<p>Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse inom berörda yrkes- och studentgrupper för hur individer, som blivit rullstolsburna senare i livet, upplever sin identitet och eventuella identitetsförändringar. Resultatet tolkades utifrån Anthony Giddens teorier om senmodernitet och identitet samt Peter L. Berger och Thomas Luckmanns kunskapssociologiska perspektiv. Den tidigare forskningen har berört funktionshinder och identitet utifrån olika aspekter, dock har inte syftet för denna studie behandlats i sin helhet i andra studier. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex stycken respondenter för att nå deras upplevelser. Utifrån det material som inkommit genom intervjuerna har åtta stycken kategorier framträtt: självbild, yttre attribut, vanor och rutiner, arbete och fritid, relationer, bemötande från andra, drömmar och planer samt handikappanpassning. I studien framkommer att respondenterna använder framträdande och uppträdande för att påverka den spegling de får av omgivningen. Studien visar även att det har skett en förändring av respondenternas regimer och rutiner. En identitetsförändring har därmed skett hos respondenterna. I studien diskuteras även det faktum att respondenterna själva inte framhåller den identitetsförändring som påvisas i studien. Detta tyder på att respondenterna inte själva tänker på förändringen i sig, de tänker mer indirekt på förändringen genom att denna påverkat dem i olika situationer. I studien framkommer även vikten av det omgivande samhällets attityd gentemot den funktionshindrade när det gäller speglingen av individen. Detta är av relevans för de instanser i samhället som arbetar med frågor rörande funktionshinder.</p>

Background. The research on management in Swedish home care has been conductedmainly from sociological perspectives where structural conditions have been of interest (see for example Hagerman et al., 2013; Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conditions impacting on management are described as differing ideals where the main ideals are the care perspective and the cost perspective (see for example Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conflict between ideals create tensions between ideology and practice and different expectations (Antonsson, 2013) and may also create problems, dilemmas and paradoxes (Österlind, 2013). The rules impacting on the home care activities are bureaucratic rules stemming from the state and municipality. However, Trydegård (2000) argues that at the same time there is room for autonomy and path-dependence in the home care units. Purpose and research approach. There seems to be a lack of studies on management control in home care, and more especially no study combining a discourse, structures and theories on management control. The purpose of this thesis is to explore management control in home care in the relation between structures and managers’ interpretative repertoires in a social-constructionist perspective. The purpose is also to create a prototype model for further research. The ontological positioning and theoretical framework are building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1979, 1984) in which structures are seen as both the medium and outcome of social interaction and rules are important. The units of analysis are the managers’ accounts on management control in semi-structured interviews. The accounts are analysed in a so called case cluster analysis (McClintock et al., 1979) in the software program NVivo. The codes are building on Ouchi’s theory of management control (1979) as ‘input control’, ‘behaviour control’, ‘output control’ and ‘clan control’, and also building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1978, 1984) defined as 8 characteristics of rules, ‘normative sanctions’, ‘signification of meaning’, ‘authoritative’ or ‘allocative resources’. Findings. The findings reveal that home care is highly bureaucratic in input and output control by the use of formal rules stemming from municipality or state. In behaviour control home care has a medium-low degree of bureaucracy if exercised through ‘signification of meaning’ and medium-high when exercised through ‘authoritative resources’. In clan control home care has a low degree of bureaucracy and can either be positive or negative depending on how informal leaders in the unit impact on cooperation between care personnel and if there is trust and a good communication between manager and care personnel. Two main patterns of structuration appear: creation of structures for an efficient process flow of home care to increase efficiency, and co-creation of new rules for behaviour to increase cooperation. Managers focus on different situations of management control depending on conditions in the home care unit and own interpretations. Two interpretative repertoires are identified; the discourse on hard matters is created in relation to matters that are more rigid in structure, such as legislation and municipal goals and that are difficult to interpret differently, whereas soft matters are created in discourse around dilemmas and human or relational aspects of control.

Abstract Title: Who are you? Who am I? – Charades in the mediated world of today. A study of the construction of identity at Facebook. (Vem är du? Vem är jag? – Charader i dagens medierade värld. En studie av identitetskonstruktionen på Facebook.) Number of pages: 58 (66 including enclosures.) Author: Mathilda Wahlund Tutor: Ylva Ekström Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Fall 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Purpose/Aim: The aim is to study how people construct their own identities today. I want to understand and study how such a central thing as identity is being constructed, in a place which offers members to freely present themselves, the community Facebook. Material/Method: Through Internet based interviews and observations I approach the inner worlds of my informants. Using semiotics I can detect underlying meanings. My theoretical base consists of modernist and postmodernist perspectives among others. Gidden’s theory of the self narrative, Butler’s queer theory, the theory of articulation represented by Stuart Hall, Gauntlett’s model of objects and intersectionality represented by Nina Lykke among others. Main results: The main result is that people do not actively construct identity in one way on the Internet. They do it in several ways, deliberately and non deliberately. Identity construction today is very fragmented, like the world we live in. People choose their own ways to present themselves, and the ways they do it vary. But people are often aware of the fact that they do present themselves, they’ve just not been reflecting over who they present. Key words: Identity, the self, the subject, construction of identity, modernity, postmodernity, Facebook, Giddens, Butler, queer theory, articulation, the model of objects, intersectionality, interviews, observation, semiotics.

How were work identities of female and male shop assistants in the clothing departments at NK constructed, and how did this change over time? The starting point of this thesis has been that identities are contextually constructed. Focus has been set on trying to understand how the process of ‘making’ identity has been done in a historical perspective for shop assistants in clothing departments at the department store NK, AB Nordiska Kompaniet, in Stockholm. Shared narratives are crucial in the process of making collective identities. This thesis analyses narratives on relations between shop assistants and the company, the trade union and the commodities that were sold. The results show that the constructions of work identities, besides from being an ongoing process, have been characterized by a constantly ongoing struggle about expectations on their nature. The perspective is both discursive and materialistic. NK had approximately 2000 employees. All these people could not have personal relations to each other. To create an imagined community and a sense of collective identity, common narratives were important. The employees were in the company’s internal narrative named the ‘NK-ists’. It was said to be important to work in the ‘NK- spirit’. Narratives outside the NK-collective did effect the imagined community within, sometimes causing the collective to join closer together and sometimes dividing it. Work identities and the gendered division of labour are connected. Notions of gender and of what kind of work that is considered to be suitable to men or women at different times and in different places colour the narratives that construct work identities. The narratives dealt with in this thesis originate in existing events and in myths about the department store NK, and the shop assistants working at NK had to relate to these. The employer had picked one group of employees for whom this was especially true: the shop assistants. They were told: “You are NK”.

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Syftet med studien är att genom en jämförande kvalitativ textanalys av politiskt strategiska dokument studera i första hand hur valda strategier uttrycker idéer avseende antiterror-strategier, och i föreliggande fall om, USA:s terrorismstrategier har påverkat EU:s och Sveriges utformning av sina respektive strategidokument avseende synen på fenomenet terrorism. Syftet breddas för att om möjligt visa på om Sverige kan ses som närmare USA än EU i det institutionella antiterrorarbetet avseende de politiska uttrycken som används kring terrorism och antiterrorstrategier. Teorier som ligger till grund för analysen kommer från Giddens, Gramsci och Kagans tankar kring makt, hegemoni, påverkan och inflytande. Metoden för att genomföra analysen bygger delvis på Faircloughs diskursanalys. Resultatet indikerar att USA intar en proaktiv hållning i sin antiterrorstrategi och blir på detta sätt tongivande över sin egen såväl som över andras utformning av antiterrorstrategier. EU å sin sida väljer en reaktiv inställning och blir på det sättet följsam och underdånig USA:s strategi och Sverige pendlar mellan dessa lägen beroende på vilken aspekt av strategin som analyseras.

Shaoul et al. (2012) state that the accounting, scrutiny and oversight of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) remain areas of concern. Also, there have been calls for a more socio-technical and multidisciplinary approach to accounting and governance studies (Broadbent, 2012; Broadbent and Guthrie 2008), especially in relation to the empirical study of PPPs (Hodge et al., 2010). This thesis responds to these calls in part by drawing on Giddens’ structuration theory to examine the financial accountability and governance concerns that are created in PPP joint venture structures. The empirical work focuses on the health sector, which is identified as one of the sectors inundated by PPP activities, particularly in the UK (Treasury, 2012; Whitfield, 2010). It adopts a case study approach, based on qualitative methodology, which involves documentary analysis of secondary data and interviews in relation to two PPP schemes under the Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) scheme in the UK’s health sector.The thesis investigates: the extent to which the corporate structures of the LIFT scheme do complicate financial accountability and governance including external scrutiny; the extent to which the LIFT scheme does enhance partnership working between the public and private sector partners; the structures in financial accountability and governance in the LIFT scheme; the human agents that provide agency in financial accountability and governance in the LIFT scheme and; whether and in what ways structures and human agency in financial accountability and governance interact in the LIFT scheme and what the implications are.The thesis finds firstly that the complex corporate structure of the LIFT scheme is very complicated and the joint venture mechanism cannot be relied upon to deliver transparency of reporting. Secondly, as limited companies, all financial reporting follows private sector accounting regulations and Company Law and there is minimal disclosure in terms of information available to the general public. This is worsened by lack of information sharing between partners as evidenced in one case study group. Thirdly, there was considerable inconsistency in the reporting due to multiplicity of interpretive schemas between the two case study groups. Fourthly, there was considerable change in the reporting due both to changes in accounting regulations and changes in organisational structure and interpretive schemas throughout the period. Fifthly, there is lack of continuity of public sector oversight and monitoring as the public sector, in practice, restricts its activities to pre-operational phase and limited oversight after construction phases. Moreover, partnership working is very difficult in the context of profit seeking under the LIFT structure. Partnership working and success of the LIFT scheme may depend on trust, key personalities working together as well as leadership. From the structuration perspective, the study finds structural contradictions and conflicts of interests in financial accountability and governance practices. Therefore, transparency, public accountability, oversight and scrutiny are necessarily undermined and, policy makers should pay attention to not only the private sector technologies but also the manner in which they are used to benefit finance capital.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur personer som köper sexuella tjänster beskriver och söker förståelse för sina handlingsmönster. Fokus ligger på personernas intima relationer och praktiska vardag. Datainsamlingen har skett i form av nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med män som både köper sexuella tjänster och lever i en parrelation. En kvalitativ metod har använts med en poststrukturalistisk forskningsansats. De teoretiska ramar och perspektiv som empirin har analyserats utifrån grundar sig på modernitetsteorier som omfattar olika former av kommersialisering och kommodifiering av intima relationer. De huvudsakliga resultaten av studien ger en uppfattning om vilken funktion köp av sexuella tjänster fyller för informanterna, hur den praktiska organisationen och genomförandet av köpen går till samt hur informanterna därvid förhåller sig till sin partner och sin relation. Vidare ger resultaten en förståelse för hur köp av sexuella tjänster relaterar till privat och kommersiell sexualitet, hur informanterna förhåller sig till tillämplig svensk lagstiftning samt vilka värderingar de har i fråga om köp av sexuella tjänster. Analysen visar hur informanterna på individuella, relationella och strukturella nivåer navigerar och förhandlar kring olika aspekter av intimitet och konsumtion i relation till köp av sexuella tjänster när en samtidig parrelation föreligger. / The aim of the study is to explore how purchasers of sexual services describe and explain their behavioural patterns, with a focus on their intimate relations and everyday life. Data was collected in semi-structured interviews with nine male participants who purchase sexual services and are currently in a relationship. Using a qualitative method, a poststructuralist research approach was applied. The empirical findings were analysed within theoretical frameworks and viewpoints based on modernity theories, encompassing various forms of commercialization and commodification of intimate relations. The principal results of the study present an idea of what functions the purchases of sexual services fulfil for the participants, how the purchases are organized and carried out, and how the behaviour affects their attitudes towards current partners and relations. Furthermore, the results give an understanding of how purchases of sexual services relate to private and commercial sexuality, what concerns the participants have for applicable Swedish legislation, and what moral values they hold regarding purchases of sexual services. On individual, relational and structural levels, the analysis shows how the participants navigate and negotiate around various aspects of intimacy and consumption in connection to purchases of sexual services outside a current relation.

De nous jours, les modèles se référant aux comportements individuels représentent la pensée dominante pour comprendre les choix alimentaires dans le domaine de la nutrition en santé publique. Ces modèles conceptualisent les choix alimentaires comme un comportement de consommation décidé de façon rationnelle par des individus, en réponse aux multiples déterminants personnels et environnementaux. Même si ces modèles sont utiles pour décrire les déterminants des comportements individuels d’alimentation, ils ne peuvent expliquer les choix alimentaires en tant que processus social façonné en fonction des individus et des lieux, dans des contextes diversifiés. Cette thèse élabore le Cadre Conceptuel sur la Pratique des Choix Alimentaires afin d’explorer les choix alimentaires comme phénomène social. En utilisant le concept de pratique sociale, les choix alimentaires des individus symbolisent une relation récursive entre la structure sociale et l’agence. Ce cadre conceptuel nous donne un moyen d’identifier les choix alimentaires comme des activités sociales modelées sur la vie de tous les jours et la constituant. Il offre des concepts pour identifier la manière dont les structures sociales renforcent les activités routinières menant aux choix alimentaires. La structure sociale est examinée en utilisant les règles et les ressources de Giddens et est opérationnalisée de la façon suivante : systèmes de significations partagées, normes sociales, ressources matérielles et ressources d'autorité qui permettent ou empêchent les choix alimentaires désirés. Les résultats empiriques de deux études présentées dans cette thèse appuient la proposition que les choix alimentaires sont des pratiques sociales. La première étude examine les pratiques de choix alimentaires au sein des familles. Nous avons identifié les choix alimentaires comme cinq activités routinières distinctes intégrées dans la vie familiale de tous les jours à partir d’analyses réalisées sur les activités d’alimentation habituelles de 20 familles avec de jeunes enfants. Notre seconde étude a élaboré les règles et les ressources des pratiques alimentaires à partir des familles de l’étude. Ensuite, nous avons analysé la façon dont les règles et les ressources pouvaient expliquer les pratiques de choix alimentaires qui sont renforcées ou limitées au sein des familles lors de la routine spécifique à la préparation des repas et de la collation. Les ressources matérielles et d'autorité suffisantes ont permis d’expliquer les pratiques de choix alimentaires qui étaient facilitées, alors que les défis pouvaient être compris comme etant reliés à des ressources limitées. Les règles pouvaient empêcher ou faciliter les pratiques de choix alimentaires par l’entremise de normes ou de significations associées à la préparation de repas. Les données empiriques provenant de cette thèse appuient les choix alimentaires comme étant des activités routinières qui sont structurées socialement et qui caractérisent les familles. Selon la théorie de la structuration de Giddens, les pratiques routinières qui persistent dans le temps forment les institutions sociales. Ainsi, les pratiques routinières de choix alimentaires façonnent les styles d’habitudes alimentaires familiales et contribuent par ailleurs à la constitution des familles elles-mêmes. Cette compréhension identifie de nouvelles directions concernant la façon dont les choix alimentaires sont conceptualisés en santé publique. Les programmes de promotion de la santé destinés à améliorer la nutrition sont des stratégies clés pour prévenir les maladies chroniques et pour améliorer la santé populationnelle. Les choix alimentaires peuvent être abordés comme des activités partagées qui décrivent des groupes sociaux et qui sont socialement structurés par des règles et des ressources présentes dans les contextes de pratiques de choix alimentaires. / Models of individual-behaviour currently represent the dominant understanding of food choice in public health nutrition. This model frames food choice as a dietary intake behaviour rationally decided by individuals in response to multiple personal and environmental determinants. While useful in describing determinants of individual dietary behaviours, the model cannot explain food choice as a social process shaped in relation to people and places associated with diverse contexts. This thesis presents the Food Choice Practice Framework to explore food choices as social phenomena. Using the concept of social practice, food choice is proposed as an interplay of social structure and agency. The framework provides a means for identifying food choices as activities patterned among, and constituting, day to day life. It furnishes concepts to identify how social structures reinforce routinized food choice activities. Social structure is examined using Giddens' notions of rules and resources and operationalized as: shared systems of meanings, social norms, material resources, and authoritative resources that enable or constrain desired food choices. The empirical work from two studies supports the proposition that food choices are social practices. The first study in the thesis examines food choice practices in families. We identified food choices as five distinct routinized activities integrated among the usual feeding activities of 20 families with young children. The second study elaborated the rules and resources of food choice practices from the study families. We then analyzed how rules and resources could explain both enabled and constrained food choice practices experienced by families in the specific routine of creating regular meals and snacks. Adequate allocative and authoritative resources helped explain enabled routine food choice practices, while challenges could be understood as coming about through limited resources. Rules could constrain or enable food choice practices through sanctioning norms and meanings associated with creating meals. The empirical work supports understanding food choices as routinized activities that are socially structured and which characterize families. According to Giddens' structuration theory routinized practices that endure through time form social institutions. Therefore routinized food choice practices shape characteristic styles of eating patterns in families, as well as contribute to the constitution of families themselves. This understanding identifies new directions for the way food choice is conceptualized in public health. Health Promotion programs designed to improve nutrition are key strategies for the prevention of chronic disease and improvement of population health. Food choices can be approached as shared activities that describe social groups, and explained as socially structured by rules and resources present in the contexts of food choice practice.