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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-28T15:30:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mirianesigilianofrossard.pdf: 10800674 bytes, checksum: 0a2b553cd3a6b721e0e385c6e68a53d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:39:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mirianesigilianofrossard.pdf: 10800674 bytes, checksum: 0a2b553cd3a6b721e0e385c6e68a53d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:39:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mirianesigilianofrossard.pdf: 10800674 bytes, checksum: 0a2b553cd3a6b721e0e385c6e68a53d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Apesar de ter sido previsto por diversos especialistas, o declínio da religião não ocorreu com a sociedade moderna. Ao contrário, a religiosidade encontra-se em plena atividade, contudo se apresentando de maneira reconfigurada, menos institucionalizada, mais individualizada, subjetiva, fluida e fragmentada, atravessando e combinando-se a diversos outros campos, dentre eles, o turismo. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender, sob o viés do consumo, de que forma o turismo evangélico para a Terra Santa pode se configurar como uma busca moderna da tradição, conformando-se numa experiência (pós) moderna da religiosidade contemporânea, verificando seus sentidos e significados para aqueles que estão envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com essa atividade. Este consumo simbólico dos evangélicos através das caravanas para a Terra Santa revelou não se tratar apenas de uma ida moderna dos evangélicos ao espaço público, mas também uma forma de (re)ativarem diversas tradições judaicas e cristãs, ressemantizando-as de acordo com o espírito da época. / Although predicted by many experts, the decline of religion did not occur with modern society. Instead, religiosity is in full swing, but performing in a new shape, less institutionalized, more individualized, subjective, fluid and fragmented, crossing through and blending in several other fields, including tourism. Given this scenario, the objective of this study is to understand, by through consumption habits/behaviour, how evangelical tourism in the Holy Land can be configured as a modern search of tradition, conforming to a (post) modern experience of contemporary religiosity, examining their meanings for those who are directly or indirectly involved with this activity. This symbolic consumption by evangelicals through the caravans to the Holy Land revealed it is not only a modern way for evangelicals to public space, but also a way to (re) activate various Jewish and Christian traditions, giving them a new meaning in accordance with the spirit of this age.

Ce travail a pour objet l’image de l’autre dans les textes des voyageurs latins en Cilicie, Syrie-Palestine et Égypte du XIIe au début du XVe siècle. La rencontre directe entre chrétiens d’Occident et chrétiens d’Orient altère en effet progressivement les représentations occidentales antérieures. Les attitudes des auteurs varient selon leur statut et selon les trajectoires propres à chacun. Après une présentation des conditions de production des œuvres, mettant en évidence les thématiques présidant à la rencontre avec les chrétiens d’Orient, cette étude analyse le discours latin sur l’altérité orientale. Ce dernier résulte de la confrontation entre observations et représentations et se construit entre la curiosité pour une réalité nouvelle porteuse d’exotisme, et l’élaboration d’une double rhétorique du rejet et de l’assimilation de chrétiens considérés à la jonction d’enjeux géopolitiques, dans le contexte des croisades, et d’enjeux religieux, dans le double contexte de la politique d’union pontificale et du prolongement de la réforme monastique. L’intégration des Églises orientales à la culture occidentale suppose alors d’articuler unité et diversité au sein même de la chrétienté. L’analyse du rapport des Latins à la Terre sainte, entre « géographie sacrée » et géographie réelle, des discours croisé, missionnaire et pèlerin sur la diversité et de leurs réactions à celle-ci permet enfin de mesurer l’impact de la rencontre avec les chrétiens orientaux, dans leur dissemblance et leur similitude, sur l’idée de chrétienté. / This research aims at analysing the representation of otherness in the writings of Latin travellers in Cilicia, Syria Palestine and Egypt from the 12th century to the early 15th century. Close encounters between Western Christians and Eastern Christians gradually changed the previous representations of the former, while the attitudes of the writers depended on their status and the respective career paths. After presenting the conditions in which the works were written and underlining the themes and issues that were tackled during the encounters with Eastern Christians, this research analyses the Latin discourse on Eastern otherness, the construction of which results from the confrontation between observation and representation. Curiosity for a new exotic reality went along with a double-edged rhetoric of rejection and assimilation of Eastern Christians, as the stakes were both geopolitical – in the context of the Crusades – and religious – with the policy of pontifical union and the continuation of the monastic reform. Integrating Eastern churches into Western culture thus meant conciliating unity and diversity with Christianity. Analysing the relationships of Latin people with the Holy Land – between biblical and actual geography – as well as the discourses of crusaders, missionaries and pilgrims on diversity and their various reactions to it allows one to measure the impact of the encounter with Eastern Christians on the idea of Christianity.

Praca magisterska pod tytułem Renesansowy diariusz „Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej, Syrii i Egiptu 1582-1584 Mikołaja Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Sierotki”” zostały przedstawione i wyodrębnione najważniejsze motywy, które istniały w tym uprawianym gatunku piśmiennictwa przez polskich podróżników oraz pątników. Główny cel powyższego opracowania został odzwierciedlony, ponieważ zostały przedstawione najważniejsze tendencje Renesansu oraz została ukazana postać litewskiego magnata – Mikołaja Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Sierotki”. Poza tym została zaprezentowana droga podróżnika, którą przemierzał na teren Ziemi Świętej, Syrii i Egiptu. Zostały przedstawione obiekty widziane przez pątnika z Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Przedstawiłam najważniejsze wątki peregrynacji. By móc osiągnąć zamierzony cel powinnam była zaprezentować pojęcie diariusza, pamiętnika jako gatunku piśmiennictwa, ukazując ich podobieństwa oraz cechy dzielące oba hasła. Również ukazałam najważniejsze tendecje epoki Renesansu, które otwierały nowe spojrzenie na literaturę i człowieka, co można uzasadnić maksymą łacińską: Homo sum; humani nil a me alienum esse puto . Mówiąc o księciu Mikołaju Radziwile „Sierotce”, pierwszym litewskim magnacie podróżującym po ziemiach Dalekiego Wschodu oraz walorach spisanego diariusza, który został spisany po polsku ówczesną XVI–wieczną polszczyzną. Nie pomniejszając wartości diariusza, który posiadał funkcje użyteczne, bowiem służył pielgrzymom jako pierwszy przewodnik po miejscach... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Magistro darbe “Renesansiniai dienoraščiai Mykolo Kristupo Radvilos „Našlaitėlio“ Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej, Syrii i Egiptu 1582-1584” buvo pristatyti ir išskirti svarbiausiai tikslai, kuriais buvo vadovaujamasi šios srities lenkų keliautojų ir piligrimų raštijoje. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas liko atskleistas, nes buvo aprašyti pagrindiniai Renesanso ir Lietuvos magnato – Mykolo Kristupo Radvilo „Našlaitėlio“ motyvai. Be to darbe buvo aprašyta keliautojo trasa, jo matyti objektai ir svarbiausi kelionės aspektai. Darbe aprašiau dienoraštį, kaip raštijos rūšį ir lyginant su memuarais, parodant jų panašumus ir skirtumus, kad galėčiau pasiekti savo darbo tikslą. Aprašiau Renesanso laikotarpio tendencijas, nes jos sukūrė naują požiūrį į literatūrą ir žmogų, tai pabrėžia lotynų sentencija: Homo sum; humani nil a me alienum esse puto(Žmogus esu, manau, kad niekas kas žmogiška nėra man svetima). Kalbėdama apie kunigaikštį Mykolą Kristupą Radvilą „Našlaitėlį“, kuris pirmas parašė platų ir išsamų darbą apie kelionę į Šventąją Žemę, Siriją ir Egiptą. Norėčiau pabrėžti šio dienoraščio, kaip pirmojo kelionių vadovo šventose vietose, skirto piligrimams vertę. Juliušas Slovackis 1836 - 1838 metais, kada keliavo į Artimuosius Rytus panaudojo Radvilo „Našlaitėlio“ dienoraštį. / Master’s thesis titled The Renaissance diary Peregrination's diary to the Holy Land, Egypt and Syria 1582-1584 Nicholas Christopher Radziwiłł “Sierotka” were presented to and extracted the most important themes that existed in Polish literature and used by the travelers and pilgrims. The main objective of this development is reflected, as they were presented to the major trends of the Renaissance and the short biography of Lithuanian magnate - Nicholas Christopher Radziwiłł “Sierotka”. In addition, the route was presented to the traveler, traveled by, objects seen by the traveler. Besides the most important themes were shown peregrinations. To be able to attain this objective should be to show the main concept of diary, a memories as a genre of literature, showing their similarities and sharing features. Had the tendency of the Renaissance have been presented since they opened a new perspective on literature and human, which can be justified by the Latin maxim: Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum esse puto (I am a man, I think that nothing human is alien to me). Speaking of the Prince Nicholas Christopher Radziwiłł “Sierotka”, which merit was written in Polish first extensive and detailed diary of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Syria and Egypt. Not deducted from the value of diary, which had a useful function, because the pilgrims served as the first guide to the holy sites. In conclusion of it should be noted that in the diary later Radziwiłł “Sierotka”, was used by the... [to full text]

L’objet de notre recherche est de définir la politique du Saint-Siège face à la « Question de Palestine », durant la période qui va de la Déclaration Balfour (1917) à la création de l’État d’Israël (1948). À ce moment précis de l’Histoire où les Britanniques s’apprêtent à recevoir de la Société des Nations un mandat plaçant la Palestine sous leur tutelle, la « renaissance » d’Israël pose à l’Église catholique un double problème. Sur le plan politique, les pressions des diplomaties arabes et de la Congrégation pour l’Église orientale empêchent toute ouverture vers la création d’un État hébreu, le Vatican redoutant que les chrétiens arabes n’en paient le prix. Sur le plan théologique, le retour du peuple juif sur la Terre de la promesse pose à l’Église une question inédite. Cette restauration temporelle ne démontre-t-elle pas en effet que l’Alliance entre Dieu et le peuple d’Israël reste valide ? Et si Israël demeure le peuple élu, quelle est la raison d’être de l’Église ? Si le christianisme est par essence universel, il n’est pas pour autant dissocié de l’Histoire, et notamment de celle du peuple d’Israël « dont le Christ est issu selon la chair » (Rm 9, 3-5). Il s’agit donc de comprendre le particulier enchevêtrement du temporel et du spirituel dans cette région tourmentée du monde qu’est le Proche-Orient. / The object of this research is to define the policy of the Holy See faced with the “Palestinian Question” during the period dating from the Balfour Declaration (1917) to the creation of the State of Israel (1948). At the precise moment in history when the British received a mandate from the League of Nations placing Palestine under their tutelage, the “rebirth” of Israel posed a dual problem for the Catholic Church. On the political front, the pressures imposed by Arab diplomats and the powerful voice of the Congregation of Eastern Churches prevented any talk of creating a Jewish state, the Vatican's stance being that Christian Arabs should not pay the price for this. On the theological front, the return of the Jewish people to the Promised Land posed a new question for the Church. Did not this return prove that the relationship between God and the people of Israel was still valid ? If Israel remained the chosen people what would be the justification for the Church? If Christianity is essentially universal this does not disassociate it from its history, especially that of the people of Israel "of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came " (Rm 9: 3-5) It is therefore important to understand the particular overlap of politics and religion in this troubled region of the world which is the Middle East.

Le concile de Troyes qui s'ouvre le 13 janvier 1129, permet de confirmer une initiative née en Orient neuf années auparavant. Des chevaliers avaient alors exprimé la volonté de vivre de façon religieuse, en faisant le triple vœu monastique de pauvreté, de chasteté et d'obéissance, tout en continuant à pratiquer le métier des armes afin de protéger les pèlerins sur les routes de Terre sainte. Reconnus par la papauté à Troyes et dotés d'une règle, les « pauvres chevaliers du Christ et du Temple de Salomon » devenaient le premier ordre religieux-militaire de l'histoire. L'ordre de l'Hôpital, qui existait déjà à Jérusalem et dont la mission consistait à soigner les pauvres malades, se militarisa progressivement au milieu du XIIe siècle, s'inspirant de l'exemple du Temple. Templiers et Hospitaliers ont inspiré par la suite tous les autres ordres militaires. Une tradition historiographique des croisades a longtemps entretenu l'idée de deux ordres ennemis dont les conflits ont provoqué la perte des États latins d'Orient. L'étude de deux siècles de coexistence commune entre Templiers et Hospitaliers en Terre sainte permet d'enterrer cette image et constater combien ces deux ordres religieux-militaires se sont influencés. Elle permet également de rétablir la vérité sur les relations entre les frères des deux ordres. Aux frontières de l'histoire comparée, cette étude suit la trame chronologique des maîtres du Temple et de l'Hôpital, permettant de mettre en relief l'importance des décisions de ces hommes. Des études thématiques sur l'organisation de ces deux ordres, leurs structures, leurs règles, les images qu'ils transmettent et sur leur rôle dans certains grands évènements des États latins d'orient permet de comprendre les liens qui les unissaient, ainsi que la façon dont ils s'influencèrent. On a trop souvent relevé leur rivalité politique, dans un royaume de Jérusalem où l'absence d'un pouvoir royal fort leur a rapidement laissé toute liberté. De la même façon, on a trop souvent oublié le prix que Templiers et Hospitaliers ont payé ensemble sur les champs de bataille de Terre sainte, se comportant comme ce qu'ils étaient : des frères d'armes. / The Council of Troyes, wich opened on January 13, 1129, confirms an initiative born in the East nine years earlier. Knights had then expressed the will to live in a religious way, by making the triple monastic vow of poverty, chastity and obedience, while continuing to practice the profession of arms in order to protect pilgrims on the roads of the Holy Land. Recognized by the papacy in Troyes and endowed with a rule, the « Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon » became the first military order in history. The Order of the Hospital, which already existed in Jerusalem and whose missions was to care for the poor sick, gradually became militarized in the middle of the 12th century, drawing inspiration from the example of the Temple. Templars and Hospitallers subsequently inspired all other military orders. A historiographical tradition of the Crusades has long maintained the idea of two enemy orders whose conflicts caused the loss of the Latin States of the East. The study of two centuries of common coexistence between Templars and Hospitallers in the Holy Land allows us to bury this image and see how much these military orders influenced each other. It aslo helps to restore the truth about the relationship between the brothers of the two orders. At the frontiers of comparative history, this study follows the chronological framework of the masters of the Temple and the Hospital, making it possible to highlight the importance of the decisions of these men. Thematic studies on the organization of these two orders, their structures, their rules, the images that they transmit and their role in some great events of the Latin States of the East make it possible to understand the links wich united them, as well as the how they influenced each other. We have too often noted their political rivalry, in a kingdom of Jerusalem where the absence of a strong royal power quickly gave them complete freedom. In the same way, we have too often forgotten the price that Templars and Hospitallers paid together on the battlefields of the Holy Land, behaving like what they were : brothers in arms.

Le renouveau d’intérêt pour la Terre sainte en Europe au XIXe siècle incite de nombreux voyageurs à publier leurs souvenirs à leur retour en France. L’analyse de ces textes montre que ces pèlerins des temps modernes ont en commun l’ambition de ne pas se limiter à décrire les Lieux saints visités, mais de rendre également compte de l’environnement géographique et ethnographique de la Palestine, de rapporter leurs impressions, de relater des anecdotes. Le lecteur est donc confronté à un narrateur qui revendique son identité propre, indépendamment du voyage. En présence de ce caractère éminemment subjectif, force est de constater que loin de s’inscrire dans un discours aux contours bien définis, les récits de voyage français en Palestine du XIXe siècle font résonner des voix diverses, souvent contradictoires, qui soulignent les grandes différences entre l’Occident et l’Orient, sans présenter une vision homogène de l’un ou de l’autre. / The revival of European interest in the Holy Land in the nineteenth century prompted manytravellers to seek to publish their accounts on their return to France. The analysis of thesetexts shows that these modern-day pilgrims found it necessary not to confine themselves todescribing the Holy Places, but also to reveal the geographical and ethnic environment ofPalestine, to express their feelings, to recount anecdotes. The reader is thus confronted with anarrator who is fully aware of his own identity, regardless of the journey undertaken. In viewof their subjective nature, one cannot fail to notice that nineteenth-century French travelnarratives about Palestine, rather than being part of a well-defined discourse, « speak » withmany different, often contradictory voices, which outline the major differences between theWest and the East, without presenting a homogenous image of one or the other.

The thesis is focused on the proclamation and the course of the First Crusade, which took place in 1096 - 1099.The aim of the work is to make reader acknowledged with progress and events which occurred during the journey Crusaders. Described are the origins and proclamation of the Crusade, political events, council of Clermont, how was the medieval man and journey of the common people and knight's current. Subsequent occupation of territories connected with emergence of Crusader States. There is also mentioned the view of modern man and how it persists to this days the influence of these expeditions.

Jusqu’aux croisades, les rencontres entre l’Orient musulman et l’Occident chrétien avaient été réduites à des échanges commerciaux anecdotiques ainsi qu’à de rares pèlerinages en Terre sainte. Et alors que les musulmans méprisaient souverainement des peuplades septentrionales vouées, selon eux, à l’égarement et à l’ignorance, les Occidentaux avaient fait de la jeune religion orientale et de ses sectateurs l’Antéchrist de leur eschatologie apocalyptique. Tous étaient imprégnés d’un théocentrisme intransigeant ne laissant aucune place à un Autre ignoré ou abhorré, si ce n’est celle de l’Ennemi. Il fallut donc une guerre généralisée entre ces deux ensembles civilisationnels aux antipodes pour qu’enfin ils se rencontrent et se côtoient durablement, jusqu’à estomper en partie des préjugés et des images déformées longtemps entretenus. Paradoxalement, la guerre et ses principales émanations (la stratégie, la tactique, l’armement et l’architecture militaire) allaient être les causes d’une meilleure connaissance mutuelle. En cherchant à répondre au mieux au défi militaire lancé par l’adversaire, chacun fut contraint de scruter les intentions, la mentalité, et surtout l’art de la guerre de l’autre ; ainsi, on n’hésita pas à en copier les concepts et les procédés jugés profitables, de même que les deux camps firent montre, dans ce domaine, d’une adaptabilité multiforme exceptionnelle. En somme, loin de la vision répandue présentant les croisades comme des conflits séculaires purement religieux ayant opposé de manière manichéenne deux conceptions monolithiques et hermétiques du monde et de la guerre, il semblerait en réalité que la Syrie du XIIe siècle fut d’abord un creuset d’échanges dans lequel le maître mot était "pragmatisme". / Until the Crusades, the encounters between the Muslim East and the Christian West had been limited to anecdotal trade exchanges as well as rare pilgrimages to the Holy Land. While the Muslims intensely despised dedicated northern tribes, in their opinion, to misguidance and ignorance, the West had made the young Eastern religion and its followers the Antichrist of their apocalyptic eschatology. All were imbued with an uncompromising theocentrism leaving no room to another ignored or abhorred, except that of the Enemy. This necessitated a general war between these two civilizational sets of the antipodes so that finally they meet and come together permanently, to the extent of partly diminishing prejudice and distorted images which were long maintained. Paradoxically, the war and its principal emanations (strategy, tactics, weaponry and military architecture) would be the causes of better mutual understanding. In seeking to best meet the military challenge launched by the enemy, everyone was forced to scrutinize the intentions, attitudes, and especially the art of war of the other, so they did not hesitate to copy the concepts and procedures deemed beneficial, as both sides made shows in this area, a multifaceted exceptional adaptability. In short, far from the common vision with the crusades as purely secular religious conflicts that opposed in a Manichean manner two monolithic and hermetic conceptions of the world and war, it would seem that Syria of the twelfth century began as a crucible exchanges in which the watchword was "pragmatism".

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agradecimentos.pdf: 10200 bytes, checksum: cc921f81c3b9d830496eca9e1b629382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-25 / This thesis will analyse the role of the institutional church leaders,before and during the movement and war of the Contestado between the years 1912 to 1916. This movement is classified as milenar messianic that happened in the south of Brazil in an area considered as litigious and disputed by the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. It will point out the social, economic, political and religious context that created conditions for this movement to arrise. It will analyse the formation of a rustic, popular, brazilian catholicism and it´s expressions in the region of the Contestado, giving prominence to the role of the monks. It will deepen the understanding of oficial catholicism in the process of romanization, and the role of the Franciscans, their conceptions and practices, and their efforts to frame the rural religion into the principles of the reform. It will analyse the reaction of the people in the rural areas, confronted with the changes that were implanted in the region, and the explosion of a brotherhood called Terra Santa (Holy Land) that saught to fulfill a new order . It will deepen the awareness of the role of the franciscans, who represented the catholic church, with the idea to disperse and pacify , the rural rebel , and form an pact with the military forces to repress and implant an order and peace in the region contested, with the consequent radical elimination of the rural brotherhood and their fortifications .(AU) / Esta tese analisa o papel dos líderes da Igreja católica institucionalizada antes e durante o movimento e guerra do Contestado de 1912 a 1916. Movimento classificado como messiânico-milenarista ocorrido no sul do Brasil numa área litigiosa pleiteada pelos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Aponta o contexto sócio-econômico-político e religioso que criou condições para que o movimento pudesse emergir. Analisa a formação do catolicismo rústico popular brasileiro e suas expressões na região do Contestado, destacando-se o papel dos monges. Aprofunda a compreensão do catolicismo oficial em processo de romanização e do papel dos frades franciscanos, de suas concepções e práticas na tentativa de enquadrar a religião cabocla dentro dos princípios da reforma. Analisa a reação cabocla diante das mudanças implantadas na região e a explosão da irmandade, denominada Terra Santa , que buscava efetivar uma nova ordem . Aprofunda especialmente o papel dos frades representantes da Igreja católica, tendo em vista dispersar e pacificar o caboclo rebelde e a aliança, que estabeleceram com as forças repressoras, para implantar a ordem e a paz na região contestada, com a conseqüente eliminação radical da irmandade cabocla e de seus redutos .(AU)