheter. Hälften av lärarna kopplar samman jämställdhet med jämlikhet. Jämställdhet lyfts både spontant och som planerad undervisning i klassrummet och samtliga lärare arbetar med jämställdhet ur ett historiskt perspektiv så att eleverna får syn på dåtid och nutid. Det är av vikt att lärare gör sig själva och sina elever medvetna om jämställdhet. Trots det samtalas det ytterst lite om jämställdhet mellan lärare. / The aim of this study is to investigate civics teachers's understanding and work with gender equality in elementary school. This because the curriculum in Sweden, Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2011 proposes that the school should promote gender equality beteen woman and men (Skolverket, 2017c). The theory which has inspired this study is hermeneutic. In this study, sex teachers have participated and they all working in elementary school from four local schools. Through semi-structed interviews the result shows that teachers in general understand that gender equality is when girls and boys have the same rights and obligations. Half of the teachers connect gender euality with equality. Gender equality is mentioned both spontaneously and as planned education it the classroom and all teachers work with gender equality from a historical persepctive. This make the pupils able to visualise past and present. It is important that teachers make themselves and their pupils aware of gender equality. Despite that, teachers speak very little about gender equality with each other.

Partindo de uma perspectiva Foucaultiana, este estudo analisa a formação e a institucionalização do enunciado de igualdade de gênero e seus posteriores efeitos na produção de políticas públicas para as mulheres no Brasil. Dessa maneira, descreveu-se de que forma alguns dos discursos feministas puderam ser integrados dentro das políticas públicas do Estado brasileiro especialmente no que se refere ao entrecruzamento da dimensão de gênero e o campo do trabalho. Através desse exercício foi possível pensar de que modo os enunciados feministas transformaram-se em uma determinada forma de conduzir a população, na perspectiva da Governamentalidade, produzindo modos específicos de subjetivação para as mulheres trabalhadoras no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, o estudo oferece uma análise genealógica que abarca a institucionalização e a internacionalização de algumas premissas feministas. Aborda-se de que modo algumas dessas propostas entraram no bojo de ações do Estado brasileiro. Subsequentemente, o estudo propõe uma análise crítica acerca das propostas das políticas de igualdade de gênero no Brasil enfocando, sobretudo, as intervenções que entrecruzam as dimensões de gênero e trabalho. A análise aponta para a dominância dos discursos feministas mais moderados dentro do conjunto destas propostas. A partir disto, demonstram-se algumas das incoerências e limitações da premissa geral de igualdade que são produzidas no interior destas políticas. Entre elas é importante sublinhar a reiteração da norma de gênero em muitas das estratégias de intervenção das políticas para as mulheres no Brasil. Na medida que estas estratégias não desafiam e/ou desestabilizam a norma de gênero, vemos a repetição de determinados regimes de gênero que podem ser considerados como uma reiteração das hierarquias de gênero, as quais bloqueiam o próprio ideal de igualdade de gênero. / Starting from a Foucauldian perspective, this study seeks to analyze the establishment and the following institutionalization of gender equality statement. By problematizing this specific statement, we were able to trace the impact of this notion on the production of gender equality policies in Brazil - focusing on the relevant field of work and gender production. In this sense, we explored the way by which some feminist discourses could be incorporated in the set of public strategies developed by the Brazilian State. Through this exercise, we could think how these feminist statements influenced the population’s “conduction” (governamentality paradigm); producing, as a result, specific subjectivities for Brazilian working women. In the first part of the study, we proposed a genealogical analysis which demonstrates the process of institutionalization and internationalization of some feminist premises. Connected to this, we explored the way by which some of these feminist discourses could integrate some State’s governmental actions in Brazil. Subsequently, the study uses critical lenses to analyze gender equality policies in Brazil, again the main focus were public strategies that specifically deal with gender inequality in the work field. The analysis suggests that there is a dominance of a moderate feminist point of view within these policies. Taking this element into consideration, we demonstrate how these premises embedded in these public policies for women could produce incoherencies and limitations for the general premise of gender equality. It is important to stress the reiteration of gender norms within these strategies. By not problematizing and/or destabilizing gender norms, we see the repetition of old gender regimes regarding gender equality policies in Brazil. Therefore, these strategies often reiterate gender hierarchies which are able to obstruct the gender equality ideal.

A lei francesa que proíbe o uso dos véus integrais em espaços públicos, recentemente aprovada, suscitou polêmicas políticas e sociais. Tal lei invoca a necessidade de evitar rostos cobertos em espaços públicos e os defensores da medida frequentemente mencionam o papel da lei em promover a laicidade e a igualdade de gênero. Contudo, o consenso sobre essa questão está longe de ser atingido entre os diversos acadêmicos e políticos que a discutem. Muitos dos opositores da lei a veem como uma forma de promover o racismo e a segregação ao invés da justiça, da liberdade, da integração, da igualdade de gênero e da agência das mulheres. Considerando a posição de algumas teóricas feministas, pretendemos desenvolver uma reflexão associando o feminismo às teorias liberal, comunitarista e multiculturalista a fim de refletir sobre as dimensões políticas e ideológicas deste processo. Assim, abordaremos os conceitos de justiça, liberdade e igualdade, fundamentais para a compreensão desse debate. Desse modo, pretendemos discutir as motivações para a criação da lei, bem como as suas consequências na sociedade francesa. / The recent French law banning women from wearing full-cover veils in public spaces has raised controversy in different political and social scopes. The law mentions the necessity of avoiding hidden faces in public spaces and its defenders often mention the law’s role in promoting secularism and gender equality. However, several policy makers and scholars are far from reaching agreement around this issue. Much of the opponents of the law see in this measure a way of promoting racism and segregation instead of justice, freedom, integration, women’s agency and gender equality. Putting at the frontline the position of some feminist scholars, we intend to develop a debate among theoretical feminism liberalism, multiculturalism and communitarism in order to understand the political and ideological dimension of this process. We will be addressing important issues such as justice, freedom and gender equity, which are fundamental to understand this debate. Our aim is to discuss the motivations for creating the law as well as its consequences in French society.