Miljökonsekvensbeskrivning, MKB, är ett redskap som används i Sverige och 120 andra länder och processen används för att förutse miljöpåverkan som kan komma att inträffa som ett resultat av olika projekt som etableras. I Sverige krävs MKB alltid för särskilda projekt, så som vägprojekt. Processen försöker inkorporera miljöaspekter i projekt och även ge allmänhet och intressenter möjlighet att yttra sig och ställa frågor kring projektet. Detta kallas att hålla samråd vilket ska hållas under hela MKB-processen. I Sverige finns lagar som begär att samråd hålls under processen, men forskning kring jämställdhet och samrådsförfarandet kallad JämSam visar att det är en överrepresentation av äldre män på dessa möten. Denna studie eftersträvar att i internationell MKB-litteratur undersöka om det förs en diskussion kring genus i samrådsprocessen och vad som, i händelse av en sådan, diskuteras. Olika teorier rörande genus undersöktes och dessa tydde på att skillnader i genus beror på olik socialisation av kvinnor och män genom livet. Litteratur som rör genus och miljö visade att kvinnor har ett marginellt större interesse för miljöfrågor men att män är de som är mer aktivt deltagande. Resultaten av studien var att väldigt lite material påträffades, vilket i sin tur visade att genusdiskussionen inom MKB-litteratur i princip är obefintlig. Majoriteten av artiklarna som hittades nämnde kvinnor eller genus i förbifarten och i samband med andra ämnen. Bara en artikel diskuterade djupare kring ämnet. Vidare studier på området och rörande hur samrådsförfarandet ska bli jämställt behövs för att få igång en debatt på området eftersom den nuvarande situationen inte för diskussionen framåt. / Environmental impact assessment, EIA, is a tool used in Sweden and in 120 other countries and the process is used to predict environmental impact of different projects that are established. An EIA is always a prerequisite for certain projects in Sweden, for instance highway projects. The process aims to incoporate environmental aspects in projects and also to give the public and other interest groups the opportunity to voice their concerns and ask questions about the project. This is called public participation wich should take place during the entire EIA process. Sweden has laws that encourage public participation throughout the entire process, but research regarding gender equality and public participation called JämSam shows that elderly men are overrepresented at the public meetings. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a discussion regarding gender equality and public participation in international EIA literature and, if so, what the articles encompass. Different theories regarding gender equality were examined and they suggested that socialization is the cause of gender differences as women and men are treated diffrently throughout their entire lives. Gender equality and environment literature showed that women have a marginally higher intresst in environmental issues but that men are more active and participate more. Very small amounts of material were found during the study, which shows that gender equality basically is nonexistent in EIA literature. The majority of the articles found only mentioned women or gender briefly and in relation to other subjects. Only one study found discussed the subject troughout the entire article. Further studies on gender equality in EIA literature and regarding making public participation gender equal is much-needed to initiate debate on this field, because the present situation does not move the discussion forward.

Equal opportunity issues are considered to have a clear position in Swedish policy and the making of Swedish gender policy is considered a precursor. Though many experts and scientists have shed light on the fact that the issue of women assault has had a less stable development than other gender issues such as child care, the labour market etc. within the Swedish society, and that it does not attract the wide political support it needs. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the Municipalities', in the county of Kronoberg, policy on the issue of women assault within their local policies of equality. In my thesis I have chosen a theoretical framework that is built on a dilemma of justice based on three different dimensions; the extent, content and influence of the local policies. To clarify I have subsequently summarized these three as ideal types politics of recognition and politics of redistribution. I came to the conclusion that the prerequisites for the issue of women assault and its consequences to attract attention would increase if the issue was more frequently debated amongst the local politicians in the county. Women assault is not just a serious societal problem but also an obstacle for a sustainable societal development.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida antalet och andelen kvinnor i styrelsen påverkar företags CSR-prestation och -diversifiering. Studien har även ett explorativt syfte genom att uppsatsskribenterna redogör för och utforskar en egenskapad metod som kan bidra med en alternativ operationalisering av CSR-diversifiering. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från ett positivistiskt förhållningssätt och deduktiv angreppssätt. En kvantitativ strategi tillämpas för insamling av data. Studiens population består av svenska large cap företag på stockholmsbörsen. Totalt observeras 69 företag. Styrelsens sammansättning i avseende till kön utgör primärdatan och erhålls från respektive företags årsredovisningar för året 2015. Sekundärdatan består av företagens CSR-prestation och -diversifiering för året 2016 och inhämtas från CSRHubs databas. Vidare genomförs en multipel regressionsanalys för att undersöka samband mellan variablerna kön och CSR i samband med olika kontrollvariabler. Resultat: Regressionsresultatet visar inga signifikanta bevis för att CSR-prestationen/ -diversifieringen och antalet och/eller andelen kvinnor i styrelsen har något samband. Vidare visar resultatet att storleken på styrelsen har betydelse för CSR-prestationen men inte för dess diversifiering och att det råder skillnader mellan branscherna. Resultatet visar att svenska large cap företag har en högre CSR-poäng än genomsnittet på CSRHub. Kvinnor utgör 33% av styrelseledamöterna. Alla styrelser har minst en kvinnlig ledamot och består i snitt av tre kvinnor. 43 av de observerade företagen har tre eller fler kvinnor i sina styrelser. Slutsats: Det är svårt att bevisa ett kausalt samband mellan antalet och/eller andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och företagets CSR-prestation och diversifiering. Styrelsens storlek verkar vara mer avgörande (för CSR-prestationen). Det antas att andra faktorer än de som använts i studien kan ha större påverkan än antalet och andelen kvinnor. Metoden som använts för mätning av CSR-diversifieringen är ej fullständig och behöver utvecklas ytterligare. / Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether the number and proportion of women on the board affect company CSR performance and diversification. The study also has an exploratory purpose in that the authors describe and explore an own created methodology that can contribute to an alternative operationalization of CSR diversification. Method: The study is based on a positivist and deductive approach. A quantitative strategy is applied for data collection. The study´s population consists of Swedish large cap corporates on the Stockholm Stock Exchange market. A total of 69 corporates are observed. The board's composition with respect to gender is the primary data and obtained from the corporates annual reports of the year 2015. Secondary data consists of the companies CSR-performance and -diversification for the year of 2016 and retrieved from CSRHub's database. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis is applied to investigate the relationship between the gender and CSR variables, in relation to different control variables. Result: The regression result shows no significant evidence that the CSR-performance/ -diversification and the number and/or proportion of female representation on the boards have a relationship. Furthermore, the result shows that the size of the board has importance with respect to CSR-performance, but not to the diversification, and that there are differences between industries. The result shows that Swedish large cap corporations have greater points on their CSR-score, than the average company on CSRHub. Women represent 33% of the board members. All boards have at least one women director and consist of an average of three women. 43 of the observed corporates have three or more women on their boards. Conclusion: It is difficult to prove a causal and significant relationship between the number and / or proportion of women in the board and the company's CSR-performance and the degree of diversification. The size of the board seems to be more decisive (for the CSR-performance). It is assumed that factors other than those used in the study may have greater impact than the number and proportion of women. The method used to measure CSR-diversification is not complete and needs further development.

This study investigates what role menstruation have for women in the village of Nakwa, Tanzania; how inadequate MHM affects the perception of women; and how menstruation is affecting the gender equality within a marriage in Nakwa. Most women in Nakwa village struggle to maintain high standards of cleanliness regarding their own Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM). This is due to many contributing factors relating to ingrained cultural beliefs that menstruation is something shameful and dirty. Most males within the household manage the finances, and menstrual hygiene products are not considered a priority, which further detaches the women from the possession of power over their own MHM. The theoretical framework used in this study is built upon two pillars, the woman as the inferior sex, and menstruation as something dirty and polluting, contributing to menstrual shame. These pillars are constructed upon two academic works; The Second Sex (1953) by Simone De Beauvoir, and Purity and Danger (1984) by Mary Douglas. Substantive previous research is accounted for to support the two pillars. Two weeks of field studies in Nakwa village during February and March 2017 included 23 individual semi-structured interviews and one group interview, with regularly menstruating married women. The results show a linkage between inadequate MHM, devaluation and inferiority of women and gender inequality.

The overarching aim of this essay is to understand why gender equality policy proposals sometimes fail to be adopted even in very favorable circumstances. The paper searches to do so by examining the political debate and the process that lead to the Swedish Social Democratic Party’s decision in 2014 to not adopt a law against gender discrimination in commercial in Sweden, despite their longstanding arguments to impose such a ban. The case is considered being a “failed case”, that is, a situation where gender policy adoption failed. Drawing on feminist political theory and frame analysis the study examines the arguments made by proponents and opponents in the debate. The study finds that the Liberal People’s Party possibly might have managed to pursue the Social Democratic Party to switch position by reframing the issue regarding gender discrimination in commercial. The study also observes that freedom of speech can be seen as a competing and higher valued interest to gender equality. Furthermore, the paper demonstrate that Sweden generally have been reluctant to reach gender equality through harder measures, which additionally can be seen as an explanation to the failure of the proposal.

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Cette thèse applique le concept analytique d’ « inégalité intersectionnelle des genres » à l’analyse des implications du développement du secteur privé du care sur les inégalités structurelles fondées sur le genre, la classe et la race en France et en Allemagne. Je pose la question suivante : les politiques publiques régissant le secteur du care renforcent-elles les inégalités intersectionnelles par leur manque de compréhension des phénomènes de discrimination intersectionnelle ? Dans quelle mesure les politiques publiques dans les domaines de l’immigration, de l’emploi, de la famille et de l’égalité professionnelle entre hommes et femmes prennent-elles en compte l’intersection des désavantages structurels ? J’aborde la notion d’ « égalité des genres » d’un point de vue intersectionnel dans le sens où la catégorie « femme » est envisagée comme un groupe hétérogène et non universel. Les inégalités au sein de cette catégorie sont donc au centre de l’attention. Le transfert du travail reproductif des femmes employées sur le marché du travail formel à d’autres femmes en situation marginale pose des questions de hiérarchie basée sur la classe et sur la race à l’intérieur de la catégorie ‘femmes’. Ma problématique pourrait donc être reformulée comme suit : Comment les politiques promouvant le développement des services de care privés influencent-elles l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes, et l’égalité entre les femmes ? Une analyse approfondie des politiques discursives et des cadres politiques liés aux problèmes du care et de l’égalité des genres a permis de comprendre les diverses représentations et constructions de ces questions politiques. La recherche conclut que les divers cadres discursifs des problèmes politiques de l’égalité des genres, de l’immigration et de l’emploi dans le secteur du care ont un impact direct sur la formulation des politiques publiques se rapportant au travail du care, ce qui perpétue un processus de discrimination que je décrit en conceptualise comme inégalité intersectionnelle des genres. / This dissertation applies the analytical concept of “intersectional gender inequality” to the analysis of the implications of the development of private care for gender, class and racial structural inequalities in France and Germany. I ask: how do public policies pertaining to social care – in their current formulation – reinforce intersectional inequalities because of their disregard or lack of understanding of intersectional discrimination? To what extent do migration, labor market, family, and gender equality policies frame and address intersectional disadvantage? The transfer of reproductive work from women employed on the formal labor market to other marginalized women poses questions of hierarchy based on racism and classism within the group “women.” My research question could be reformulated as: How do policies promoting the development of personal care services influence equality between men and women, and equality between women? I undertook an in-depth analysis of the intricate relationships between white supremacy, class exploitation and patriarchy and examined how these systems of domination impact on gender inequality. The analysis of discursive politics and policy frames related to the issue of care and gender equality allowed an understanding of the various representations and constructions of the political issues and of the people affected by it.The discourses developed in relation to the above-mentioned policies reflect particular representations of the interrelated problems of gender inequality, labor shortages in the care sector, and immigration, as well as the solutions brought forward to solve them. Using critical frame analysis, this dissertation addresses the intersectional representation (or lack thereof) of racialized women in policies, laws and discourses pertaining to social care. Drawing from this, the specific structural discrimination of racialized women on the labor market will be analyzed.The research reveals that the discursive framing of the policy issues of gender inequality, immigration and employment in care impact on the formulation of policies pertaining to care work, which in turn sustain a discrimination pattern that I describe and conceptualize as intersectional gender inequality.

The aim of this research is to study how gender is constructed and represented in children's literature through image and text analysis of the four selected children's books from respectively Sweden, Poland, and Turkey. Through our analysis we want to demonstrate the prevailing gender discourses expressed in children's books through text and image. From this we want to create an understanding of the importance of the selection of children's books and the role of adults in com­municating and discussing the content. The study has feminist poststructuralism as theory which is part of social constructivism. To achieve the in-depth analysis, we used semiotic text and image analysis as well as multimodality and critical discourse analysis. The study's findings show that, based on semiotic image and text analysis, most analyzed books convey and portray a con­ventional and traditional image of femininity and masculinity. There are some break­through chal­lenges in the selected children's books that adults need to attend to in social practice with the chil­dren. The result we have reached is only partly in line with the curriculum for preschool gender equality. Some messages are also in conflict with them.

In this essay I’m asking if the Scandinavian countries Sweden, Denmark and Norway use a third world perspective on gender equality in their development aid politics. A third world perspective on gender equality is a perspective that considers the special experiences and priorities of women in the third world. My point of view is that third world perspectives represent women in the third world better than western perspectives. To determine if the countries uses a third world perspective on gender equality or not I have examined the countries aid policies with a third world theory. The material that I have used is policy documents on gender equality from the three countries and my method is discourse analysis. My study shows that Sweden Denmark and Norway uses a third world perspective on gender equality to a certain extent. There are some aspects of the third world perspective on gender equality that none of the countries reflect about. Norway is the country with the best result in the study.

This thesis aims to describe the use of gender symbols and gender equality ideas in contemporary nationalist parties in Sweden. Nationalism and national identity traditionally contain gendered ideas, symbols and identities, in which women are subordinate to men. Paradoxically, in Sweden, gender equality has become an intrinsic part of the national identity. Theories on gender and nationalism are applied and used in the quantitative and qualitative analysis in order to distinguish and describe the use of gender symbols and gender equality ideas in the two Swedish parties New Democracy and the Sweden Democrats. The findings show that the parties do rely on traditional nationalist gender roles, and that the Sweden Democrats emphasize these roles to a greater extent than New Democracy. The analysis also shows that both parties try to incorporate the Swedish gender equality into their ideologies but interpret the notion of gender equality in two different ways.