The purpose of research aid is to contribute to development in different ways through the use of research. Sarec (the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries) was one of the pioneers within state research aid, and existed between 1975 and 2008. This dissertation studies Sarec’s policy from a historical perspective with the help of official documents and interviews with former directors. Discourse theory together with concepts from Science and Technology Studies comprise the theoretical framework of the study. One of the central questions asked is how the view of the relationship between research and development has changed over time. One of the conclusions is that there are two main policy discourses that are established early on and that can be traced throughout the entire period studied. The two discourses share the starting point that modern science can contribute to development and that national research capacity is an important component in this. The localist discourse represents a more multifaceted view of how research can contribute to development, and what that development consist of. It is more explicitly anti-colonialist and to a greater degree prioritizes the local context as basis for decisions regarding support. The universalist discourse places less emphasis on where knowledge is produced since it can be used anywhere, as long as the right structures and priorities are in place. The discourses reflect different views of knowledge and development. Some decades one discourse dominates over the other, and other decades they are more equal. / Forskningsbistånd har som syfte att bidra till att forskning på olika sätt leder till utveckling. Sarec (the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries) var en av pionjärerna inom statligt forskningsbistånd och existerade mellan 1975 och 2008. I denna avhandling studeras Sarecs policy ur ett historiskt perspektiv med hjälp av offentliga dokument och intervjuer med före detta chefer. Diskursteori tillsammans med begrepp från teknik- och vetenskapsstudier utgör det teoretiska ramverket för studien. Frågor som ställs är till exempel hur synen på relationen mellan forskning och utveckling har förändrats över tid. En av slutsatserna är att det finns två stora policydiskurser som etableras tidigt och som går att följa under hela perioden. Båda innefattar en stark tro på modern vetenskap och dess möjlighet att bidra till utveckling, samt på att forskningskapacitet är en viktig komponent i detta. Den lokalistiska diskursen representerar en mer mångfacetterad syn på hur forskning kan bidra till utveckling samt vad denna utveckling är. Den är mer explicit antikolonialistisk i sin ansats och prioriterar i högre grad den lokala kontexten som grund för beslut kring stöd. Den universalistiska diskursen betonar att det spelar mindre roll var kunskapen produceras eftersom den kan nyttjas varsomhelst, bara rätt strukturer och prioriteringar finns på plats. Diskurserna speglar olika syn på kunskap och utveckling. Vissa årtionden dominerar en diskurs över den andra, och andra årtionden är de mer jämbördiga.

242f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-07-22T17:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-07-24T18:40:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-24T18:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / O presente estudo sobre a migração de europeus para a Bahia nas últimas décadas procura explicar um movimento migratório que, não se restringindo ao móvel econômico e ao modelo comunitário, é impulsionado por processos individualizantes e uma consciência de matiz cosmopolita. Tal movimento pode ser visto como resultante da atual globalização cultural, em que a multiplicação das conexões planetárias estimula a imaginação social e incita indivíduos de todas as partes a se desterritorializarem, fazendo da mobilidade um recurso integrado aos seus projetos de vida. Analisando a vinda desses indivíduos ao Nordeste brasileiro para residir, o estudo traz à discussão, por um lado, o imaginário sobre a globalização e a emergência de uma subjetividade contemporânea , e por outro, os imaginários sobre o “outro continente” na interação entre a Europa e a América Latina, que terminam por inserir o Brasil nos projetos de vida de migrantes europeus de perfil aventureiro e cosmopolita, que vivem “lá e cá”. Buscou-se também verificar como o país se construiu como destino para aqueles que optaram por viver sua vida no hemisfério sul, para em seguida contrastar a sua vivência concreta com a “vida imaginada” no sul global. Levando em conta as dimensões subjetivas e objetivas que trazem esses europeus ao Nordeste brasileiro, vemos entrar em operação o imaginário de um mundo interconectado em que alguns países e regiões emergem enquanto outros retrocedem, numa hierarquia das nações em transformação segundo critérios que hoje contemplam a qualidade de vida, a humanização das relações interpessoais e a ampliação do espaço de realização individual, que podemos depreender do discurso dos migrantes estudados. My research on the migration of Europeans to Bahia over the last decades seeks to clarify a migratory movement which , while not restricted to economic motivations or a community pattern , results from rather individualizing processes and a new “cosmopolitan consciousness”. Such movement can be seen as an outcome of present cultural globalization, whereby the multiple planetary connections stimulate social imagination and induce individuals all over the world to deterritorialize themselves making mobility part and parcel of their life projects. This study brings into discussion the imaginaries on globalization and the emergence, on the one hand, of a contemporary subjectivity, and, on the other hand, of new representations on “the other continent” in the interaction between Europe and Latin America, that have inserted Brazil in the plans of migrants with a relatively adventurous and cosmopolitan profile. It was a main purpose to see how the country was built as a destination for those who chose to live in the south hemisphere, for later to contrast their concrete experiences with their “imagined lives” in the global south. Taking into account both the objective and subjective dimensions that bring those Europeans to the Brazilian Northeast , one sees coming into operation the traditional narrative of our interconnected world , wherein some countries and regions emerge while others “submerge”. Such a hierarchy of nations apparently is now undergoing change on account of new subjective criteria that value aspects such as “quality of life”, the humanization of interpersonal relationships and the widening of self-accomplishment perspectives. All this can be drawn from the discourse of the migrants under study. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonDSB_DISSERT.pdf: 4868485 bytes, checksum: 66fb82a21534bbaa6e3f0e444688eef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper has the imaginary names as a theme, from which we aim to analyze the imaginaries and invested interests that characterized the implementation and the legitimation of the First Republic in Rio Grande do Norte (1889 1930), making the process of registering names history in that place. For the construction of our object, we studied laws and provincial, state and municipal decrees; annual messages of governors; articles of the following newspapers O Povo, A Rep?blica, Di?rio do Natal, O Seridoense, A Not?cia and Jornal das Mo?as; the local cartography and historiography that talk about the study of names. The use of these resources, allied to the empiric method, was driven by a theoretic methodological contribution based on the history of the political imaginary, as discussed by Cornelius Castoriadis, Ren? R?mond, Michel de Certeau and Maria Dick. For the understanding of the imaginaries that (de)limited the spaces of Rio Grande do Norte concerning its names during the First Republic, we bring moment back to the two last imperial decades moment of cleavage between Empire and Republic essential for the fomentation of the imaginary that embodied the organization of our study. From this period, we observe, through the names of some cities, how the northern space would be aligned to the imaginary dynamic of the new political system of the nation, and it had followed to a redirection process of the giving names action, according to the interests of the family organization Albuquerque Maranh?o, revealed while determining the names of cities, towns, streets, schools, buildings, etc., in thankfulness to the memory of its members. In the sequence we verified how a new dynamic of giving names helped to understand the process of political transition from the Coast to the Sert?o, and at the same time affirmed the power of the political and economical seridoense elite towards the government of the state in the two last decades of the First Republic / Esse trabalho tem como tem?tica imagin?rios topon?micos, a partir da qual objetivamos analisar os imagin?rios e interesses investidos que caracterizaram a implanta??o e a legitima??o da Primeira Rep?blica (1889-1930) no Rio Grande do Norte, historicizando o processo de toponimiza??o de tal espa?o. Para a constru??o de nosso objeto perscrutamos leis e decretos provinciais, estaduais, e municipais; mensagens anuais de governadores; artigos dos jornais O Povo, A Rep?blica, Di?rio do Natal, O Serid?ense, A Not?cia, e Jornal das Mo?as; a cartografia, e a historiografia local que trata da topon?mia. A utiliza??o dessas fontes aliadas a empiria foram conduzidas por um aporte te?rico-metodol?gico baseado na hist?ria do imagin?rio pol?tico atrav?s de Cornelius Castoriadis, Ren? R?mond, Michel de Certeau e Maria Dick. Para a compreens?o dos imagin?rios que (de)marcaram toponimicamente os espa?os do Rio Grande do Norte durante a Primeira Rep?blica inicialmente retornaremos ?s duas ?ltimas d?cadas imperiais, enquanto momento de clivagem entre Imp?rio e Rep?blica, fundamental para a fomenta??o dos imagin?rios que corporificaram a organiza??o de nossa problem?tica. Este primeiro olhar trata de observar atrav?s dos nomes de algumas cidades como o espa?o norte-rio-grandense deveria est? alinhado com a din?mica imagin?ria do novo regime pol?tico da na??o, seguindo para um processo de redirecionamento das pr?ticas nomeativas em conformidade com a organiza??o familiar Albuquerque Maranh?o ao enunciar nos nomes de cidades, vilas, ruas, escolas, edif?cios, etc o reconhecimento ? mem?ria de seus membros, para na sequ?ncia verificar como uma nova din?mica nomeativa ajudou a entender o processo de transi??o pol?tica do Litoral para o Sert?o, e ao mesmo tempo afirmando o poder da elite pol?tica e econ?mica seridoense ? frente do governo do estado nas duas ?ltimas d?cadas da Primeira Rep?blica

Esta pesquisa revisita a obra do escritor António de Alcântara Machado, tomando como eixo da análise as diversas dimensões da cidade de São Paulo que ela traz à tona. Lembrado na história da literatura brasileira sobretudo pela autoria de Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda (1927), livro de contos em que trata principalmente da presença italiana e ítalo-brasileira na cidade, o autor é figura ativa nos círculos culturais de São Paulo nas primeiras décadas do século XX, notadamente por sua participação junto aos grupos modernistas. A partir da gama de perspectivas fornecida pela literatura, pelo jornalismo, pela história e pela crítica de espetáculos, sigo suas reflexões acerca de uma série de temas, tais como o lugar de São Paulo na modernização do teatro brasileiro; a renovação da literatura; a criação das identidades brasileira e paulistana; a presença de repertórios estrangeiros na vida cultural e na estética da cidade; e os debates sobre raça, classe e segregação socioespacial. Confiro especial atenção às relações entre cidade e cultura, temas que nos direcionam à convivência tensa entre os diversos tipos que ocupam os espaços da cidade, aos debates sobre a nação e o nacionalismo, à nova composição social e às transformações em curso em São Paulo. Na primeira parte do trabalho, acompanho a maneira como Alcântara Machado, fazendo as vezes de crítico teatral e urbano, observa e participa da produção da cidade, sugerindo intervenções seja no espaço urbano, seja no teatro brasileiro, orientado pela busca de uma modernização pautada por um veio nacionalista bastante específico, que propõe um mergulho nas raízes nacionais enquanto coloca São Paulo na condição de protagonista da história do país. Na Parte II, investigo as aparições de seis tipos sociais da cidade observados e descritos pelo escritor caipiras, bacharéis e funcionários públicos, mulheres, crianças, italianos (e ítalo-brasileiros) e negros , que compõe uma galeria de personagens eloquente em relação à maneira desigual com que a narrativa do progresso é apropriada e vivenciada por diferentes grupos. Concluo o trabalho sugerindo uma visão matizada da obra e de Alcântara Machado, atenta à importância do teatro e dos tipos sociais marginais no conjunto de sua reflexão, à complexidade do quadro da cidade que ele levanta e às articulações entre os diferentes gêneros em que ele escreveu. / This research aims to analyze António de Alcântara Machados work, focusing on many dimensions of São Paulo city treated by him. Recognized on Brazilian literature mostly by Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda, his short story book about Italian and Italian-Brazilian presence in the city, the writer is an active character in the cultural worlds of São Paulo in the beginning of the 20th century, specially by his participation in the modernists groups. From the range of perspectives provided by literature, journalism, history and theater criticism, I follow his reflections on a series of themes, including the role of São Paulo on the modernization of the Brazilian theater; the creation of Brazilian and paulista identities, the presence of foreign ideas on the cultural life and aesthetics of the city; and debates on race, class and spatial segregation. I draw special attention to the relations between city and culture, themes that bring us back to the tense coexistence between characters living in the spaces of the city; to the debates about nation and nationalism; to the new social composition and transformations in progress in São Paulo. In the first part of the work, I pursue the way in which Alcântara Machado, acting as a theatrical and urban critic, observes and contributes to the production of the city, suggesting interventions either in the urban space or in the Brazilian theater, guided by a very specific nationalist conception, which proposes a dip in the national roots, while placing São Paulo as the protagonist of the history of the country. In Part II, I investigate the apparitions of six characters of the city observed by the writer caipiras, bachelors and civil servants, women, children, Italians (and Italian-Brazilians) and blacks who compose an eloquent gallery in relation to the unequal way in which the speech of progress is appropriated and experienced by different groups. I conclude by suggesting a more qualified view of the work and of the writer, more attentive to the importance of theater and marginal social types in the whole of his thoughts, a view that is more committed to the complexity of the picture of the city he raises and to the articulations between the different genres in which he wrote.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T18:43:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_doutorado-2016_linguagem_Glayci-Xavier.pdf: 33921597 bytes, checksum: dbae3054c1ce07765a49fe0be4c2e2dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-06T15:02:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_doutorado-2016_linguagem_Glayci-Xavier.pdf: 33921597 bytes, checksum: dbae3054c1ce07765a49fe0be4c2e2dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T15:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_doutorado-2016_linguagem_Glayci-Xavier.pdf: 33921597 bytes, checksum: dbae3054c1ce07765a49fe0be4c2e2dc (MD5) / Colégio Pedro II, São Cristóvão III, Rio de Janeiro, RJ / O presente trabalho analisa a construção das encenações descritiva e narrativa no mangá Turma da Mônica Jovem, obra de Maurício de Sousa, e os efeitos de sentido decorrentes destas, produzidos por meio da relação verbo-visual. Como diretriz da pesquisa, são empregados, sobretudo, pressupostos da Teoria Semiolinguística de Análise do Discurso, de Patrick Charaudeau, com relação à competência de linguagem, aos modos de organização do discurso – enfatizando os modos descritivo e narrativo – e aos imaginários sociodiscursivos. Além disso, focalizando a relação palavra-imagem, são utilizados alguns preceitos da semiótica peirciana, com o apoio de outros conceitos e aportes teóricos relacionados à relação verbo-visual e às histórias em quadrinhos. Como corpus de análise, são utilizados fragmentos de edições alternadas da revista Turma da Mônica Jovem (entre a edição 1 e a 64) para exemplificar os aspectos elencados, além das edições 41, 48 e 63, para uma análise global e aplicação dos conceitos estudados. Por meio da análise das estratégias discursivas utilizadas no material, é possível concluir que, para adequar a publicação ao novo sujeito destinatário, procurou-se manter o perfil ideológico da Turma da Mônica tradicional, adicionando elementos que programassem um destinatário ideal com o qual o público leitor e consumidor se identificasse. Somando-se a isso, como estratégia de captação, foram utilizadas representações sociais e imaginários sociodiscursivos relativos ao universo adolescente com um papel de espelho identitário, facilitando a adesão do leitor / This paper analyzes the construction of the descriptive and narrative staging in the Monica Teen manga, created by Maurício de Sousa, and the effects of meaning deriving from them, produced by the verb-visual interface. The survey was conducted from the theoreticalmethodological approach of Semiolinguistics Theory, by Patrick Charaudeau, related to the language competence, the discourse organization modes – emphasizing the descriptive and the narrative – and the socio-discursive imaginaries. Furthermore, to focus on the word-image relationship, some precepts of Peirce's semiotics were used, and other concepts and theoretical issues connected to the verb-visual interface, also related to comics. As corpus of analysis, fragments of alternated editions from Monica Teen comic book are used (between editing 1 and 64) to exemplify the listed aspects; in addition, the editions numbers 41, 48 and 63 are used for a global analysis and application of the concepts studied. Throughout the analysis of the discursive strategies used in the material, it can be concluded that, in order to adapt the publication to new subject receiver, they tried to keep the ideological profile of Monica´s Gang, adding elements that could program an ideal receiver with whom the readership and consumers would identify themselves. In addition, as a strategy of captation, social representations and socio-discursive imaginary from the adolescent universe were used, with the role of an identity mirror, facilitating the reader's adherence

Véritable icône mondiale des loisirs, Las Vegas est souvent associée au strass et aux paillettes du Strip, grand boulevard le long duquel se concentrent les casinos et les attractions touristiques. La ville est généralement associée à une licence festive et aux extravagances architecturales, et pourtant près de deux millions d’habitants vivent et travaillent dans cette capitale économique du Nevada.Dans une démarche alliant géographie urbaine et géographie culturelle, cette thèse propose d’étudier l’urbanité et la citadinité végasiennes afin de déconstruire l’image monobloc de la Las Vegas touristique. L’étude identifie l’existence d’imaginaires touristiques qui façonnent les représentations de Las Vegas dans l’opinion commune américaine et qui sont un des facteurs explicatifs des jugements de valeur et des analyses partisanes qui dominent les écrits universitaires qui lui sont consacrés. Ce travail de décryptage des discours produits sur Las Vegas constitue la première étape d’un examen dépassionné de l’urbanité et de la citadinité végasiennes. La recherche met en évidence une tension fondamentale entre la banalité urbaine et l’exceptionnalité qui résulte de la pratique légale des jeux d’argent et de la spécialisation touristique. En s’appuyant sur une articulation entre des données quantitatives et des entretiens qualitatifs auprès des habitants, cette thèse identifie une citadinité de la déficience, caractérisée par la faiblesse des relations de voisinage et du sentiment de communauté. Cette vision synchronique est complétée par une vision diachronique qui interroge les processus de transformation de la citadinité. La notion d’appropriation est plus particulièrement mobilisée, à travers les dynamiques de patrimonialisation et de transformation urbaine du centre-ville, afin d’identifier les pistes utilisées localement pour (re)construire Las Vegas. / As a world-renowned and iconic entertainment center, Las Vegas conjures up images of glitz, glitter and the Strip, the long boulevard featuring all the large hotel-casinos and entertainment options. Las Vegas is usually considered to be a free-wheeling, anything-goes kind of place and an architectural extravaganza. And yet, almost two-million people live and work in the economic capital of Nevada.Combining the approaches of urban and cultural geographies, this dissertation aims to study the “urbanité” and “citadinité” of Las Vegas in order to deconstruct the uniform image of the touristy Las Vegas. This study identifies the existence of tourism imaginaries shaping the Las Vegas perceptions in the American public opinion and explaining the value judgments and partisan analyses that dominate the academic literature dealing with the city. The decoding of the discourses produced on Las Vegas forms the first step of a neutralized study of the Las Vegas’s “urbanité” and “citadinité”. The research reveals a fundamental tension between urban banality and the originality of the specialization in tourism around gaming. This dialectic represents the main interpretation key to understand Las Vegas’s “urbanité” and “citadinité”. Going back and forth between quantitative data and qualitative interviews, this dissertation identifies what is called a “citadinité of defiency”, defined by the weakness of neighborhood interactions and sense of community. This synchronic vision is complemented by a diachronic one that questions the “citadinité” transformation processes. The notion of appropriation is particularly brought to bear through the dynamics of heritage and the transformations of downtown Las Vegas, so as to highlight the means used locally to (re)construct Las Vegas.

Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafo / En la presente investigación se estudia la producción social de espacios en la Región de Aysén desde una perspectiva cartográfica, durante el periodo que abarca desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente. La finalidad de este estudio es indagar si los mapas, en distintos periodos del tiempo, han influido de alguna forma en la producción social de espacios de esta región. Metodológicamente, este trabajo responde principalmente a una investigación de carácter cualitativa, la cual se desarrolló mediante un análisis de mapas desde un enfoque hermenéutico y un análisis contextual-descriptivo de estos de acuerdo a los períodos definidos en la investigación, con la finalidad de identificar y definir discursos cartográficos e imaginarios geográficos. Respecto a los resultados obtenidos, estos han permitido establecer que los mapas pueden y han sido utilizados como estrategias de producción social de espacios cuando han sido elaborados con la finalidad de instaurar una mirada o perspectiva determinada del territorio. Por lo que a partir del análisis interpretativo de mapas se ha logrado revelar una nueva forma de entender los procesos constitutivos de los espacios, permitiendo al mismo tiempo entender, proponer, reafirmar y complementar ciertas percepciones y discursos sobre el territorio de Patagonia-Aysén. / In the present investigation the social production of spaces in the Region of Aysén and Patagonia is studied from a cartographic perspective, during the period from the 19th century to the present. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the cartographic production, in different periods of time, has influenced in some way the conformation of the social space of Patagonia-Aysén. For its realization, a qualitative methodology was used, which consists in the analysis of maps from a hermeneutic approach and a contextual-descriptive analysis in relation to the periods defined in the investigation, with the purpose of identifying and defining cartographic discourses and geographical imaginaries. Regarding the results obtained, these have allowed to establish that the maps can and have been used as strategies of social production of spaces when they have been elaborated with the purpose of establishing a perspective or determined perspective of the territory. So from the interpretative analysis of maps it has been possible to reveal a new way of understanding the constitutive processes of the spaces, allowing at the same time to understand, propose, reaffirm and complement certain perceptions and discourses about the Patagonia-Aysén territory.

Comment se penser Africain au XXIe siècle, tout en étant à la fois héritier d’une histoire travestie, et désireux de dépasser les imaginaires stéréotypés générés par ladite histoire ? Cette question suggère que l’héritage colonial, précisément « la raison nègre » – laquelle est composée de deux approches distinctes, à savoir « la conscience occidentale du Nègre » et « la conscience nègre du Nègre » –, fait l’objet d’une critique. Cette critique qui se veut « objective », prône un humanisme de « l’en-commun » qui transcende l’« universalisme abstrait » occidental qui avait fait de l’Europe le centre du monde. Plusieurs discours, qui convergent vers un but commun, dévoilent une écriture qui s’investit dans la déconstruction des représentations et des imaginaires culturels forgés par l’Occident : ils interrogent le rapport Afrique-Monde et la perception identitaire en tenant compte de l’évolution historique des sociétés de ce continent. La plupart des essais et des fictions littéraires d’Achille Mbembe, d'Alain Mabanckou, de Léonora Miano, de Célestin Monga et de Fatou Diome révèlent que la race, le Nègre et le mot « Afrique » sont des fabriques, lesquelles ont été mobilisées en faveur de la traite atlantique. Ce processus de mise en fiction de l’altérité africaine semble encore d’actualité démontrant à cet effet que la condition des Africains à notre époque serait étroitement liée au passé colonial. Une analyse à la fois poétique et sociocritique des textes, mettant en avant des études croisées de ces œuvres, lesquelles confrontent les différentes perspectives, s’avérait indispensable. Dans la mesure où l’avortement des indépendances africaines occasionné par les anciennes puissances coloniales en complicité avec leurs alliés africains, les « plaies sociales » sévissant quotidiennement en Afrique et l’immigration africaine sans cesse croissante en direction des pays occidentaux indiquent que les rapports Afrique-Occident, en particulier, ne paraissent pas encore sereins ni « équitables ». D’après ces écrivains, l’identité africaine – à laquelle ils s’intéressent et qu’ils conçoivent comme une donnée flexible – s’est nourrie des multiples rencontres de l’Afrique avec principalement l’Occident, donnant ainsi naissance à une africanité inclusive : favorable à l’ouverture de l’Afrique au monde et à l’intégration du monde en Afrique. / How can we consider ourselves African in the twenty-first century when we are both the heirs of a disguised history and willing to go beyond the stereotyped imaginaries inherited from it? This question suggests that the colonial inheritance, precisely the "Negro reason", which is composed of two distinct approaches, namely "the Negro's Western consciousness" and "the Negro's negro consciousness", is submitted to criticism. That criticism – allegedly "objective'' – advocates an "in-common" humanism that transcends the "Western abstract universalism" which had placed Europe at the centre of the world. Several discourses that converge on a common purpose reveal a writing that is based on the deconstruction of the Western representations and stereotyped cultural imaginaries. They investigate the Africa-World relationship and the concept of identity taking into account the historical evolution of societies from this continent. Most of the literary essays and fictions by Achille Mbembe, Alain Mabanckou, Leonora Miano, Celestin Monga and Fatou Diome show that the race, the Negro and the word "Africa" are factories that were mobilized for the Atlantic trade. This process of putting the African otherness in fiction is still current. Indeed, it demonstrates that Africans' conditions today would be closely linked to the colonial past. A poetic and socio critical analysis of these texts, by highlighting cross-studies of these works which compare different angles, appeared necessary. In so far as the interruption of African independences caused by the former colonial powers in complicity with their African allies named the "social plagues" operating daily in Africa and the ever-increasing African immigration towards Western countries, indicate that the relationships between Africa and the Westerners in particular seem neither serene nor "equitable" yet. According to these writers, the African identity – in which they are interested in and which they consider as flexible data – has been nourished by the multiple encounters of Africa with the West mainly; thus giving birth to an inclusive Africanity: suitable to the opening of Africa to the world and the integration of the world into Africa.

We live in an ever-changing environment: globalisation is moving forward rapidly; the effects of Climate Change can be felt worldwide, anthropogenic resource extraction is ongoing and global pandemics are bringing up unexpected challenges. Evidence of these changes are everywhere, but significantly the polar regions are dramatically affected and aspect of geopolitical interest. Until now, little emphasis has been put on understanding Arctic communities’ transformations and their livelihoods due to those accelerating changes.One of these polar regions is the northernmost town of the world, Longyearbyen, on the Archipelago of Svalbard, governed through Norway under the ‘Svalbard Treaty’. The town is transforming from a mining-based community towards a service-based community, focusing on tourism, research and education. As Norway only holds sovereignty over the Archipelago but all signatory countries of the Treaty hold equal commercial rights over the island, the place is caught between geopolitical visions and local reality. The thesis at hand questions how the future of Longyearbyen is imagined in the face of accelerating global and local challenges. Based on the theoretical framework of imaginaries and explicitly Arctic imaginaries, the research uses a form of discourse analysis to investigate those. The discursive approach by Bacchi called “What’s the problem represented to be?” (WPR) was applied as a method to simplify the critical analysis of public policies. The latest policy on Svalbard’sfuture development, “The White Paper for Svalbard” from 2016, was critically examined, which presentsa clear governmental imaginary to maintain Norwegian communities on the Archipelago. Following the WPRapproach, it has further been analysed how that governmental imaginary has historically come about. In the last step, an extensive media analysis was conducted to examine how the governmental imaginary has developed, been questioned or disrupted by other emerging local imaginaries. This research portraits the common grounds, discrepancies, and entanglement of imaginaries from various levels of Longyearbyen’s community, ranging from local to institutional, to enable a profound conversation about Longyearbyen’s future. / Världen vi lever i förändras ständigt; globaliseringen rör sig snabbt framåt, klimatförändringarnas styrka kan kännas över hela jordklotet och människan fortsätter alltjämt att utvinna naturtillgångar medan globala pandemier genererar oförutsägbara utmaningar. Spår av dessa förändringar finns överallt, men polarregionerna påverkas särskilt drastiskt och har blivit av stort geopolitiskt intresse. Hittills har ytterst lite arbete lagts ner för att förstå de arktiska samhällenas omställning och uppehälle underdessa nya förutsättningar. Ett av dessa samhällen är världens nordligaste stad Longyearbyen som är belägen på ögruppen Svalbard och styrs genom Norge under Svalbardtraktaten. Staden som tidigare försörjde sig i princip uteslutande på gruvnäring har nu blivit ett tjänstesamhällemed fokus på turism, forskning och utbildning. Eftersom Norge enbart har suveräniteten över ögruppen och delar de kommersiella rättigheterna på Svalbard med övriga undertecknade länder i traktaten hamnar platsen ofta i kläm mellan geopolitiska intressen och den lokala verkligheten. Det här examensarbetet ifrågasätter hur Longyearbyens framtid framställs inför dess tilltagande globala och lokala utmaningar. Baserat på den teoretiska ramen för visioner (”imaginaries”) och uttryckligen arktiska visioner använder undersökningen en form av diskursanalys. Bacchis WPR-metod (”What’s the problem represented to be?”) användes för att förenkla och kritiskt analysera offentliga bestämmelser. Den senaste policyn för Svalbards framtida utveckling från 2016, som kallas ”The White Paper for Svalbard”, undersöktes noggrant och visade på en tydlig politisk ambition att bibehålla den norska majoriteten inom ögruppens samhällen. Med hjälp av WPR-metoden kunde dessutom den historiska utvecklingen av denhär ambitionen analyseras. Slutligen genomfördes en omfattande mediaanalys för att undersöka hur dessa politiska visioner har utvecklats, ifrågasatts eller påverkats av andra framväxande, lokala visioner. Det här arbetet porträtterar de gemensamma grunderna, avvikelserna och sammanflätningen av visioner i Longyearbyen, på såväl lokal som institutionell nivå, för att möjliggöra en djupgående diskussion kring Longyearbyens framtid.

Associer analyse industrielle et imaginaire peut sembler audacieux. C’est la puissance de ce travail de recherche qui propose d’aborder les nouvelles institutions que sont devenus les géants du CaC40 non pas par leur pouvoir financier mais par leur puissance de penser. Une des hypothèses fortes observées après plusieurs années d’expériences professionnelles en France et à l’international dans le domaine de la recherche (Silicon Valley, Stanford University, University of Berkeley, University of California (UCLA)) et de l’industrie, est de défendre que l’industrie pense. Avant même de répondre à la mission qu’on lui attribue, soit de produire, l’industrie compose et diffuse une idéologie. Les industries « classiques » de l’imaginaire s’amplifient et se métamorphosent avec les industries high-tech du logiciel, des jeux vidéo et du web dont Apple est le parangon. Notre sujet prend alors une double dimension théorique et critique, mais aussi industrialo -technique. Ce n’est pas seulement un enjeu heuristique qui l’anime, mais le souci d’analyser un « terrain » de grande actualité et de forte visibilité. Une autre originalité de ce travail stratégique est de proposer une méthode de recherche applicable afin de questionner le monde industriel. Ce travail a permis de constituer un corpus complexe et riche ainsi que de rencontrer de multiples acteurs stratégiques de la Silicon Valley dont le co-fondateur d’Apple Steven Wozniac, Daniel Kottke premier salarié d’Apple, des professeurs californiens comme Fred Turner et des Designers-artistes afin de questionner l’entreprise la plus chère du monde, qui détient autant de richesses que des dizaines d’États. / Combining industrial and imaginary analysis may seem daring. It is the power of this research that proposes to address the new institutions that have become the giants of the CaC40 not by their financial power but by their power of thinking. One of the strong hypotheses observed after several years of professional experience in France and abroad in the field of research (Silicon Valley, Stanford University, University of California, University of California (UCLA)) and industry, is to defend that the industry thinks. Even before responding to the mission attributed to it, to produce, the industry composes and disseminates an ideology. The "classic" industries of the imaginary are amplified and metamorphosed with the high-tech industries of software, video games and the web, of which Apple is the paragon. Our subject then takes on a double dimension, theoretical and critical, but also industrialtechnical. It is not only a heuristic issue that drives it, but the desire to analyze a "terrain" of great relevance and high visibility. Another originality of this strategic work is to propose an applicable research method to question the industrial world. This work has made it possible to build a complex and rich corpus as well as to meet many strategic people in Silicon Valley including Apple co-founder Steven Wozniac, Daniel Kottke, Apple's first employee, Californian professors like Fred Turner and Designers-artists to question the most expensive company in the world, which holds as much wealth as dozens of states.