Uncontainable Life: A Biophilosophy of Bioart investigates the ways in which thinking through the contemporary hybrid artistico-scientific practices of bioart is a biophilosophical practice, one that contributes to a more nuanced understanding of life than we encounter in mainstream academic discourse. When examined from a Deleuzian feminist perspective and in dialogue with contemporary bioscience, bioartistic projects reveal the inadequacy of asking about life’s essence. They expose the enmeshment between the living and non-living, organic and inorganic, and, ultimately, life and death. Instead of examining the defining criteria of life, bioartistic practices explore and enact life as processual, differential, and always already uncontainable, thus transcending preconceived material and conceptual boundaries. In this way, this doctoral thesis concentrates on the ontology of life as it emerges through the selected bioartworks: “semi-living” sculptures created by The Tissue Culture and Art Project and the performance May the Horse Live in Me (2011) by L’Art Orienté Objet. The hope is that such an ontology can enable future conceptualisations of an ethico-politics that avoids the anthropocentric logic dominant in the humanities and social sciences. / Otyglat liv: Biokonst och biofilosofi undersöker hur biofilosofisk praktik och biokonst, alltså tänkande genom samtida hybrida konstnärliga-vetenskapliga praktiker, kan bidra till en mer nyanserad förståelse av liv än vad vi vanligtvis möter i akademiska diskurser. Med utgångspunkt i ett feministiskt deleuzianskt perspektiv, och i dialog med samtida biovetenskap, pekar biokonstnärliga projekt på det otillräckliga i att ställa frågor om livets innehåll. Projekten tydliggör istället hur det levande och det icke-levande, det organiska och oorganiska, precis som liv och död, är sammanflätade. Istället för att sätta upp fasta kriterier för liv undersöker och framställer biokonstnärliga praktiker liv som en differentiell process, i sig omöjlig att fastställa och därmed något otyglat, som överskrider uppsatta gränser mellan det materiella och föreställda. Följaktligen fokuserar föreliggande avhandling på livets ontologi så som den framträder i ett urval av biokonstnärliga arbeten: ”semi-levande” skulpturer skapade av The Tissue Culture and Art Project, samt performance-konstverket May the Horse Live in Me (2011) av L’Art Orienté Objet. Förhoppningen är att en sådan ontologi kan möjliggöra framtida begreppsliggöranden av en etisk politik som undviker den antropocentriska logik som dominerar humaniora och samhällsvetenskap idag.

A presente pesquisa propôs a análise de todos os vinte contos que compõem a obra Marcovaldo ou As estações na cidade (2015 [1963]), de Italo Calvino. O foco das análises voltou-se para o protagonista, Marcovaldo, um trabalhador pobre e em permanente estado de desconforto com as mudanças ocorridas no contexto social pós-guerra, especialmente na Itália, no período de seu milagre econômico, que foi impulsionado pelo fim de medidas protecionistas na economia (GINSBORG, 2003). Ao tentar romper com esse cenário, buscando a beleza genuína da natureza, Marcovaldo vê-se experienciando situações que sempre o levam ao descontentamento, intrinsecamente ligado a um novo tipo de relação humana e social, construída a partir não somente da consolidação das sociedades capitalistas modernas, como igualmente da imposição de um padrão único de comportamento à sociedade — a mutação antropológica, como proposto por Pier Paolo Pasolini (1978, 1997). A pesquisa debruçou-se sobre o olhar Ecocrítico (GARRARD, 2006), despertado pela obra em questão, que sugere, a partir da Literatura (e da incorporação de outras áreas como a Sociologia, a Biologia, a Antropologia), o estudo da natureza, suas relações com a mulher e o homem e o refinamento da percepção acerca de questões ecológicas frágeis, captadas com mais afinco a partir da década de 1960 (PIGA; MANSANO, 2015), apesar de as mudanças de perspectiva sobre a sensibilidade em relação à natureza estarem em constante modificação principalmente desde o Iluminismo (THOMAS, 2010 [1983]). A esta pesquisa foram igualmente incorporados pressupostos da Ecosofia (GUATTARI, 2006 [1989]), que sugere um ressignificar de procedimentos e discursos hegemônicos advindos do sistema sócio-político-econômico capitalista. Para tanto, fez-se necessário, conjuntamente, compreender problemáticas concernentes à conjuntura ambiental do século XX e seu impacto sobre as classes menos favorecidas economicamente (BOFF, 1995), assim como assimilar os desdobramentos referentes ao ecologismo dos pobres (via econômica baseada na justiça social), preconizado por Joan Martínez Alier (2014 [2007]), tendo em vista a classe social à qual Marcovaldo pertence. Alicerçada nos princípios descritos, a esta pesquisa coube, portanto, analisar as interações de Marcovaldo e sua família com a natureza e suas possibilidades, suas modificações e incorporação a um efervescente mercado consumidor, com vistas a refletir sobre a crise ecológica (das três ecologias, conforme Guattari) e assinalar hipóteses de superação para a mesma, por meio da apologia de um convívio menos predatório do ser humano relativamente aos outros seres que ao seu lado coabitam na Terra. / The present research proposed the analysis of all twenty short stories that compose the book Marcovaldo or the seasons in the city (2015 [1963]), by Italo Calvino. The analyses focused on the protagonist, Marcovaldo, an impoverished proletarian that finds himself in a continuous state of discomfort with the changes that occurred in the post-war social context, especially in Italy during the period of the economic miracle, which was driven by the end of protectionist measures in the economy (GINSBORG, 2003). In trying to break away from this scenario, seeking the genuine beauty of nature, Marcovaldo ends up experiencing situations that always lead him to a discontent that is inextricably linked to a new kind of human and social relationship, built not only on the consolidation of modern capitalist societies, but also on the imposition of a single standard of behavior on society – an anthropological mutation, as proposed by Pier Paolo Pasolini (1978, 1997). The research focused on the Ecocritical approach (GARRARD, 2006), awakened by the object, which suggests the study (incorporating references from areas such as Sociology, Biology and Anthropology to Literary Theory) of nature, its relationship with women and men, and the refining of perceptions about delicate ecological issues, captured more intensively since the 1960s (PIGA, MANSANO, 2015), although the changes in perspective on sensitivity to nature are constantly shifting, mainly since the Enlightenment (THOMAS, 2010 [1983]). This research also integrated the assumptions of Ecosophy (GUATTARI, 2006 [1989]), which suggests a re-signifying of hegemonic procedures and discourses derived from the capitalist socio-political-economic system. In order to do so, it was necessary, jointly, to understand issues related to the environmental context of the twentieth century and its impact on economically disadvantaged classes (BOFF, 1995), as well as to assimilate the consequences related to the environmentalism of the poor, advocated by Joan Martínez Alier (2014 [2007]), in view of the social class to which Marcovaldo belongs. Based on the principles described, this research therefore had to analyze the interactions of Marcovaldo and his family with nature and its possibilities, its modifications and assimilation into an effervescent consumer market, aiming to reflect on the ecological crisis (of the three ecologies, according to Guattari) and point out hypotheses of overcoming it, by means of the apology of a less predatory human conviviality in relation to the other beings that, with them, live on planet Earth.

The aim of this thesis is to create an ethnolinguistic analysis of two corpuses of Mongolian riddles (Lovor and Ölziikhutag 1990 and Ölziikhutag 2013). The work contains over one hundred riddles appended with translations and morpheme-to-morpheme glosses. The riddles are further analyzed on a phonetic level, including descriptions of specific sound patterns and alliterations, as well as their lexical and semantic properties. This complex analysis, in conjunction with findings gained in field research, renders possible the description of a specific language of Mongolian riddles, characterized by the frequent occurrence of borrowings, the presence of semantically and phonetically 'damaged' words, ideophones, metaphors and many specific cultural expressions. The language of Mongolian riddles also often skilfully exploits overt abstractions, allusions, and lexical and morphological ambiguities, in addition to other techniques which facilitate conceptual mapping and cognitive blending. This linguistic analysis makes possible a description of the various aspects of the worldview of Mongolian nomads concealed in these riddles, including the characteristic linking of the 'sacred and profane,' as well as the relationship of these riddles to mythology and religious ideas.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker experimenterande danspraktiker med ett- och tvååringar i förskolan, praktiskt och teoretiskt, vilket hittills endast studerats i ett fåtal studier och aldrig tidigare i ett empiriskt och praxisnära projekt med förskolans yngsta barn. Syftet är att undersöka hur danspraktiker kan göras möjliga och kommer till uttryck i experimenterande dans tillsammans med de allra yngsta barnen i förskolan när de görs till aktiva deltagare i danshändelsernas processer, utformning och innehåll i förskolan. I den tre månader långa praktiknära, empiriska studien experimenterar forskaren ihop med en grupp barn 1–2,5 år på en förskoleavdelning, vilket dokumenteras med film- och stillbildskameror av forskaren och barnen. Metodologiskt tar genomförandet stöd och inspiration i a/r/t-ografin som är en praxisnära och estetik-baserad forskningsmetod där forskaren använder den egna kroppen som forskningsverktyg. Analyserna av datamaterialet, vilket består av filmer, foton och processanteckningar, är genomförda med stöd av immanensfilosofisk teoribildning, främst med texter från Gille Deleuze och Felix Guattari samt Erin Manning och begreppet som metod, som analysmetod. Resultaten visar att när förskolans yngsta barn får möjlighet att experimentera i dans ihop med en initierad och deltagande forskare blir danspraktiken mycket varierad och dynamisk i sitt förlopp. Den tar även andra uttryck till innehåll, form och rörelse, gruppkonstellation, materialval och tidslängd än vad som vanligtvis beskrivs om dans i litteratur och forskning. Ett ytterligare kunskapsbidrag är att visa hur tillgången till immanensfilosofi kan producera nya sätt att göra och tänka om danspraktiken och den dansande kroppen och alternativa sätt att arrangera dans med förskolans yngsta barn. Studien erbjuder även förskoledidaktiska kunskaper om hur pedagoger i förskolan kan arrangera kreativa danspraktiker för de yngsta barnen i den dagliga verksamheten. / This essay examines experimental dance practices with one- and two-year-olds in preschool, both practically and theoretically, a topic which has up until now only been examined in a few studies and never before in an empirical and praxis-oriented project with the youngest children of preschool. The purpose of the study is to investigate how dance practices can be made possibleand what comes to expression in experimental dance practices with the youngest children in a preschool environment when they are made to be active participants in the content and execution of experimental dance in a preschool environment. During the three months long practice-based empirical study, the researcher experiments in participation with a group of 1-2,5-year-olds at their preschool department. This work is documented with still image and film camera by the researcher and the children. Methodologically, the study has been conducted through support and inspiration from a/r/t-ography, a practicebased and arts-based research method wherein the researcher uses her own body as an instrument of research. The analysis of the data material, which consists of films, photographs and process notes, is carried out using the concepts of immanence-philosophy, mainly through texts by Gille Deleuze and Felix Guattari and of Erin Manning, and the concept as method, as a method of analysis. The results show that when the youngest children are given the opportunity to experiment in dance together with an initiated and participating researcher, the dance practice becomes varied and dynamic during its course of events. The dance practice also shows novel expressions of form and movement, group constellations, and choices of material and duration than what is commonly described of dance when discussed in literature and research. Furthermore, this essay contributes additional knowledge to the field by showinghow the access to the philosophy of Gille Deleuze and Felix Guattari can produce new ways of doing and thinking about dance practice and the dancing body and alternative ways to arrange dance with the youngest children of the preschool. The study also offers didactical knowledge of how teachers in a preschool environment can arrange creative dance practices for the youngest children in everyday activities.

This essay examines the dance pedagogical method Dance a Book together with a group of children aged four to five in preschool. The purpose is to investigate and make visible children's expressions when dance and words meet, based on children's agency in rhizome-based learning. Methodologically, this study is based on a/r/tography, which is a practical and aesthetically based research method where the researcher, through the body and own participation, can stay close to what has been investigated. Sequential analysis was used as the analysis method, which meant that analysis took place in the moment when the researcher gave instructions to the children to lead the work forward. Other documentation was logbook notes. The research results are analyzed with inspiration from some concepts in Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's philosophy of immanence. Child agency was also a concept that was consistently present in the studies. The results showed, when the children have opportunities to be creative in the dance pedagogical method Dance a Book, the children express themselves with variety both verbally and physically. Through improvisation and own creativity, not only children's development in dance was made visible, but also children's acquisition of the language and understanding of the book. The creative moment also led to joyful learning. Furthermore, this essay contributes additional knowledge to the field for showing a changed way of thinking, based on the philosophy of immanence that can create new ways of doing and learning in dance practice. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker den danspedagogiska metoden Dansa en bok tillsammans med en barngrupp i fyra till femårsåldern i förskolan. Syftet är att undersöka och synliggöra barns uttryck när dans och ord möts utifrån barns aktörskap i rhizomsikt lärande. Metodologiskt tar denna studie avstamp från a/r/tografi som är en praxisnära och estetik-baserad forskningsmetod där forskaren genom sin kropp och sitt egna deltagande kan hålla sig nära det som undersöktes. Som analysmetod användes sekventiell analys vilket innebar att analysen skedde direkt i forskningsstunden där forskarens instruktioner i växelspel med barnen ledde arbetet framåt. Övrig dokumentation skedde via loggboksanteckningar. Forskningsresultatet är analyserat med inspiration från några begrepp av Gilles Deleuze och Felix Guattaris immanensfilosofi. Även barns aktörskap var ett begrepp som genomgående var närvarande i studien. Resultatet visar att när barnen får möjlighet att vara kreativa i den danspedagogiska metoden Dansa en bok uttrycker sig barnen med variation både verbalt och kroppsligt. Genom improvisation och eget skapande synliggjordes inte bara barns utveckling i dans utan även barns tillägnande av språket och förståelse av boken.  Den kreativa stunden ledde även till ett lustfyllt lärande. Ett ytterligare kunskapsbidrag i denna studie är att visa hur ett förändrat tänkande utifrån immanensfilosofi kan producera nya sätt för görande och lärande i danspraktiken.

Der Artikel stellt eine der allerersten Beiträge von Alfonso de Toro zu Postmoderne und zum Postkolonialismus in den romanischen Studien sowie den ersten Beitrag zum Postkolonialismus und zu Postmoderne in Beziehung zum Werk von Jorge Luis Borges dar. Hier wird eine grundlegende und wegweisende Auseinandersetzung mit der postmodernen und postkolonialen Theorie und Praxis, die die Sprache, Terminologie, die zeitlich-historische Entwicklung, die Eingrenzung der Theorien sowie die Verschränkung beider Gebiete erfasst und in die Einführung der Konzepte ‚Postmodernität‘ und ‚Postkolonialität‘ einmündet. Als Basis für ein neues Verständnis von ‚Postkolonialität‘ dient das Essay von Borges, „Der argentinische Schriftsteller und die Tradition“ (1955) und für die neue Auffassung von ‚Postmodernität‘ greift de Toro v.a. auf die französische postmoderne bzw. poststrukturale Philosophen wie Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, aber auch auf Vattimo und auf Borges Erzählungen, u.a. wie „El Aleph“, „Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis', Pierre Menard Autor von Don Quichotte'. / This article represents one of the very first contributions by Alfonso de Toro to Postmodernism and Postcolonialism in Romance studies, as well as the first contribution to postcolonialism and postmodernism in relation to the work of Jorge Luis Borges. Here is a fundamental and pioneering examination of postmodern and postcolonial theory and practice, covering language, terminology, temporal-historical development, the delimitation of theories, and the intertwining of the two fields, culminating in the introduction of the concepts of ‘Postmodernity’ and ‘Postcoloniality’. Borges’ essay “The Argentinian Writer and the Tradition” (1955) serves as the basis for a new understanding of ‘Postcoloniality’. For a new conception of ‘Postmodernity’, de Toro draws primarily on French post-modern or post-structural philosophers such as Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, but also on Vattimo and on Borges’ narrations, such as “El Aleph”, “Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis”, “Pierre Menard author of Don Quixote”. / Este artículo representa una de las primeras aportaciones de Alfonso de Toro al postmodernismo y al poscolonialismo en los Estudios Romances, así como la primera contribución al poscolonialismo y al posmodernismo en relación con la obra de Jorge Luis Borges. Aquí, un examen fundamental y pionero de la teoría y la práctica posmodernas y poscoloniales que recoge el lenguaje, la terminología, el desarrollo temporal-histórico, la delimitación de las teorías, así como el entrelazamiento de ambos campos, culmina con la introducción de los conceptos de ‘posmodernidad’ y ‘poscolonialidad’. El ensayo de Borges “El escritor argentino y la tradición” (1955) sirve de base para una nueva comprensión de la “poscolonialidad”. Para una nueva concepción de la ‘posmodernidad’, de Toro se basa principalmente en filósofos franceses posmodernos o posestructurales como Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, pero también en Vattimo y en los cuentos de Borges, como “El Aleph”, “Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis”, “Pierre Menard autor del Quijote”.

Der Artikel stellt eine der aller ersten Beiträge von Alfonso de Toro zu Postmoderne und zum Postkolonialismus in den romanischen Studien sowie den ersten Beitrag zum Postkolonialismus und zu Postmoderne in Beziehung zum Werk von Jorge Luis Borges dar. Hier wird eine grundlegende und wegweisende Auseinandersetzung mit der postmodernen und postkolonialen Theorie und Praxis, die die Sprache, Terminologie, die zeitlich-historische Entwicklung, die Eingrenzung der Theorien sowie die Verschränkung beider Gebiete erfasst und in die Einführung der Konzepte ‚Postmodernität‘ und ‚Postkolonialität‘ einmündet. Als Basis für ein neues Verständnis von ‚Postkolonialität‘ dient das Essay von Borges, „Der argentinische Schriftsteller und die Tradition“ (1955) und für die neue Auffassung von ‚Postmodernität‘ greift de Toro v.a. auf die französische postmoderne bzw. poststrukturale Philosophen wie Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, aber auch auf Vattimo und auf Borges Erzählungen, u.a. wie „El Aleph“, „Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis', 'Pierre Menard Autor von Don Quichotte' / This article represents one of the very first contributions by Alfonso de Toro to Postmodernism and Postcolonialism in Romance studies, as well as the first contribution to postcolonialism and postmodernism in relation to the work of Jorge Luis Borges. Here is a fundamental and pioneering examination of postmodern and postcolonial theory and practice, covering language, terminology, temporal-historical development, the delimitation of theories, and the intertwining of the two fields, culminating in the introduction of the concepts of ‘Postmodernity’ and ‘Postcoloniality’. Borges’ essay “The Argentinian Writer and the Tradition” (1955) serves as the basis for a new understanding of ‘Postcoloniality’. For a new conception of ‘Postmodernity’, de Toro draws primarily on French post-modern or post-structural philosophers such as Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, but also on Vattimo and on Borges’ narrations, such as “El Aleph”, “Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis”, “Pierre Menard author of Don Quixote” / Este artículo representa una de las primeras aportaciones de Alfonso de Toro al postmodernismo y al poscolonialismo en los Estudios Romances, así como la primera contribución al poscolonialismo y al posmodernismo en relación con la obra de Jorge Luis Borges. Aquí, un examen fundamental y pionero de la teoría y la práctica posmodernas y poscoloniales que recoge el lenguaje, la terminología, el desarrollo temporal-histórico, la delimitación de las teorías, así como el entrelazamiento de ambos campos, culmina con la introducción de los conceptos de ‘posmodernidad’ y ‘poscolonialidad’. El ensayo de Borges “El escritor argentino y la tradición” (1955) sirve de base para una nueva comprensión de la “poscolonialidad”. Para una nueva concepción de la ‘posmodernidad’, de Toro se basa principalmente en filósofos franceses posmodernos o posestructurales como Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze/Guattari, Lyotard, Baudrillard, pero también en Vattimo y en los cuentos de Borges, como “El Aleph”, “Tlön, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis”, “Pierre Menard autor del Quijote”

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Please refer to full text for abstract.

In the immediate post-independence period, forms of state-sponsored Irish nationalism were pre-occupied with exclusive cultural markers based on the Irish language, mythology and folk traditions. Because of this, a postcolonial examination of how such nationalist forms of identity were fetishised is necessary in order to critique the continuing process of decolonization in Ireland. This dissertation investigates Brian O’Nolan’s engagement with dominant colonial and nationalist literary discourses in his fiction and journalism. Deleuze and Guattari define a ‘minor’ writer’s role as one which deterritorializes major languages in order to negotiate textual spaces which question the assumptions of dominant groups. Considering this concept has been applied to postcolonial studies due to the theorists’ linguistic and political concerns, this dissertation explores the ‘minor’ literary practice of Brian O’Nolan’s authorial personae and writing techniques. Through the employment of Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the deterritorialization of language alongside Walter Benjamin’s models of the flâneur and translation, and Claude Lévi-Strauss’s concept of bricolage, this thesis examines the complex forms of postcolonial narrative agency and discursive political resistance in O’Nolan’s work. While O’Nolan is often read in biographical terms or within the frameworks of literary modernism and postmodernism, this thesis aims to demonstrate the politically ambivalent nature of his writing through his creation of liminal authorial selves and heterogeneous narrative forms. As a bi-lingual author, O’Nolan is linguistically ‘in-between’ languages and, because of this, he deterritorializes both historical and literary associations of the Irish and English languages to produce parodic and comic versions of national and linguistic identity. His satiric novel An Béal Bocht exposes, through his use of an array of materials, how Irish folk and peasant culture have been fetishized within colonial and nationalist frameworks. In order to avoid such restricting forms of identity, O’Nolan positions his own authorial self within a multitude of pseudonyms which refuse a clear, assimilable subjectivity and political position. Because of this, O’Nolan’s authorial voice in his journalism is read as an allusive flâneur figure. Equally, O’Nolan deterritorializes Irish mythology in At Swim-Two-Birds as a form of palimpsestic translation and rhizomatic re-mapping of a number of literary traditions which reflect the Irish nation while in The Third Policeman O’Nolan deconstructs notions of empirical subjectivity and academic and scientific epistemological knowledge. This results in an infinite form of fantastical writing which exposes the limited codes of Irish national culture and identity without reterritorializing such identities. Because O’Nolan’s ‘minor’ literary challenge is reflective of the on-going crisis of Ireland’s incomplete decolonization, this thesis employs the concept of ‘minor’ literature to read Ireland’s historical past and contemporary modernity through O’Nolan’s multi-voiced and layered narratives.

À partir de l’étude des concepts de la ritournelle et du galop chez Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, le présent mémoire explore les fonctions temporelles de la musique dans le cinéma moderne. Ce concept de temporalité sera déplié en trois temps. En premier lieu, une relecture de la musique romantique permettra d’en développer les différentes articulations temporelles. Par la figure du compositeur incompris, reclus et exilé ainsi que par l’utilisation du fragment, la musique romantique se donne des personnages qui habitent la terre et fondent des territoires. Ensuite, parce qu’il s’agit de comprendre les mécanismes de la musique au cinéma, il est primordial d’examiner les conclusions des différentes théories sur le sujet. De ce parcours théorique, il faudra comprendre que les fonctions classiques attribuées à la musique de cinéma ne réussissent pas complètement à expliquer les mécanismes de la musique dans le cinéma moderne. En fait, c’est qu’une nouvelle problématique motive les images. Ces films, tout comme la musique romantique, font voir les mouvements du temps. Finalement, c’est par la ritournelle et le galop, aux croisements des concepts de la musique romantique et du cinéma moderne, qu’une musicalité filmique fait voir un nouveau temps dans l’image. / Through an investigation of the concepts of the refrain and the gallop put forward by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, this dissertation explores the function of musical temporality in modern cinema. The concept of temporality will be brought to light in three parts. The first will expound on the different forms of temporal articulation through a reexamination of Romantic music. With the figure of the misunderstood, reclusive, exiled composer and the use of the fragment, it will be seen that Romantic music features characters that are Earthbound and found territories. The next part, recognizing the importance of understanding the mechanics of cinematic music, presents a vital examination of the various theories on the subject and their conclusions. From this theoretical investigation, it will be necessary to understand that the classical functions attributed to cinematic music fall short of fully explaining the mechanics of music in modern cinema. Indeed, this is because there is a new issue driving the images. These films, just like Romantic music, convey the passage of time. The final part shows that at the intersection of the concepts of Romantic music and the music of modern cinema, it is through the refrain and the gallop that the filmic musicality reveals a new temporality in the images.