The United Kingdom (UK)’s transposition of the European Directive on motor insurance (the Directive) is shot through with provisions that fall below the minimum standard of compensatory protection for accident victims prescribed under this superior law. These expose third party victims to the risk of being left undercompensated, or recovering nothing at all. The author’s research has demonstrated that the handful of cases that had previously been perceived as isolated anomalies in the UK’s transposition of this European law are in fact symptomatic of a more extensive and deep-rooted nonconformity. His published articles over the past five years were the first to reveal the prevalence of this problem and the resulting lack of legal certainty. He has been the first to offer detailed proposals for reform, as well as fresh insights into legal remedies potentially available to private citizens affected by these irregularities. Sections 2 and 3 of this paper are a summary of the author’s views covered in his various articles and research into the causes and effects of this disparity. They explain that whilst both the UK and European Union’s legislature share a policy objective the different approaches to achieving that end have resulted in different standards of compensatory protection. Section 4 recounts the author’s empirical approach that led him to undertake the first comprehensive comparative law analysis in this field. Section 5 explains the original, if sometimes controversial, nature of the author’s case commentaries, articles and official reports proposing reform. Section 6 sets out the author’s contribution to legal knowledge and practice in this area. This includes his opinion, contrary to long established precedent, that the Directive is capable of having direct effect against the Motor Insurers’ Bureau.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto de transición de la NIIF 4 a la NIIF 17 “Contratos de Seguro” en la rentabilidad de las empresas aseguradoras pertenecientes al ramo de no vida, específicamente en las empresas que ofrezcan el producto del seguro vehicular y asistencia médica en Lima. De esta manera, el trabajo de investigación se encuentra dividido en cinco capítulos que son: Capítulo I, Marco teórico, en el cual se recoge información de fuentes primarias y se desarrollan conceptos de las normas internacionales de información financiera (NIIFs), NIIF4, NIIF 17, así como de los conceptos de la rentabilidad, del sector asegurador, entre otros temas relacionados a nuestra investigación. El Capítulo II titulado Plan de Investigación, se expone la problemática del trabajo de investigación, así como el problema principal y específicos, el objetivo general y específicos, hipótesis general y específicos. En el Capítulo III Metodología de investigación, se definió la población, se calculó la muestra para la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. En el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo de Investigación, se abordó la investigación a través de las entrevistas en profundidad, las encuestas y el desarrollo del caso práctico. Finalmente, en el Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados, se analizó el estudio de los instrumentos, el caso práctico y se concluye con la validación de la hipótesis general y especificas en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y el CHI cuadrado. / The objective of this research work is to determine the effect of the transition from IFRS 4 to IFRS 17 "Insurance Contracts" on the profitability of insurance companies belonging to the non-life branch, specifically in companies that offer the insurance vehicle and medical assistance in Lima. In this way, the research work is divided into five chapters which are: Chapter I, Theoretical framework, in which information is collected from primary sources and concepts of international financial reporting standards (IFRSs), IFRS4, IFRS are developed. 17, as well as the concepts of profitability, the insurance sector, among other topics related to our research. Chapter II entitled Research Plan, sets out the problems of the research work, as well as the main and specific problems, the general and specific objectives, general and specific hypotheses. Chapter III known as the Research Methodology, the population was defined, the sample was calculated for qualitative and quantitative research. Chapter IV is the Research Development, the research was approached through in-depth interviews, surveys and the development of the practical case. Finally, Chapter V Analysis of Results, the study of the instruments and the practical case were analyzed and concluded with the validation of the general and specific hypotheses based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and the CHI square. / Tesis

The influence of globalization is strengthening in all markets including the insurance market. In the past few years, new trends are bringing out various changes. People are becoming aware of the risks associated by not being covered by insurance and the exposure of financial loss that they could face. Due to this awareness, there are more questions that need to be raised by the insurer. Are the clients being provided enough coverage? What types of criteria should be set? All these questions are being asked by the insurance provider in order to alleviate any problems/loss and identify all the risks up front in order to prepare for these possible scenarios. Most people in the Czech Republic are becoming more aware of the bad current situation of the social system. Therefore, more people are coming to private financial insurance consultants. Life insurance have experienced many changes the past 10 years in which it is now able to offer the same complex coverage as in rich western countries. Clients are now looking for variety and flexibility. The question is how to set up these products correctly? I have been involved in professional insurance for the past several years and have developed methodical guidelines using both my knowledge and experience aimed at helping these clients be covered for these unforeseen circumstances and protect their finances.

El sistema de seguros es una de las industrias claves en una economía en desarrollo y un entorno financiero globalizado, tanto en su contribución al crecimiento económico y su rol tanto como proveedor de servicios básicos en la gestión de riesgos como en su papel de principal inversor institucional en el sistema financiero. Por lo tanto, el buen desempeño y crecimiento de las aseguradoras es relevante en la economía, al garantizar su continuidad y la cobertura de agentes frente a eventos adversos. La presente investigación contribuye a la escasa literatura en la industria de seguros de LATAM sobre los determinantes del desempeño financiero, medido como ROA, así como en la relación entre eficiencia y rentabilidad (E-P) en los ramos de seguros de vida y generales en la entre el 2010 y 2019 en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico. Se empleó la técnica de análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) para estimar las puntuaciones de eficiencia técnica de las aseguradoras de vida y de no vida. Luego, a través de un panel de efectos fijos, se documenta y acepta la hipótesis de una relación E-P estadísticamente positiva y económicamente importante en las industrias de seguros de vida y no vida, la cual se encuentra en línea con la ley de los rendimientos marginales decrecientes. Ello indica que una compañía de seguros de vida más eficiente debería incrementar su resultado, ya que maximiza sus primas y activos a invertir. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que el desempeño financiero se ve influenciado por factores relacionados al perfil de la empresa y a la industria. / The insurance system is one of the key industries in a developing economy and a globalized financial environment, both in its contribution to economic growth and its role as a provider of basic services in risk management and in its role as a main institutional investor in the financial system. Therefore, the good performance and growth of insurers is relevant in the economy, by guaranteeing their continuity and the coverage of agents against adverse events. This research contributes to the limited literature in the LATAM insurance industry on the determinants of financial performance, measured as ROA, as well as on the relationship between efficiency and profitability (EP) in the life and general insurance lines between 2010 and 2019 in the countries of the Pacific Alliance. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was used to estimate the technical efficiency scores of life and non-life insurers. Then, through a fixed effects panel, the hypothesis of a statistically positive and economically important EP relationship in the life and non-life insurance industries is documented and accepted, which is in line with the law of of diminishing marginal returns. This indicates that a more efficient life insurance company should increase its results, since it maximizes its premiums and assets to invest. Furthermore, the results suggest that financial performance is influenced by factors related to company and industry profile. / Trabajo de investigación

The primary objective of this study was to develop an Enterprise Risk Management Maturity Framework (ERMMF) for use in the assessment of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) maturity levels of the insurance industry in Botswana. The ERMMF incorporated elements from the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)’s ERM framework and the AON risk maturity model. Five criteria were utilised to define each of the eight components of ERM used to measure ERM maturity levels. The framework was developed qualitatively through literature review. The ERMMF was tested empirically to evaluate the ERM maturity levels of the insurance industry in Botswana. Data was collected from 12 respondents from long-term insurance companies, 15 from short-term insurance companies, 4 from reinsurers and 59 from brokerages. The findings revealed that the whole insurance industry is at the Defined stage of ERM maturity level as the responses bordered around 3 on the developed scale of measurement. The findings implied that the insurance sector in Botswana has generally implemented ERM but not enough follow-ups had been made to ensure that ERM became a continuous process. Results further indicated that although the whole sector was at the defined stage of ERM, the responses in each component differed per stratum. Literature indicates that insurance organisations, regardless of stratum within which they are, are faced with similar risks generally. The differing responses could be due to the magnitude of risks that could differ according to unique characteristics of each stratum. The study further recommended an enterprise risk management implementation procedure for the insurance industry in Botswana. / Business Management / D. Admin (Business Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Hugo Cesar Bagnati.pdf: 1219433 bytes, checksum: b1d30c6fdd4234bf373df016384348e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-17 / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in IFRS4 as proposed by IASB and to make a contribution in the discussions about the challenges for implementing it in Brazil. An insurance company is a financial entity, picking up, in advance, resources from the public against future guarantee. On the other side, similar risks affecting banks also threatens insurance companies. Due to the role of banking activities in the economy, operational and solvency rules were established for financial entities based on enterprise risk management approach, there are the rules of Basel I and II. Similar requirements guided the insurance market, the so called Solvency I and II. At the same time, international organizations have been up-dating the accounting principles and the financial reports to the new dynamic and new financial instruments, so in 2008, the IASB published the consolidated standards, IFRS, including rules for insurance contracts accounting. Actions already taken and forthcoming are implemented in world scale, no more solely in one country, is the globalization of accounting principles. The implementation of IRFS4 has also other advantages as to facilitate the comparison of financial situation between Brazilian companies and also to other markets. The Brazilian Commissioner SUSEP, had been following the international practice, introducing them, gradually, in the Brazilian Insurance Market. According the opinions of specialist in these matters, recently interviewed, and as result of the interpretation of their comments, the new rules will, no doubt, will impact in company reporting both from the qualitative and quantitative points of view. About the qualitative side, are strong expectations that future financial reports, prepared under new accounting rules allows the users of the information to clearly understand the type of risks underwrites by the entities. While, from the quantitative side, valuation of assets and liabilities, based on concepts of fair value and present value of future cash flows, will impact in the calculation of the net worth, and consequently in the solvency of the entity. If the new accounting rules for insurance contracts issued by SUSEP, following most of the CPC11, demonstrates the difficulties to implement some concepts, as an example, the reporting of reinsurance operations, surely, the phase II of IFRS4 will bring to the market more troubles. On the other side, according the same experts, to achieve satisfactory results it will be necessary that, both actuaries and accountants, working hard together, in order to understand and apply the accounting rules in a correct way / O presente trabalho tem por objetivos analisar a proposta do IASB de alteração do pronunciamento IFRS4 e contribuir para a discussão dos principais desafios para a sua aplicação no Brasil. Uma entidade seguradora é uma instituição financeira, captando recursos dos clientes em troca de uma garantia futura, de modo que, essas entidades estão sujeitas a riscos semelhantes aos que ameaçam os bancos. Devido à importância da atividade bancária na economia foram estabelecidas normas operacionais e de solvência para essas entidades, com foco na gestão de riscos (ERM), são as chamadas regras Basiléia I e II. As seguradoras são alcançadas por regras similares: Solvência I e II. Em paralelo, os órgãos contábeis internacionais foram adaptando os princípios e as demonstrações à nova dinâmica do mercado e aos novos instrumentos financeiros, assim sendo, em 2008, o IASB publica o texto consolidado das IFRS, com regras para contabilização dos contratos de seguros, dentre outros itens. Todas as ações realizadas e as que estão por vir o são em escala mundial, já não mais são exclusivamente de um país ou realizadas de forma isolada: é a globalização da informação contábil. É claro que a adoção pelo Brasil das regras IFRS, facilitará a comparação da situação patrimonial e dos resultados não só entre as entidades locais, como também com outros mercados seguradores. No mercado segurador brasileiro, a Superintendência de Seguros Privados vem acompanhando as normas internacionais, incorporando-as, gradualmente, às práticas locais. Como é evidenciado através da pesquisa realizada, e com mais clareza, pela leitura e interpretação das entrevistas com especialistas nesta matéria, as novas regras terão, sem dúvida, impacto significativo nas demonstrações contábeis tanto do ponto de vista qualitativo quanto do ponto de vista quantitativo. No que diz respeito a qualidade, a expectativa é que as futuras demonstrações contábeis sejam mais esclarecedoras para os usuários dessa informação, no que diz respeito a divulgação dos riscos assumidos pelas entidades. Pelo lado quantitativo, a avaliação dos ativos financeiros e dos passivos da operação, com base no valor justo e o valor presente dos fluxos futuros, impactarão no patrimônio líquido das entidades e consequentemente na determinação da sua solvência. Se a norma contábil da Superintendência, que adota grande parte do pronunciamento CPC nº 11, sobre contratos de seguros, cujo cumprimento é exigido a partir de 2011, mostrou as dificuldades da aplicação de alguns conceitos, como por exemplo, o da apresentação da operação de resseguro, imagina-se que a futura norma, provavelmente bem próxima ao IFRS4 (fase II) vai trazer maiores dificuldades. Entretanto, em opinião dos especialistas que participaram das entrevistas, para alcançar resultados satisfatórios, será necessário que atuários e contadores se preparem de forma coordenada, no intuito de poder interpreta-las e aplica-las corretamente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julia de Menezes Nogueira.pdf: 1724982 bytes, checksum: f16458f87287a0130bcd9bbe73ead4ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / The goal of this thesis is to analyze, from the perspective of Logical-Semantic Constructivism, all the tax norms incident on insurance, reinsurance and pension plans. We also went through the tax rules applicable to revenues and profits (or surplus) of the entities that are necessary parties to those contracts: insurers, reinsurers, open and closed private pension entities. The analysis of these normative sets under a single point of view is justified, since the contracts on focus and the activities of these entities have a common goal of ensuring risks. In the case of insurance risks, the risks must only be lawful and subject to the categories of damage insurance and personal insurance. In the case of private pension, it protects primarily the social risk of old age. Regarding the taxation of the entities, identity is shown in many aspects, especially the requirement for establishment of technical provisions to meet the future obligations, providence that must necessarily be observed by the Tax Law. In the last chapter, we concentrate on the system built in Brazil, during the last two decades, regarding the taxation of private pension plans. We analyzed each of its stages, to conclude that currently a scheme called "EET" (exemption/exemption/taxation) is adopted, according to which in the first step exemption and deductibility of contributions are granted, in the second step there is also income tax exemption during the accumulation of resources in the plan, with taxation only in the third stage, when the perception of benefits or redemption by the beneficiary occurs, privileging the long-term savings as opposed to the immediate consumption of the income / Nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, é analisar, sob a perspectiva do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, as normas tributárias incidentes sobre o seguro, o resseguro e os planos de previdência privada. Também nos ocupamos da tributação incidente sobre as receitas e lucros (ou superávit) das entidades que são partes necessárias nesses contratos: seguradoras, resseguradoras, entidades abertas e fechadas de previdência complementar. A análise desses conjuntos normativos sob ponto de vista único se justifica, pois os contratos em foco e as atividades desenvolvidas pelas referidas entidades têm como objetivo comum garantir cobertura de riscos. No caso do seguro, riscos de qualquer natureza, bastando que sejam lícitos e submetidos às categorias de seguro de dano e seguro de pessoas. No caso da previdência privada, protege-se primordialmente o risco social da velhice. No último capítulo, nos concentramos sobre o sistema construído no País, nas últimas duas décadas, voltado à tributação dos planos de previdência privada. Analisamos cada uma de suas etapas, para concluir que atualmente se adota regime denominado IIT , segundo o qual há isenção e dedutibilidade na etapa das contribuições, isenção na etapa da acumulação dos recursos no plano, havendo tributação somente por ocasião da percepção dos benefícios, ou resgate, pelo beneficiário, privilegiando-se a poupança de longo prazo em detrimento do consumo imediato

雖自1978年開始，但是從1992年鄧小平的南方談話後，中國大陸才正式進入改革開放時期，並持續20年至今。如今，中國已成為一個小康社會。"私有"的概念取代"國有"的概念是社會的一個巨大驅動力。 隨著市場經濟的腳步，保險業加入市場，並成為社會上一個穩定的力量。在這二十年中，壽險業是中國發展最快的行業之一。因為了解這股社會穩定力量的重要性，中國政府制定並頒布了許多法規，並推動保險業積極參與整個金融體系。 　　在全球化環境以及WTO的架構下，中國政府透過完善法制，加速開放腳步以吸引外國投資。如今，中國的保險市場已達到一定的規模。銀行險保為中國壽險市場帶來持續性的增長，並且對於保險公司的保費收入發揮重要作用。 　　我們建議，中國政府應注意仍然存在的壟斷局面，風險管理，以及利率的變化，以避免在未來的利差損問題。現在外資保險公司只佔較小的市場份額，如果情況持續存在，這並不利於金融體系的發展。跨業之間風險互相影響傳遞的可能性，將一天一天增加，因此，政府應創造良好的金融環境，也應對於風險控管持續關注。 / Started in 1978, but after Deng’s Southern Speech in 1992, Mainland China officially entered an evolution and opening year, which last 20 years till now. Nowadays China is a moderately prosperous society. The change of the concept "private" replaces "state-owned" is a huge driven power for the society. Following the market economy step, insurance industry joins and become a stable power to the society. In the two decades, life insurance industry is one of the fastest developing industries in China. Understanding how important the stable power for the society, the Chinese government enacts many regulations and pushes insurance industry to actively join the whole financial system. Under globalization environment and WTO structure, Chinese government accelerates the open steps by perfect legal system and attracts foreign investment. Nowadays China’s insurance market reaches a certain scale. Bancassurance brings continuous growth of China’s life insurance market and keep playing important role for insurer’s premium income. This study suggests that the Chinese government should pay more attention on monopoly situation, risk management, and the changes of interest rate to avoid negative spread problem in the future. Foreign insurers nowadays only accounted for minor market share which is not good for the development for the financial system if the situation exists continuously. The probabilities of risk transmission across industries will increase day by day; therefore, the government should create a sound financial environment and also keep their eyes on risk control.

Research object: the system of state social insurance. Research aim: to evaluate the state social insurance system and forecast it’s prospects. Objectives: to present a general conception of the state social insurance system; to determine a dependency of different welfare state traditions and the state social insurance system; to determine administration and financing means of the entire system; to analyze the state social insurance system in Lithuania; to evaluate the trends of the state social insurance in Lithuania and implemented reform of the system; to foresee long-term and short-term perspectives of state social insurance system. Research methods: descriptive and graphical, data systemization methods, comparative analyses, logic analyses and syntheses, analysis of literature and practical experience of individual countries. Study of periodical literature by different authors as well as legislative base on the state social insurance system’s activity helped to determine problems of this system, methods of their solution, prepare forecasts of the state social insurance development.

Diploma thesis deals with mobile applications for policyholders in the segment of general insurance. Aims of thesis are to create an analysis of existing applications on market in the Czech Republic, reveal their shortcomings, design a new application and then create it and make it available for policyholders of all insurers. The first chapter of thesis contains definition of basic terms that are used later in text. Analysis of existing applications is the content of second chapter. It is based on examination of functions of existing applications and the reviews from users and experts. Design of the new application is described in chapter three and is included as a runnable HTML prototype on the attached disk. Description of implemented application is included in the next part of the third chapter and application itself is available for download from Google Play and can also be found on the attached disk. The main benefits of thesis are the analysis of mobile insurance applications market, the new application available for all policyholders, and some recommendations resulting from re-search for companies intending to produce their own application.