The COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments around the globe to employ various measures, such as social distancing and quarantine, to prevent its spread. The pandemic contributed to drastic changes in everyday life, through economic shocks, fear of the virus, morbidity, and mortality.  It was quickly suspected that stress, fear, and loneliness resulting from these factors, would have a negative impact on mental health. While previous research suggests an increase of clinical mental morbidity in Sweden during the pandemic, its impact on subjective well-being remains unexplored. The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of public health during the pandemic by considering a self-reported measure of well-being. Using data from the latest Swedish Generations and Gender Survey (2021), this study sets out to answer two research questions. First, how are demographic characteristics associated with worsened subjective well-being? Secondly, given that foreign-born individuals were disproportionately affected by a range of COVID-19 related negative outcomes, this thesis asks whether foreign-born individuals were particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. The questions are analysed through descriptive statistics and stepwise modeling using Linear Probability Models. Findings suggest that younger age and being female is associated with negative changes in subjective well-being, net of resources in terms of education, income and activity status, and family status. Foreign-born individuals were indeed particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. This was partly mediated through their higher propensity of unemployment and on average lower income. By using a nationally representative sample and timely data, this thesis contributes to the understanding of COVID-19 related effects in Sweden. Furthermore, it sheds lights on the experiences of foreign-born individuals, a previously understudied group within the well-being literature.

McMaster University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2019) Hamilton, Ontario (Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact) TITLE: Measuring International Health Inequalities and Socioeconomic Status Using Household Survey Data AUTHOR: Mathieu J.P. Poirier, B.Sc., M.P.H. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Michel Grignon NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 231 / The methods underlying the quantification of health inequalities have profound consequences for measuring progress in achieving health for all. In Chapter two, associations between household wealth indices, income, and consumption were systematically compiled and different methods of wealth index calculation were evaluated for appropriateness of use in a variety of settings. Researchers are presented with a synthesis of existing evidence about the appropriateness of use of wealth indices in urban and rural areas, their robustness to changes in the asset mix, future applications, and advantages and disadvantages of primary competing methods of quantifying SES using household survey data. In Chapter three, international microdata were analyzed to evaluate how magnitudes of health inequality are affected by different methods of quantifying household socioeconomic status (SES), including income, consumption, and asset wealth. In Chapter four, the need for a transnational approach to measuring health inequalities was justified and the new method was developed using an empirical example. Substantively, these chapters develop the most complete evaluation of the association between the asset wealth, consumption, and income using both critical interpretive synthesis and microdata analysis, as well as the first meta-analysis evaluating changes in health inequality magnitudes according to the SES measure used over time and across country-income levels. The transnational analysis of health inequalities uncovered previously hidden health disparities in the island of Hispaniola, and detailed instructions for all methodological aspects of the new method were presented. The distribution of disease between nations, subnational regions, and urban-rural areas in Hispaniola were analyzed from 1994 to 2013, and the first relative geospatial wealth ranking between Haiti and the Dominican Republic was presented. Global health researchers should strive to measure the equity of health between people, and this sometimes requires analyzing populations that are not neatly contained by national boundaries. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis investigates social inequalities in health and how to measure socioeconomic status (SES) using household surveys in a way that is robust across jurisdictions. It examines how wealth indices compare to income and consumption, and develops a new method to calculate transnational health inequalities. Chapter two conducts a comprehensive evaluation of evidence surrounding the use of wealth indices in urban and rural areas, robustness to changes in assets, future applications, and the advantages and disadvantages of the primary competing methods for quantifying household SES. The third chapter systematically evaluates how health inequality magnitudes evolve over time and across country-incomes according to SES measure. Finally, a transnational measurement of health inequalities was calculated for the island of Hispaniola in chapter four, uncovering the distribution of disease between nations, subnational regions, and urban-rural areas. Detailed instructions for all methodological aspects of the new transnational method are presented.

Les changements climatiques constituent l’un des enjeux les plus importants en santé publique du XXIème siècle. En effet, une hausse des températures provoquera une hausse de la mortalité attribuable à la chaleur. En outre, certaines populations et territoires sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets de la chaleur. Il est donc nécessaire de les identifier clairement ainsi que les impacts futurs pour orienter avec équité les politiques publiques aujourd’hui et à l’avenir. L’objectif de cette thèse est de documenter les facteurs de vulnérabilité à la chaleur dans le présent et les éléments permettant leur prise en compte pour l’avenir dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Quatre étapes ont été menées pour répondre à cet objectif : a) Mener une revue systématique et une méta-Analyse des facteurs de vulnérabilité face aux risques de mortalité en lien avec la chaleur ; b) Analyser si l’exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique modifie la relation entre la chaleur et la mortalité dans un contexte urbain (Paris) et explorer la double interaction avec la défaveur sociale ; c) Développer une méthode de quantification des impacts liés à la chaleur en lien avec les changements climatiques en intégrant une grande diversité de simulations climatiques ; d) Estimer les inégalités d’années de vies perdues attribuables à la chaleur et leurs projections futures dans deux contextes distincts (Montréal et Paris) et comparer ces inégalités. Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence sur la base de la littérature épidémiologique les groupes de population qui sont les plus vulnérables face aux effets de la chaleur et de montrer qu’il y a plusieurs divergences par rapport aux recommandations émises par les institutions de santé publique vis-À-Vis de l’identification de populations vulnérables. Cette thèse a permis également d’identifier l’exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique comme nouveau facteur de vulnérabilité à la chaleur et que cette vulnérabilité était encore plus prononcée lorsqu’il s’agissait de populations défavorisées socialement. Puis, une méthode permettant de quantifier l’impact des changements climatiques sur les décès attribuables à la chaleur et ses sources d’incertitudes a été développée, et a permis de mettre en évidence que la probabilité que les changements climatiques conduisent à une augmentation de la mortalité en lien avec la chaleur est très forte. Cette méthode a ensuite été utilisée pour estimer que l’augmentation de la température conduira à une augmentation des inégalités sociales d’années de vie perdues à la fois à Montréal et à Paris, l’effet des changements climatiques sur l’accroissement de ces inégalités étant plus fort à Montréal qu’à Paris. Cette thèse, en se basant sur diverses méthodes épidémiologiques, a permis dans l’ensemble de clarifier quelles populations étaient particulièrement à risque face aux effets de la chaleur et de questionner les recommandations émises par les organismes tels que l’OMS. Elle a également permis de montrer l’effet des changements climatiques sur l’évolution de vulnérabilités face à la chaleur pour inciter dès aujourd’hui la mise en place de politiques publiques équitables et limiter l’impact des changements climatiques sur l’accroissement des inégalités de santé. / Climate change is one of the biggest public health threats in the 21th century. An increase in temperatures will lead to an increase in mortality attributable to temperature. In addition, some populations and territories are particularly vulnerable to the impact of increases in heat. It is thus necessary to identify these populations and territories as well as examine future heat-Related health impacts in order to recommend equity-Oriented policies today and in the future. The general objective of this thesis is to document current and future heat-Related vulnerability factors in the context of climate change. In order to address this general objective, the thesis involved four components: a) to conduct a systematic review and a meta-Analysis to assess the heterogeneity in the heat-Mortality associations with respect to individual and contextual population characteristics; b) to identify whether and how the magnitude of mean temperature effects on all-Cause mortality were modified by chronic air pollution exposure, social deprivation, and a combination of these two dimensions; c) to develop a method to quantify the climate change impacts on heat-Related mortality using climate modeling; d) to assess historical and future social disparities in years of life lost caused by ambient temperature in Montreal and Paris, and compare these estimates as well as the impact of climate change on social disparities between the two cities. This thesis highlights which populations are more vulnerable to heat and shows that several differences exist with regard to guidelines from international public health institutions for the identification of vulnerable populations. This thesis also identified chronic air pollution exposure as a new vulnerability factor in heat-Related mortality and that it has a double interaction with social deprivation. Furthermore, in this thesis a novel method to quantify future heat-Related mortality was developed which emphasized the strong evidence of an increase in heat-Related mortality under climate change. This method was then applied to estimate the increase in daily years of life lost social disparities in both Montreal and Paris under climate change which showed that this increase would be greater in Montreal compared to Paris in the future. Thus, this thesis which used a variety of epidemiologic methods has clarified which populations are particularly vulnerable to heat impacts and challenges guidelines for the identification of vulnerable populations from international public health institutions. It has also highlighted the climate change impacts on health inequalities and aims to reorient equity-Focused policies.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katrini Guidolini Martinelli.pdf: 2375909 bytes, checksum: 291c73d644bca5e04e659c2dab99219b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O pré-natal é um dos fatores que contribui para a persistência de desfechos perinatais negativos e morte materna em níveis elevados. Sendo assim, a avaliação do acesso e do processo da assistência pré-natal é de suma importância na detecção dos nós que persistem no serviço oferecido. Os objetivos deste estudo são os de avaliar a adequação do processo da assistência pré-natal segundo os parâmetros do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento acrescido dos procedimentos previstos pela Rede Cegonha, bem como o acesso à assistência pré-natal, segundo as dimensões de disponibilidade, capacidade de pagamento e aceitabilidade, no SUS da microrregião de São Mateus - ES. Trata-se de um estudo seccional que selecionou 742 puérperas em sete maternidades da região escolhida para a pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas e análise do cartão da gestante e prontuário do recém-nascido. Posteriormente, esses dados foram processados e submetidos ao teste Qui-quadrado, ao teste exato de Fisher e ao teste não paramétrico de Spearman com p-valor menor que 5%. Apesar de o SUS garantir constitucionalmente o acesso universal ao sistema de saúde, nota-se que ainda existem iniquidades entre as puérperas no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Apenas 7,4% e 0,4% das puérperas receberam pré-natal adequado segundo os parâmetros do PHPN e Rede Cegonha, respectivamente. Recomenda-se que a localização das unidades de saúde, os recursos de transporte e o financiamento dos serviços de saúde sejam reorganizados, do mesmo modo o atendimento pré-natal precisa ser sistematizado, mais humano e focalizado na atenção as mulheres mais vulneráveis / Prenatal care is one of the factors that contributes to the persistence of adverse perinatal outcomes and maternal death at high levels. Thus, the evaluation of access and the process of prenatal care is of high importance in the detection of the issues who remain in the offered service. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the adequacy of the process of prenatal care according to the parameters of the Program for the Humanization of Prenatal and Birth plus procedures provided by Stork Network , as well as access to prenatal care, according to the dimensions of availability, acceptability and ability to pay, on the SUS of the region of São Mateus - ES. It is a cross-sectional study that selected 742 postpartum women in seven hospitals in the region chosen for the research. Data were collected through interviews and analysis of records from prenatal care and newborn records. Subsequently, these data were processed and subjected to chi-square test, the Fisher exact test and the nonparametric Spearman with p-value less than 5%. Although the SUS constitutionally guarantee universal access to health care, it is noted that there are still inequalities between pregnant women in accessing health services. Only 7.4% and 0.4% of the mothers received adequate prenatal care according to the parameters PHPN and Stork Network , respectively. It is recommended that the location of health facilities, transport resources and financing of health services are reorganized, the same way the prenatal care needs to be systematized, more humane and focused on attention to the most vulnerable women

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2009. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-12-07T15:14:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-12-09T23:21:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-09T23:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A Estratégia Saúde da Família, estruturada na atenção básica formada por equipes multidisciplinares inseridas em um território delimitado, desenvolve seu processo de trabalho atuando com as famílias adscritas a este, tendo enfoque na compreensão do ser humano como individual e coletivo, considerando o ambiente em que vive e interage. Neste sentido, a aproximação entre trabalhador da saúde e comunidade possibilita o desenvolvimento de ações direcionadas a sua população específica, por meio do conhecimento e atuação embasada nos Determinantes Sociais de Saúde. Desta forma, este estudo objetivou identificar os Determinantes Sociais de Saúde que despontam nos depoimentos das enfermeiras, ao caracterizarem a comunidade, analisando sua relação com o trabalho desenvolvido; bem como, compreendendo a comunidade como objeto coletivo constituído por famílias e contextos socioambientais, com e nos quais as enfermeiras desenvolvem seu trabalho, objetivou-se compreender em que concerne a constituição da interação da enfermeira com a comunidade, considerando o(s) sujeito(s) e a(s) finalidade(s). A metodologia utilizada é exploratório-descritiva com análise qualitativa, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada gravada com consentimento das 65 enfermeiras atuantes na Saúde da Família, pertencentes à 3ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde/RS, durante janeiro e julho de 2006. Evidenciou-se a inter e intrarrelação nos fatores determinantes da saúde, obtendo 104 citações para as características anatomofisiológicas dos indivíduos/comunidade correspondentes aos determinantes proximais e em associação predominantemente ao trabalho desenvolvido pelas enfermeiras. Para os determinantes intermediários houve 27 citações e, para os distais, 166, com predominante referência à localização territorial das comunidades em áreas rurais e periféricas. Em relação ao contato existente entre enfermeira e comunidade evidenciou-se duas abordagens desta interação: imediata relacionada às entidades coletivas da própria comunidade; e mediata por meio da relação com os demais trabalhadores da equipe. Nas finalidades acerca desta interação emergiram dois objetos de ação: a população e a equipe. A população na resolutividade e integralidade com enfoque na qualidade da ação, formação de vínculo, prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde direcionada à autonomia com corresponsabilização; e a equipe na organização do trabalho direcionada à resolutividade da atenção. Desta forma, identificou-se que as enfermeiras relataram uma estreita relação existente entre as características proximais e o trabalho por elas desenvolvido, bem como visualizam a relação com os demais determinantes na relação com o processo de adoecimento. Enfatiza-se, no processo de trabalho na ESF, a importância da interação enfermeira-comunidade visando ações que fortaleçam potencialidades dos indivíduos/grupos e, integralidade e resolutividade da assistência pela organização do trabalho. / The Family Health Program is structured in primary care by multidisciplinary teams formed placed in a defined territory, developing their work process working with the families registered for this, with a focus on understanding the human being as individual and collective, considering the environment in which live and interact. In this sense, the approach between health workers and community allows the development of actions aimed at their specific population, through knowledge and action grounded on the Social Determinants of Health Therefore. This study aimed to identify the Social Determinants of Health Care which highlighted in the nurses’ statements, when they characterize the community, analyzing its relation to the work carried out by them; and to understand the constitution of interaction of nurses and community, considering the subject(s) and the purpose(s). The methodology is exploratory, descriptive qualitative analysis, applying semi-structured interview recorded under the permission of the 65 nurses working in the Family Health Strategy of the 3rd Regional Health Care Coordination/RS, during January and July of 2006. It has been shown the inter and intra-relation in the health determinant factors, achieving 104 citations for the anatomo-physiological features of the corresponding individuals/community to the proximal correspondents and in association, mainly, to the work carried out by the nurses. For intermediate determinants there were 27 citations and, for distals, 166, with predominant reference to the territorial localization of the communities in rural areas and peripheries. For the contact between nurse and community, it has been noticed two approaches of interaction: immediate, in the collective entities; and mediate, with the rest of the workers of the team. In the purposes, it has emerged two action objects: the population in the resolution and integration with approaches in the quality of action, bond formation, disease prevention and promotion of health aimed to autonomy with correspondence and team direction in the organization of work aimed to the resolution of attention. Thus, it was found that the nurses have stated a narrow relation between the proximal features and by the work carried out by them, besides the visualization of the relation with other determinants in the relation with the process of getting sick. Emphasis is in the process of working in the primary health care, the importance of the interaction between nurse-community aimed to actions which strengthen potentialities of the individuals/groups and also the integration and resolution of assistance by work organization. / La Estrategia de Salud de la Familia se estructura en atención primaria por equipos multidisciplinarios formados colocado en un territorio definido, el desarrollo de su proceso de trabajo que trabajan con las familias registradas con este, con un enfoque en la comprensión del ser humano como individuo y colectivo, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en que vivir e interactuar. En este sentido, el acercamiento entre los trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad permite el desarrollo de acciones dirigidas a la población específica, a través del conocimiento y la acción fundamentada sobre los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud. Por lo tanto, este estúdio tuvo el objetivo de identificar los Determinantes Sociales de Salud que se destacan en las declaraciones de las enfermeras, al caracterizar la comunidad, analizando su relación con el trabajo desarrollado; y comprender en que consiste la constitución de la interacción de la enfermera con la comunidad, considerando el(los) sujeto(s) y la(s) finalidad(es). Se trata de un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con análisis cualitativa, fue utilizada la entrevista semiestructurada grabada con el consentimiento de las 65 enfermeras de la Salud de la Familia, pertenecientes a la 3ª Coordinación Regional de Salud/RS, durante el periodo de enero a julio de 2006. Fue evidenciado la inter e intrarrelación en los factores determinantes de la salud, obteniendo 104 citaciones para las características anatomofisiológicas de los individuos/comunidad correspondientes a los determinantes proximales y en asociación predominantemente al trabajo desarrollado por las enfermeras. Para los determinantes intermediarios hubo 27 citaciones y, para los distales, 166, con predominante referencia a la localización territorial de las comunidades en áreas rurales y periféricas. Para el contacto entre la enfermera y la comunidad fue evidenciado dos abordajes de la interactividad: inmediata, en las entidades colectivas; y mediata, con los demás trabajadores del equipo. En las finalidades, emergían dos objetos de acción; la población en resolución e integración con enfoques en la cualidad de acción, formación de vínculo, prevención de enfermedades y promoción de la salud dirigida a la autonomía con corresponsabilización y el direccionamiento del equipo en la organización del trabajo dirigido a la resolución de la atención. Así, se constató que las enfermeras relataron una estrecha relación entre las características proximales y el trabajo por ellas desarrollado, además de como visualizan la relación con los demás determinantes en la relación con el proceso de enfermarse. Se enfatiza la importancia de la interacción enfermera/comunidad visando las acciones que fortalezcan potencialidades de los individuos/grupos y también integración y resolución de la asistencia por la organización del trabajo.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie neuro-inflammatoire du système nerveux central. Les causes sont multifactorielles impliquant à la fois une prédisposition génétique et l'influence de facteurs environnementaux. Dans environ 85% des cas, les patients sont atteints de poussées correspondants à la survenue de signes neurologiques, suivis d'une phase de rémission partielle ou totale. De nombreux travaux avancent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le taux de poussées varie au gré des saisons, survenant plus fréquemment au printemps et en été. Cette fluctuation temporelle a soulevé la question de l'influence de paramètres dépendants de la saison tels que l'ensoleillement et le statut en vitamine D, le niveau de mélatonine ou encore la pollution atmosphérique. Etant donné cette variation de la pollution de l'air, nous avons cherché à explorer l'impact à court terme des particules fines (PM10), benzène (C6H6), dioxyde d'azote (NO2), monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de l'ozone troposphérique (O3), sur le risque de déclenchement de poussée, indépendamment des saisons "chaude" (1er avril au 30 septembre) et "froide" (1er octobre au 31 mars). Ce travail s'est appuyé sur les données de patients issus du réseau ville-hôpital alSacEP. Nous avons sélectionné 424 patients atteints de SEP à début rémittent et ayant connu un total de 1 783 poussées (2000-2009). Les niveaux journaliers de pollution, produits grâce au modèle physique déterministe ADMS-Urban, ont été modélisés sur une base horaire pour chaque IRIS de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg par l'actuelle AASQUA ATMO Grand Est. De plus, une enquête individuelle menée dans le cadre de cette étude auprès de l'ensemble des patients (PT) a permis de collecter (par questionnaire téléphonique ou auto-questionnaire sur internet) des informations personnelles socio-économiques (SES) et du mode de vie pour 188 d'entre eux (PS). Enfin, le niveau SES des IRIS a été estimé à l’aide d’un indice de défaveur social - construit à partir des données du recensement de l’INSEE. Nous avons observé une influence saisonnière délétère à court terme de la pollution (3 jours précédant la poussée) sur le risque de poussée en PT, notamment de l'O3 en saison "chaude" et des PM10 et NO2 en saison "froide". Nos résultats suggèrent également que le contexte SES puisse exacerber ces associations, notamment chez les patients résidant dans les quartiers défavorisés lors d'exposition aux PM10, NO2, C6H6 et CO ("froide") et ceux résidant dans les quartiers favorisés et défavorisés lors de l'exposition à l'O3 ("chaude"). Enfin, nous avons observé chez la PS que le niveau d'éducation faible, le revenu familial moyen, la consommation de cigarette et le manque d'activité physique régulière sont les catégories SES et du mode de vie les plus associées avec le risque de poussée lors de l'exposition à la pollution de l'air. Ce travail montre la nécessité d'étudier les expositions environnementales au cours de la SEP selon une approche holistique intégrant des facteurs individuels et contextuels. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes are multifactorial enrolling both genetic predisposition and influence of environmental factors. In 85% of cases, patients experience relapse corresponding to the occurrence of neurologic signs, followed by a phase of partial or total remission. Several studies put forth the hypothesis that relapses rate varies across season, mainly occurring during spring and summer. This temporal fluctuation raised the question of season-dependent parameters influence such as sunlight exposure and vitamin D, melatonin level or ambient air pollution. Considering this variation of air pollution, we explored the short-term impact of fine particles (PM10), benzene (C6H6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3), on the risk of relapse triggering, separately for "cold" (i.e., October-March) and "hot" (April-September) season. This work has drawn from data of patients provided by the alSacEP network. We included 424 patients affected with remitting MS onset who experienced 1,783 relapses over the 2000-2009 period. Daily level of air pollution was modeled through ADMS-Urban software at the census block scale of the Strasbourg metropolitan area (AASQA ATMO Grand Est). Furthermore, an individual survey was conducted among all the patients (PT) in order to collect individual socioeconomic (SES) and lifestyle features. Finally, the census block SES position was estimated using a composite deprivation index - created from the INSEE census data. A short-term (3 days preceding the relapse) seasonal adverse effect was observed in PT, in particular during exposure to O3 in "hot" season and PM10 and NO2 in "cold" season. Results also suggest that the SES context might exacerbate these associations, in particular among patients who were living in deprived neighborhood with exposure to PM10, NO2, C6H6 and CO ("cold) and those who were living in most well-of and deprived places with exposure to O3 ("hot"). Finally, we observed among Ps that low education level, average family income, smoking and lack of physical activity are more associated with the risk of relapse triggering when patients were exposed to air pollution. This work shows the need to investigate environmental exposure such as air pollution along the SEP course using a holistic approach integrating individual and contextual factors.

On observe des disparités importantes en matière de santé entre les Autochtones et les non-Autochtones au Canada. Ces inégalités démontrent l’importance d’agir afin de décoloniser les systèmes de santé canadiens et nous amène à nous demander si une approche fondée sur les droits pourrait constituer une solution efficace pour améliorer la situation. Ce mémoire vise donc à déterminer s’il existe, dans le contexte juridique canadien, un droit autochtone à la santé qui permettrait aux peuples autochtones de présenter leurs revendications et d’assurer l’imputabilité des gouvernements canadiens. Pour y répondre, nous analysons d’abord les disparités en matière de santé à partir des données épidémiologiques disponibles et de la théorie des déterminants fondamentaux de la santé. Nous procédons ensuite à une analyse du droit constitutionnel canadien et du droit international afin de déterminer la mesure dans laquelle ils pourraient servir à la revendication d’un droit à la santé par les peuples autochtones dans le contexte juridique national. Ce mémoire délimite quatre fondements juridiques potentiels rattachés à l’article 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 qui pourraient fonder un droit autochtone à la santé : 1) le droit à l’autonomie gouvernementale; 2) les droits issus de traités; 3) les droits ancestraux spécifiques; et 4) les droits ancestraux génériques fondés sur la normativité internationale. Une approche fondée sur les développements jurisprudentiels récents en matière de droit de la personne favorise aussi une compréhension approfondie de l’étendue des obligations des gouvernements canadiens envers les peuples autochtones en matière de santé. Cela nous mène à conclure que le droit canadien ne permet pas d’établir l’existence d’un droit à la santé absolu pour les Autochtones, mais qu’un tel droit peut néanmoins exister sous certaines formes plus spécifiques qui répondent au besoin de prévisibilité du droit. / There are significant health disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada. These inequalities highlight the importance of decolonizing Canadian health care systems and lead us to wonder whether a rights-based approach could constitute an effective solution to improve the situation. This thesis therefore aims to determine whether there exists, in the Canadian legal context, an Aboriginal right to health that would allow Aboriginal peoples to articulate their claims and ensure the accountability of Canadian governments. To answer this, we first analyze health disparities based on available epidemiological data and the theory of fundamental determinants of health. We then proceed to an analysis of Canadian constitutional law and international law to determine the extent to which they could be used for the assertion of a right to health by Indigenous peoples in the national legal context. This thesis delineates four potential legal bases flowing from section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, that could serve as a basis for argument in support of an existing Aboriginal right to health: 1) self-government rights; 2) treaty rights; 3) specific Aboriginal rights; and 4) generic Aboriginal rights based on international normativity. An approach grounded in recent human rights case law developments also serves to foster greater understanding of the extent of Canadian governments' obligations towards Indigenous peoples with respect to health. This analysis leads us to conclude that Canadian law do not support the existence of an unlimited right to health for Aboriginal peoples, but that such rights can nevertheless exist in more specific forms that respect the need for legal predictability.

Este estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo en cinco ciudades examina las condiciones de trabajo, los riesgos, los factores influyentes y los efectos en salud experimentados por trabajadores inmigrantes en España. Se diseñó una muestra por criterio.El tamaño de la muestra final de 158 hombres y mujeres documentados e indocumentados se determinó por saturación del discurso. Los datos fueron recogidos entre septiembre del 2006 y mayo de 2007 mediante entrevistas individuales y grupos focales, ambos semiestructurados y con un guión de temas. Se empleó un análisis narrativo del contenido, siguiendo un esquema de generación mixta. Los datos muestran una exposición frecuente a una variedad de riesgos laborales, horas largas de trabajo y pocos días de descanso, además de prácticas discriminatorias en cuanto a la asignación de tareas. Los informantes carecían de formación en seguridad laboral y de experiencia en sus puestos de trabajo. La mayoría tenía poco control sobre su ambiente de trabajo. Finalmente, relataron abusos en términos de sus condiciones de empleo. Los efectos en salud relatados cubrían un rango, desde la experiencia o el miedo de sufrir lesiones agudas, lesiones de estrés crónico, problemas respiratorios y dermatológicos, la acumulación de fatiga, afectaciones del sueño, síntomas somáticos y síntomas de salud psicológica pobre tales como ansiedad y depresión. Se examinan las diferencias halladas por estatus administrativo y género. Estos resultados no dejan lugar a duda en cuanto a la necesidad de mejorar el apoyo a los inmigrantes trabajadores. También son necesarios mejores datos y vigilancia a la salud de esta población como elementos centrales de tal apoyo. Se discuten áreas específcas que requieren más atención desde la investigación y la polítca. / This qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study in five cities examines the working conditions, hazards, influencing factors and effects on health experienced by immigrant workers in Spain. A criterion sample was designed. The final sample of 158 documented and undocumented immigrant men and women was determined by saturation of the discourse. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through semistructured individual interviews and focus groups, using a topic guide. We employed narrative content analysis to examine data according to a mixed-generation scheme. The data demonstrated widespread exposure to a variety of occupational hazards, long work hours, and few days off, as well as discriminatory assignation of tasks. Informants lacked worker safety training, appropriate personal protective equipment, and experience in current jobs.Most had very little control over elements of their work environment. Finally, informants reported abuses in terms of employment conditions. Health effects reported ranged from the experience or fear of acute injuries, to chronic strain injuries, respiratory and dermatologic responses, to the accumulation of fatigue, sleep affectations, somatic symptoms, and mental health concerns such as anxiety and depressive mood. Differences by documentation status and gender are discussed. These results leave little doubt about the need for better outreach and support for immigrant workers in Spain. Better data collection and surveillance of this worker population is a centrally necessary element of stronger immigrant worker support. Specific areas in need of more study and policy consideration are discussed.