The transport sector is an extensive contributor to the total CO2 emissions, and private transports hold a vast share. This has implications on environmental and human health, which eventually have economic consequences for society. Equal access to opportunities is essential in a sustainable society and public transport is a crucial element. Apart from public transport, physical active transport modes are key components in a sustainable transport system. The aim of this thesis was through an intersectional perspective to gain deeper understanding about travel mode choices and to identify barriers to use of public transport. This thesis comprises an extensive literature review of 62 articles, reviews and publications on travel behavior and travel mode choice undertaken in different parts of Sweden, Germany, UK, Portugal and the USA. A limited case study shares through nine qualitative interviews the travel experiences of four men and five women in different ages in Nåntuna/Vilan and Sävja in Uppsala, Sweden. The influencing factors were categorized and later intersectionally analyzed with the respect to gender, age and socioeconomic class. The analysis revealed that travel mode choices are complex and can be made for various reasons. Access to a car, habits, travel pattern and time indicated to be the most influencing factors. Economic resources seemed to influence the availability of transport mode, and indications could be seen that economic resources might impair gender differences. Looking at preferences and actual mode choice, the study sample illustrates that men, older, and richer, are having more opportunities to take their preferable mode choice. Planning factors appeared to both promote and constrain the use of public transport. Public transport seemed to have hard to meet everyone’s need, and indicated to have low competitiveness to the car. It is suggested that future research focuses on how to meet more people’s need in order to increase the use of public transport by its own attractiveness. Further research is also suggested about the health perspective of physical active modes and public transport. The study revealed difficulties in studying experiences outside the white, majority Swedish norm. More time would have been needed to include ethnicity, as it is an important aspect and should be included in future research. / Transportsektorn bidrar till en omfattande del av det totala koldioxidutsläppet, och privata transporter utgör en ansenlig del av detta. De miljö- och hälsomässiga negativa effekterna är betydande, vilket följaktligen kommer att få sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenser. Det övergripande politiska målet är att öka användandet av hållbara transportmedel, så som fysiskt aktiva färdmedel och kollektivtrafik. Lika möjligheter att nå arbeten och service är en förutsättning för ett hållbart samhälle, och kollektivtrafiken är en viktig nyckel till detta. Förutom kollektivtrafiken är också fysiskt aktiva färdmedel, så som cykling och gång, en nyckelfaktor i ett hållbart transportsystem. Syfte: Syftet med den här masteruppsatsen är att få djupare kunskap om de faktorer som påverkar resebeteende och färdmedelsval, samt att identifiera barriärer för kollektivt resande. Uppsatsen har ett intersektionellt perspektiv och undersöker hur maktfaktorer som kön, ålder och socioekonomisk klass påverkar valet av färdmedel. Metod: En omfattande litteraturstudie om resvanor och resebeteende i Sverige, Tyskland, Storbritannien, Portugal och USA föregick en fallstudie. Med fokus på de två områdena Nåntuna/Vilan och Sävja, i Uppsala, Sverige, genomfördes en mindre fallstudie. Nio kvalitativa intervjuer belyser fyra män och fem kvinnors erfarenheter från sina dagliga färdmedelsval. Resultat: Av dessa framgår att färdmedelsval är komplexa; de kan göras av olika anledningar, samt olika anledningar kan leda till samma val. En mängd olika faktorer indikerade på att påverka valet av färdmedel, bland annat tillgången till bil, vanor, attityder, resmönster och restiden. Dessutom indikerar resultat att maktfaktorer som kön, ålder och socioekonomisk klass formar möjligheterna till att välja färdmedel. Indikationer tyder på att ekonomiska resurser styr tillgången på färdmedelsval samt kan minska könsskillnader. Det emellertid ringa urvalet exemplifierar att män, äldre och rikare har större möjligheter att välja sitt önskvärda färdmedelsval. Respondenternas erfarenheter visar att planeringsfaktorer kan både främja och försvåra användandet av kollektivtrafiken. Kollektivtrafiken verkade ha svårt att möta människors olika behov och därmed vara konkurrenskraftig i förhållande till bilen. Mer forskning om detta är nödvändig för att öka och behålla resenärer utifrån kollektivtrafikens egen attraktionskraft. Vidare så föreslås ytterligare studier om länken mellan hälsa, fysiskt aktiva färdmedelsval och kollektivtrafikanvändande. Studien innefattar inte erfarenheter från personer med annan bakgrund än vit, majoritetssvensk eftersom det hade krävt mer tid än vad denna studie medgav. Det är dock ett viktigt perspektiv för framtida forskning.

Les CPGs (Central Pattern Generators) sont des circuits neuronaux capables de générer de façon autonome des comportements rythmiques essentiels à la vie tels que la respiration ou la locomotion. Chez la larve de Drosophile, le CPG locomoteur est composé de motoneurones (MNs) et d’une grande diversité d’interneurones (INs). Combien d’entre eux sont nécessaires pour former une CPG fonctionnel et comment ils interagissent reste un mystère. Au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai étudié une population neuronale restreinte caractérisée par son expression du facteur de transcription (FT) de la famille des Maf, Traffic Jam (TJ). En utilisant une technique d’intersection génétique et grâce à une lignée TJ-Flp générée au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai démontré pour la première fois que différentes sous-populations de neurones TJ+ ont des fonctions distinctes dans le comportement locomoteur de la larve de Drosophile. Au travers de cette sous-division fonctionnelle, j’ai finalement identifié 3 neurones TJ+ per+ GABAergic par segment qui régulent la vitesse de locomotion des larves. Une caractérisation moléculaire poussée de ces cellules a permis de confirmer qu’elles appartiennent au groupe connu des « midline cells », et plus particulièrement des mnb progeny, dont la fonction était jusqu’à maintenant inconnue. Par ailleurs, le code combinatoire de FTs trouvé chez ces mnb progeny rappelle celui exprimé par les V2b, une population d’interneurones qui régulerait également la vitesse de locomotion chez les vertébrés. Ces similarités entre mnb progeny et V2b laissent à penser que cette population de neurones pourrait être conservée au cours de l’évolution. En outre, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les interneurones TJ+ ont également un rôle chez la mouche adulte. / CPGs (Central Pattern Generators) are neural networks able to autonomously generate essential rhythmic behaviours such as walking or breathing. In Drosophila larvae, the locomotor CPG is made up of motoneurons (MNs) and a huge variety of interneurons (INs). How many are actually necessary to constitute a functional CPG and how they interact is not known. During the course of this PhD, I studied a discrete neuronal population singled out by its expression of the Maf transcription factor (TF) Traffic Jam (TJ). Thanks to an intersectional genetics approach and a TJ-Flp line generated during my PhD, I showed for the first time that TJ+ neurons subpopulations have distinct functions in Drosophila larva locomotion. Functional subdivision of TJ+ population eventually led to the identification of 3 TJ+ per+ GABAergic neurons that regulate the speed of locomotion. Thorough molecular characterization of this population permitted to identify them as mnb progeny neurons, a well studied subgroup of midline cells whose function had never been described before. The TF combinatorial code expressed by these cells is highly reminiscent of the one found in V2b INs, a population in vertebrates thought to regulate the speed of locomotion as well in vertebrates; this opens the possibility of a functional conservation across evolution. Preliminary results furthermore suggest that TJ+ INs would have functional roles in the adult fly.

The purpose of this dissertation is to utilize an intersectional approach to determine what external factors (social, political, and economic) contribute to the health challenges of black heterosexual women and black queer women in the American South. The dissertation made a comparison between black heterosexual women and black queer women to explore whether their health challenges result from their social, political, and economic experiences. The research further examined how the daily experiences of these black women impact their health. This dissertation found that the daily lives of black heterosexual and black queer women associated with their social, economic, and political experiences create vulnerability in the health challenges of these populations. The dissertation also found that black queer women appear to become a sub-population whose health is poorer than their black heterosexual female counterparts because they suffer additional challenges, in the form of isolation and stigmatization, resulting from their sexual orientation in the American South.

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa é entender a socioconstrução de identidade de três professoras de inglês como língua estrangeira em relação a seus atravessamentos interseccionais (Ferreira, 2012, 2015; Collins;Bilge, 2016), por meio de uma análise micro, utilizando o sistema de avaliatividade da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday;Hasan, 1989; Halliday, 1994; Martin;White, 2005), e de uma análise macro, em um processo de reflexividade crítica que visa o amadurecimento de um sentir crítico (Borges, 2016), pautado na sensibilização quanto a questões de sofrimento humano, estigma, ideologia e relações de poder (Foucault, 1969; Goffman, 1963; Butler, 1993). Assim, analiso narrativas de momentos críticos vivenciados pelas professoras e histórias de agentividade em suas práticas pedagógicas cotidianas, com base na metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa, em especial no conceito de conhecimento situado (Haraway, 1988), e em alinhamento à epistemologia feminista interseccional (Lykke, 2010). Os resultados indicam a influência direta das identidades sociais de gênero, raça/etnia e classe social na construção discursiva de suas práticas identitárias de professora, reforçando a importância de compreendermos os atravessamentos identitários que nos configuram, no mundo e com o mundo (Souza, 2011), para a promoção de uma consciência crítica (Freire, 1987) e de lutas hegemônicas (Fairclough, [1992] 2001) possíveis no cenário da sala de aula de língua estrangeira como um lugar de dissenso e desaprendizagem (hooks, 1994, 2003; Moita Lopes et al, 2006, 2013). Reforço ainda que a contribuição deste trabalho está não em dar voz a essas mulheres, mas, sim, em nos permitir ouvir as representações que fazem da realidade (Riessman, 1993) da sala de aula, visando a coconstrução e ressignificação dessa experiência, para fomentar o devir do sentir crítico que defendo neste trabalho. / [en] The aim of this research is to understand the socioconstruction of the identities of three EFL teachers in relation to their intersectional crossings (Ferreira, 2012, 2015; Collins;Bilge, 2016), through a micro analysis, which makes use of the Systemic-Functional Linguistics Appraisal System (Halliday; Hasan, 1989; Halliday, 1994; Martin; White, 2005), and a macro analysis, in a process of critical reflexivity that aims at the ripening of a critical feeling (Borges, 2016), which is based on the awareness of issues related to human suffering, stigma, ideology and power relations (Foucault, 1969; Goffman, 1963; Butler, 1993). Thus, I analyze narratives of critical moments experienced by teachers and stories of agentivity in their daily pedagogical practices, under the premises of the qualitative methodology of research, especially the concept of situated knowledge (Haraway, 1988), and in alignment with intersectional feminist epistemology (Lykke, 2010). The results indicate the direct influence of social identities of gender, race/ethnicity and social class in the discursive construction of their identity practices as teachers, reinforcing the importance of understanding the identity crossings that shape us, in the world and with the world (Souza, 2011), to promote critical conscience (Freire, 1987) and the possible hegemonic struggles (Fairclough, [1992] 2001) in the setting of the foreign language classroom as a place of dissent and unlearning (hooks, 1994, 2003; Moita Lopes et al, 2006, 2013). I also stress that the contribution of this work does not lie in giving voice to these women, but rather in the chance of allowing us to listen to the representations they make (Riessman, 1993) of the classroom reality, aiming at the co-construction and re-signification of this experience so it helps develop the becoming of the critical feeling I defend in this paper.

<p>Poslednjih decenija intenzivno se na univerzionalnom i regionalnim nivoima razvija pravo ljudskih prava, uključujući pravo na ravnopravnost i pravo na slobodu od diskriminacije. To je doprinelo napretku u ostvarivanju prava žena i rodne ravnopravnosti. Ukinute su formalne zakonske prepreke za žene, zatim je zabranjena diskriminacija i garantovano je pravo na ravnopravnost, &scaron;to je omogućilo de iure ravnopravnost, a nakon toga se teži ostvarivanju de facto ravnopravnosti. Međutim, su&scaron;tinska ravnopravnost između žena i mu&scaron;karaca jo&scaron; uvek nije dostignuta. Žene &scaron;irom sveta i dalje su u nepovoljnijem položaju u poređenju sa mu&scaron;karcima, diskriminisane su u svim sferama javnog i privatnog života i izložene su nasilju. Pored toga, žene su veoma heterogena grupa, a pojedine grupe žena vi&scaron;estruko su marginalizovane i izložene su većem riziku od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije, pa je njihov položaj mnogo lo&scaron;iji u poređenju sa ženama i mu&scaron;karcima iz većinske populacije, kao i mu&scaron;karcima iz njihove manjinske grupe. Vi&scaron;estruka diskriminacija je složen dru&scaron;tveni fenomen, kojim se bave mnoge naučne discipline, zbog čega je bilo neophodno interdisciplinarno istraživanje.<br />U radu se bavim istraživanjem fenomena vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacijom žena, kao i dometima i ograničenjima pravne za&scaron;tite žena od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije u Republici Srbiji i Austriji, Bugarskoj, Hrvatskoj, Francuskoj i Nemačkoj, kao odabranim državama Evropske unije. Teorijski okvir ovog rada su feminističke teorije uop&scaron;te, a posebno feministička pravna teorija koju Marta Kamalas (Martha Chamallas) defini&scaron;e kao feminističku pravnu teoriju generacije kompleksnih identiteta, a Kler Dalton (Claire Dalton) kao fazu raznovrsnosti. Podele koje su one formulisale povezane su sa pravnim teorijama jednakosti i ravnopravnosti, koje su važan deo teorijskog okvira ovog rada jer je na osnovu njih zabranjena diskriminacija, odnosno, kako je to Sandra Fredman definisala, ukinute su formalne zakonske prepreke, direktna i indirektna diskriminacija zabranjena su u svim sferama i uvedeni su mehanizmi za promovisanje ravnopravnosti. Feministička teorija intersekcionalnosti, koju je uspostavila Kimberli Kren&scaron;o (Kimberl&eacute; Crenshaw) predstavlja važan deo teorijskog okvira ovog rada, jer je za razumevanje pojma vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije važno razumevanje vi&scaron;estrukosti identiteta i njihove međusobne zavisnosti i neodvojivosti. Teorija intersekcionalnosti nagla&scaron;ava da fokus mora da bude na jedinstvenom identitetu osobe, a obuhvata i nove koncepte u kojima se prevazilaze lična svojstva kao delovi identiteta i grupe koje se stvaraju na osnovu jednog ili vi&scaron;e ličnih svojstava, te kao sredi&scaron;no pitanje postavlja odnos moći koji deluje u odnosu na specifičan jedinstveni i nedeljivi identitet neke osobe. Predmet mog interesovanja bio je da li pravo ima odgovor na nedeljivost identiteta žena, &scaron;to znači da sam istraživala da li je u antidiskriminacionim postupcima prepoznata vi&scaron;estruka diskriminacija, kao i da li žene koje pripadaju vi&scaron;estruko marginalizovanim grupama imaju adekvatnu mogućnost efikasne i delotvorne za&scaron;tite od diskriminacije. U radu zastupam tezu da je zabrana vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije potreban, ali ne i dovoljan uslov za adekvatnu za&scaron;titu žena od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije, odnosno, da samo propisivanje zabrane vi&scaron;estruke nije dovoljno da bi žene dobile adekvatnu za&scaron;titu od diskriminacije. Takođe, zastupam tezu da prepreku ostvarivanju ravnopravnosti vi&scaron;estruko diskriminisanih žena predstavlja nedostatak su&scaron;tinskog razumevanja fenomena vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije među sudijama i advokatima, koji često odlučuju pod uticajem sopstvenih predrasuda i stereotipa, &scaron;to pravnu za&scaron;titu od diskriminacije čini nedelotvornom i dodatno marginalizuje žene. Zbog toga sam analizirala sudsku praksu i praksu nacionalnih tela za ravnopravnost u Srbiji i odabanim državama Evropske unije, kao i praksu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava i Suda pravde Evropske unije, u slučajevima vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije žena.<br />Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je broj postupaka za za&scaron;titu žena od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije veoma mali, kao i da postoje brojni izazovi u obezbeđivanju efikasne i delotvorne pravne za&scaron;tite od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije žena, koji između ostalog, uključuju i određene normativne nedostatke u pravnim sistemima država, su&scaron;tinsko nerazumevanje vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije žena, odlučivanje pod uticajem rodnih stereotipa i predrasuda, kao i te&scaron;koće u primeni pojedinih odredaba zakona.</p><p>Rad nudi uvid u prepreke i izazove u pravnoj za&scaron;titi žena od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije, koje je neophodno otkloniti kako bi se vi&scaron;estruko diskriminisanim ženama obezbedila efikasna i delotvorna za&scaron;tita od diskriminacije. Rezultati istraživanja mogu biti od koristi pravnim profesionalcima (sudijama i advokatima), kao i donosiocima odluka i op&scaron;toj javnosti, u cilju podizanja svesti, boljeg razumevanja fenomena vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije žena i pobolj&scaron;anja pravne za&scaron;tite žena od vi&scaron;estruke diskriminacije.</p> / <p>In recent decades, human rights, including the right to equality and the right to freedom from discrimination, have been intensively developed at the universal and regional levels. This has contributed to progress in the realization of women&#39;s rights and gender equality. Formal legal barriers for women were abolished, discrimination was then banned and the right to equality was guaranteed, which enabled de iure equality, and subsequently sought to achieve de facto equality. However, substantive equality between women and men has not yet been achieved. Women around the world are still disadvantaged compared to men, discriminated against in all spheres of public and private life and subjected to violence. In addition, women are a very heterogeneous group, and some groups of women are marginalized and at higher risk of multiple discrimination, so their position is much worse compared to women and men in the majority population as well as men from their minority group. Multiple discrimination is a complex social phenomenon researched by many scientific disciplines, and interdisciplinary approach is necessary.</p><p>The dissertation deals with the phenomenon of multiple discrimination against women, as well as the scope and limitations of legal protection of women against multiple discrimination in the Republic of Serbia and Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France and Germany, as selected countries of the European Union. The theoretical framework of this paper is feminist theories in general, and feminist legal theory in particular, which Martha Chamallas defines as the feminist legal theory of the generation of complex identities, and Claire Dalton defines it as the phase of diversity. The divisions they formulate are linked to the legal theories of equity and equality, which are an important part of the theoretical framework of this dissertation because the prohibition of discrimination is based on those theories. Sandra Fredman defines it as follows: formal legal barriers are abolished, direct and indirect discrimination is prohibited in all spheres, and mechanisms have been introduced to promote equality. The feminist theory of intersectionality, founded by Kimberl&eacute; Crenshaw, is an important part of the theoretical framework of this dissertation because understanding the multiple identities and their interdependence and inseparability is important for understanding the concept of multiple discrimination. Intersectionality theory emphasizes that the focus must be on the unique identity of the person, and introduces new concepts in which separate parts of identities, and groups created on the basis of one or more personal traits should be overcame. In addition, the central question should be focused on power dynamics acting in relation to the specific unique and indivisible identity of a person. The subject of my interest was whether the legal systems have an answer to the indivisibility of women&#39;s identities, which means that I researched whether multiple discrimination was recognized in anti-discrimination proceedings, and whether women belonging to multiple marginalized groups had an adequate possibility to be efficiently and effectively protected against discrimination. In my dissertation, I argue that the prohibition of multiple discrimination is a necessary but not sufficient condition for adequate protection of women against multiple discrimination, that is, the mere introduction of a prohibition of multiple discrimination in legislation is not sufficient for women to obtain adequate protection against discrimination. I also argue that the barrier to achieving equality for multiple discriminated women is the lack of an essential understanding of the phenomenon of multiple discrimination among judges and lawyers, who often decide under the influence of their own prejudices and stereotypes, which renders legal protection against discrimination ineffective and further marginalizes women. Therefore, I have analyzed the case law and practice of national equality bodies in Serbia and selected European Union countries, as well as the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases of multiple discrimination against women.<br />The results of the research show that the number of procedures for the protection of women from multiple discrimination is very small, and that there are numerous challenges in ensuring effective and effective legal protection against multiple discrimination against women, which include, among other things, certain regulatory deficiencies in the legal systems of the states, lack of understanding of multiple discrimination against women, decision making under the influence of gender stereotypes and prejudices, and difficulties in applying certain provisions of the law.</p><p>The dissertation offers insights into the obstacles and challenges in the legal protection of women against multiple discrimination, which need to be addressed in order to provide effective and efficient protection from multiple discriminated against women. The results of the research can be useful to legal professionals (judges and lawyers) as well as decision makers and the general public, with the aim of raising awareness, better understanding the phenomenon of multiple discrimination against women and improving the legal protection of women against multiple discrimination.</p>

The starting point of this study is the common assumption that the Italian society is based on a patriarchal ideological system in which racism is often normalized. The binary distinction between women and men in Italian society has evolved into discussions and awareness raising on genderbased violence or violence against women. As intersectionality has become a central point in Italian contemporary feminism, this study uses the analysis of topics related to the historical creation of the idea of Italian-ness, migration and the influence of right-wing politics in current gender related issues as the basis of a feminist Critical Discourse Analysis. With this in mind, using intersectional theory, postcolonial feminism, and studies of whiteness, the study aims at exploring as to which extent the discourses of three white Italian women, who identify as feminist activists, influence the presence of racialized Italian women in their work. This study should create academic data and contribute to a research that is extremely limited on these topics.

No description available.

This essay aims to investigate representation and diversity in novels used in the English teaching inupper secondary school, and whether teachers take representation into account when choosing whatnovels to work with. A web survey was used to ask 71 teachers of English open questions regardingwhat novels they use in their teaching and why. The results demonstrate that the majority of the usednovels depict normative protagonists and settings, although there is some diversity and representationof different genders, races, ages, abilities and settings. It is also shown in the results that the majorityof the responding teachers do not think about representation when choosing what novels to workwith, while some respondents do indicate that they take aspects of representation into account. Theresults are discussed by drawing on ideas about representation, diversity and an intersectional genderpedagogy from Rudine Sims Bishop and Nina Lykke. / Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka representation och mångfald i romaner som används iengelskundervisning i gymnasiet, samt om lärare har representation i åtanke när de väljer vilkaromaner de skall arbeta med. En webbenkät användes för att fråga 71 engelsklärare öppna frågorangående vilka romaner de arbetar med och varför. Resultatet visar att en majoritet av användaromaner skildrar normativa protagonister och miljöer, även att det finns viss mångfald ochrepresentation av olika kön, etniska tillhörigheter, åldrar, funktionsvariationer och miljöer. Det visarsig även i resultatet att majoriteten av responderande lärare inte har representation i åtanke när deväljer vilka romaner de skall arbeta med, medan några respondenter indikerar att de tar hänsyn tillaspekter av representation. Resultaten diskuteras med hjälp av idéer om representation, diversitet ochintersektionell genuspedagogik från Rudine Sims Bishop och Nina Lykke.

Brazil is in the 132nd position in the ranking for female parliamentary participation according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s latest report (2019). Black women are the ones least involved in national politics. In the state of São Paulo 94 state Deputies were elected in 2018, of these only 11 are women and only 3 are black. This research looks at black female political participation in Brazil, focusing on political engagement in the state and municipality of São Paulo. It employs black feminist theory to investigate the hindrances for black women’s political participation. Intersectionality and political science theories were used as part of the theoretical framework. The research question explored was: “What are the obstacles for black female political participation in Brazil?”. This question is connected to larger issues of gender, race, class, political representation and participation. Semi-structured interviews with black women engaged with institutional politics were conducted, followed by a thematic analysis. The research found four main obstacles preventing a greater participation of black women in politics. The issue of visibility, that is, having enough social capital to gain attention from voters, prevents many black women from receiving support by their political parties. Having a network is also said to be important for those starting in politics, as it can give them the necessary visibility to grow in their political parties. Political education is considered an important tool to have a successful candidacy and is currently overlooked by political parties. Finally, financial investment is said to be underprovided to black female candidates. The interviews show that the obstacles presented are linked to structural racism and sexism within the political parties and in society. Despite their personal investment and engagement, black women are often demeaned. They are perceived as not capable of being good politicians. The oppressions they suffer for their race, gender and class are also experienced in the political arena. They are often silenced as political subjects, but they keep fighting back.

No description available.