In Sweden, all school staffs are obligated to notify suspected of child abuse or neglect. The study's purpose is to investigate how the notification requirements in Social Services Act, chapter 14, section 1, are applied in primary schools and how to best collaborate among the team of professionals responsible for dealing with suspected child neglect or abuse. The study's research question is: How do the various professions at school (apart from the teachers) deal with suspicions of child neglect or abuse? How does this affect the school management and structural management of suspected neglect? How is the report prepared and submitted to the social services? The results are based on in-depth interviews with nine people of different professions within the school health. Collaboration within the pupil health team worked mainly very well, but in one case, it did not work well at all. Many times, however, it was a lack of communication between student health teams and the teachers. The main conclusion of the study is that the importance of a well-functioning student health team is of paramount importance for dealing correctly with suspected child neglect. Firstly, this is best achieved by ensuring the quality training for school heads in matters relating to the notification obligation. Secondly, the student health personnel have to be well known faces among the teachers. Thirdly, it is crucial that horizontal cooperation is initiated by the principal. Fourthly, it also emerged that team members, teachers and other staff within the school has to be continuously updated with the details of the notification requirement.

Bakgrund: Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i Sverige har en lagstadgad skyldighet att göra orosanmälan till Socialtjänsten vid misstanke om att barn far illa. Anmälningsplikten infördes redan under 1920-talet och regleras i socialtjänstlagen. Statistik över inkomna orosanmälningar i Sverige visar att endast cirka 10 procent av anmälningarna kommer från hälso- och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskan spelar en viktig roll när det kommer till att identifiera riskfaktorer för barn som far illa men forskning visar att det av olika anledningar ibland råder osäkerhet och tveksamhet när det kommer till att göra orosanmälningar till Socialtjänsten. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska vad sjuksköterskor på beroendemottagningar har för erfarenheter av och hur de upplever att göra orosanmälan om barn som far illa till Socialtjänsten. Metod: En kvalitativ explorativ design valdes där datainsamling gjordes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att bearbeta materialet användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier, ett medvetet förhållningssätt, konsekvenser av handling samt det professionella samarbetets betydelse med sammanlagt sex underkategorier.  Diskussionen fördes utifrån Sigridur Halldórsdóttirs teori om caring and uncaring samt tidigare relevant forskning och litteratur. Slutsats: Att ha barnperspektivet underlättar för sjuksköterskor i beslutsfattandet av att göra orosanmälan för barn som far illa och kan även vara ett stöd i kommunikationen med patienten. / Background: Healthcare professionals in Sweden have a statutory obligation to report suspected child maltreatment to the Social Services. The notification requirement was introduced already in the 1920: s and is regulated in the Social Services Act. Statistics on incoming reports in Sweden show that only about 10% of the notifications come from the healthcare system. Nurses play an important role when it comes to identifying risk factors for child maltreatment, but research shows that for various reasons, there is sometimes uncertainty and doubt when it comes to making reports to the Social Services. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore nurses experience of reporting suspected child maltreatment to the Social Services. Method: A qualitative explorative design was chosen where data collection was done with semistructured interviews. A qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used to analyze the collected material. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories, a conscious approach, consequences of action and the importance of professional cooperation with a total of six subcategories. The discussion was based on Sigridur Halldórsdóttir's theory of caring and uncaring, as well as previous relevant research and literature. Conclusions: Having the child perspective makes it easier for nurses to make the decision to report concern for child maltreatment and can also support the communication with the patient.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate how directors of preschool apply the mandatory reporting and what information they say is important in the decision to report child maltreat-ment. The study was built on five semi-structure interviews with five directors of preschool working in Greater Stockholm. The perspective of this paper is sociology of law theory. This means to study how out of law information makes sense when director of preschool applies the mandatory reporting. The result was analysed with three different analytic tools: action plan, consulting social services and the considerations of the directors of preschool them-selves. The result showed that the information from the preschool teachers is very important the decision to report child maltreatment. None of the directors referred to an action plan that was written down. Clear signs of maltreatment, as physical and psychological signs, were information that directly was reported. When anxiety was explained to lack clear physical and psychological signs the directors were left alone with their own subjective feelings. The pos-sibility to consult with social services was told to be a very important support.</p>

<p>The social policy defines what is social problems. There is no clear scientific explanation to why children fare badly and unity in what constitutes a bad parenthood that leads to deficiency of care (Sundell&Egelund 2000). The society's values are fickle and influences what to be defined as social problems. In the prevailing period, the discourse produces the social norm (Claezon 2004).</p><p>The aim with this study was to examine which children that fare badly and attitudes about it the good and the insufficient parenthood between 1921-1923 and 1997-2007. The survey was a qualitative file study in witch we studied child welfare. Resemblances and differences have also been studied between these two periods.  This in order to get a grasp on what has been changed and what is left of the old times and still influence the modern society in child welfare.</p><p>Our theoretical starting point is the power of the discourse.Children that are considered fare badly and the attitude of what defines good parenthood is shaped by the cultural values of society that is made visible in child welfare. Through this theoretical perspectives, children, young people and parents that are defined as deviant with shortcomings and imperfection that is to be corrected by the society’s measures. Fahlgren (1999) claims that discourse vary both historically and cultural in the society and its aim is to create order and truth within different areas and is also based on views about interpretation in the society. This is how norms are created of what is considered to be normal.</p><p>The result of our study shows that the social welfare of children is influenced by attitudes within society. The prevailing discourse influence how society defines which children fare badly and that the conception is about good respective insufficient parenthood. This is changed over time and characterized of the society's cultural and historical contexts.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: child welfare, children fare badly, parenthood</p>

<p>Tanken med denna uppsats var att vara till hjälp för att synliggöra och skapa diskussion bland skolans pedagoger om hur man kan upptäcka att elever far illa i hemmet och hur anmälningsplikten hanteras i dess verksamhet. Vi önskade att denna uppsats skulle kunna leda till ett bättre samarbete mellan socialtjänsten och skolans verksamhet. Detta för att elever som far illa i hemmet ska få hjälp av skolan i tid. Vårt resultat i undersökningen byggde på kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger, rektorer och socialsekreterare, och hade till syfte att visa på hur vårt valda arbetsområde fungerade i praktiken. Undersökningen visade att skolans personal har brister i kunskap om anmälningsplikten och vilka signaler elever kan visa som far illa i hemmet. Vidare visade undersökningen även på att ett samarbete mellan skola och socialtjänst inte finns så länge någon elev på skolan inte far illa i hemmet. Trots detta menade flertalet informanter på att ett samarbete är något att sträva efter. Det vi reagerade starkt över var informanternas bristfälliga kännedom om anmälningsplikten och signaler på att elever far illa i hemmet. Vidare såg vi en brist i information och kommunikation dels inom skolan och dels mellan skola och socialtjänst. En övergripande lösning kan vara att skapa ett kontinuerligt samarbete där det utbyts kunskaper och information mellan dessa myndigheter.</p>

Tanken med denna uppsats var att vara till hjälp för att synliggöra och skapa diskussion bland skolans pedagoger om hur man kan upptäcka att elever far illa i hemmet och hur anmälningsplikten hanteras i dess verksamhet. Vi önskade att denna uppsats skulle kunna leda till ett bättre samarbete mellan socialtjänsten och skolans verksamhet. Detta för att elever som far illa i hemmet ska få hjälp av skolan i tid. Vårt resultat i undersökningen byggde på kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger, rektorer och socialsekreterare, och hade till syfte att visa på hur vårt valda arbetsområde fungerade i praktiken. Undersökningen visade att skolans personal har brister i kunskap om anmälningsplikten och vilka signaler elever kan visa som far illa i hemmet. Vidare visade undersökningen även på att ett samarbete mellan skola och socialtjänst inte finns så länge någon elev på skolan inte far illa i hemmet. Trots detta menade flertalet informanter på att ett samarbete är något att sträva efter. Det vi reagerade starkt över var informanternas bristfälliga kännedom om anmälningsplikten och signaler på att elever far illa i hemmet. Vidare såg vi en brist i information och kommunikation dels inom skolan och dels mellan skola och socialtjänst. En övergripande lösning kan vara att skapa ett kontinuerligt samarbete där det utbyts kunskaper och information mellan dessa myndigheter.

The social policy defines what is social problems. There is no clear scientific explanation to why children fare badly and unity in what constitutes a bad parenthood that leads to deficiency of care (Sundell&amp;Egelund 2000). The society's values are fickle and influences what to be defined as social problems. In the prevailing period, the discourse produces the social norm (Claezon 2004). The aim with this study was to examine which children that fare badly and attitudes about it the good and the insufficient parenthood between 1921-1923 and 1997-2007. The survey was a qualitative file study in witch we studied child welfare. Resemblances and differences have also been studied between these two periods.  This in order to get a grasp on what has been changed and what is left of the old times and still influence the modern society in child welfare. Our theoretical starting point is the power of the discourse.Children that are considered fare badly and the attitude of what defines good parenthood is shaped by the cultural values of society that is made visible in child welfare. Through this theoretical perspectives, children, young people and parents that are defined as deviant with shortcomings and imperfection that is to be corrected by the society’s measures. Fahlgren (1999) claims that discourse vary both historically and cultural in the society and its aim is to create order and truth within different areas and is also based on views about interpretation in the society. This is how norms are created of what is considered to be normal. The result of our study shows that the social welfare of children is influenced by attitudes within society. The prevailing discourse influence how society defines which children fare badly and that the conception is about good respective insufficient parenthood. This is changed over time and characterized of the society's cultural and historical contexts.   Keywords: child welfare, children fare badly, parenthood

The purpose of this study was to investigate how directors of preschool apply the mandatory reporting and what information they say is important in the decision to report child maltreat-ment. The study was built on five semi-structure interviews with five directors of preschool working in Greater Stockholm. The perspective of this paper is sociology of law theory. This means to study how out of law information makes sense when director of preschool applies the mandatory reporting. The result was analysed with three different analytic tools: action plan, consulting social services and the considerations of the directors of preschool them-selves. The result showed that the information from the preschool teachers is very important the decision to report child maltreatment. None of the directors referred to an action plan that was written down. Clear signs of maltreatment, as physical and psychological signs, were information that directly was reported. When anxiety was explained to lack clear physical and psychological signs the directors were left alone with their own subjective feelings. The pos-sibility to consult with social services was told to be a very important support.

Bakgrund: Enligt statistik i Sverige ökar antalet anmälningar av barn som far illa, men endast en liten del av anmälningarna görs av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. BVC-sjuksköterskan är en viktig person inom barnhälsovården för att främja barns hälsa och trygghet samt att tidigt identifiera problem. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva BVC-sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att anmäla barn som far illa till Socialnämnden. Metod: Studien baserades på kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod och materialet analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom att BVC-sjuksköterskorna ansåg det rätt att göra anmälan då barnet for illa, men att det var känslomässigt engagerande. BVC-sjuksköterskorna satte barnets bästa i centrum vid anmälan men hade samtidigt en önskan om fortsatt förtroende från föräldrarna. Behovet av stöd och samarbete upplevdes viktigt och betydelsefullt för BVC-sjuksköterskorna. Konklusion: Resultatet i denna studie bidrar med ökad kunskap om BVC-sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att anmäla barn som far illa, men kan också öka förståelsen för BVC-sjuksköterskors betydelsefulla och komplexa arbetssituation. Studiens resultat skulle kunna användas inom barnhälsovården för att tydliggöra vikten och behovet av att som BVC-sjuksköterska få adekvat stöd genom hela anmälningsprocessen. / Background: According to statistics in Sweden, the number of notifications of child maltreatment increases, but only a small part is made by health care professionals. The child health care (CHC) nurse is an important person in CHC to promote children´s health and safety, and early identification of problems. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe CHC-nurses´ experiences of reporting child maltreatment to the Social welfare board. Method: The study was based on qualitative method with an inductive approach. Interviews were used as data collection method and the material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The result showed that CHC-nurses thought it was right to report child maltreatment, but found it emotionally engaging. CHC-nurses considered children´s best when reporting, but wished at the same time to retain the confidence of the parents. Need for support and collaboration was important and significant. Conclusion: The result of this study contribute to increased knowledge of CHC-nurses´ experiences of reporting child maltreatment, but can also increase understanding of CHC-nurses´ important and complex work situation. The result could be used in CHC in order to clarify the importance and need for the CHC-nurse to receive adequate support throughout the entire notification process.

The aim of this study was to describe and understand how individuals in adulthood experienced a childhood with neglect, and how they handled neglect. In order to reach the perspective of the individuals who grew up with neglect, we chose to use autobiographical books as our empirical material. The criteria the autobiographies had to meet in order to fall within the scope of this study was that the biographies had to display the experience of neglect during childhood, and thereto the books had to be written by individuals who themselves experienced neglect. Based on the aim of this study we sought answers to three questions: How do the individuals describe their upbringing with a mentally or socially disabled parent? How have the individuals coped with the neglect they’ve been exposed to? What consequences have the neglect supposedly led to? The findings of this study show that the extent to which the individuals experienced neglect were profound and comprising. Most prominent in the material was physical and mental abuse. For survival the individuals used different strategies to master the different situations they were subjected to. The strategies the individuals described were most often used to provide food, confirmation and to keep emotions in check. Furthermore the individuals described that the neglect and abuse led to various consequences, some that were prominent during childhood others not until the individuals reached adulthood.