Internationellt resande är en uppskattad och naturlig del av livet för många människor som lever i Sverige idag. Resande kan vara avslappnande, äventyrligt och en härlig upplevelse men det kan även innebära risker. Brottslighet, hälsoproblem, politisk instabilitet och terrorism är alla reala risker som turister kan råka ut för på sina resor. En risk innebär en osäkerhet om, och i så fall när det kan inträffa och det går inte att förutsäga. Denna osäkerhet innebär att turister får förlita sig på sin uppfattning av hur riskabelt det är att exempelvis besöka en destination med hög brottslighet. Personers riskuppfattning i samband med internationella resor har fastställts påverkas av yttre faktorer och inre faktorer. Personer motiveras även av olika faktorer till att resa och har olika åsikter och preferenser för vad de vill uppleva på sina internationella resor. En del av denna skillnad mellan turister har förklarats med att personer har olika behov av att uppleva nya, spännande och äventyrliga händelser på sina resor. Andra motiveras istället av att ta det lugnt och på ett säkert sätt uppleva vad destinationen och turistindustrin kan erbjuda. Turister kan särskiljas i två extremer. En extrem är människor som motiveras av äventyr och överraskningar, så kallade noveltysökare. Den andra extremen är människor som vill ta det lugnt och resa på ett tryggt sätt så kallade familiaritysökare. Personer kan även motiveras av delar en blandning från båda dessa extremer och kan då kallas för neutrala resenärer.   Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka riskuppfattning vid internationella resor samt att undersöka om det efter en indelning av respondenterna i novelty-familiaritysökande grupper går att fastställa några skillnader i hur riskabla de upplever att riskerna är under internationella resor. För att undersöka detta utförs en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Med det teoretiska ramverket och den kvantitativa enkätundersökningen har slutsatser dragits utifrån uppsatsens syfte och frågeställningar.   Respondenterna i undersökningen upplever att terrorism, politisk instabilitet, brott och hälsoproblem utgör risker under internationella resor. Terrorism var den risk som i högst grad påverkade respondenternas beslut rörande resande. Med sambandstester fastslogs att det finns samband mellan respondenternas uppfattning rörande riskerna och deras relations till yttre och inre påverkan.   Respondenterna kunde utifrån deras preferenser och motivation för internationellt resande delas in i de tre grupperna familiaritysökande, neutrala resenärer och noveltysökande. Respondenternas tillhörighet i turistgrupperna och deras svar på hur riskabelt de upplever att de fyra riskerna är, sambandstestades. Utifrån detta går det att fastställa att noveltysökande turister upplever att riskerna terrorism, politisk instabilitet och hälsoproblem utgör en lägre risk under internationella resor än vad de familiaritysökande turisterna gör. Detta ger stöd till tidigare forskning som fastställt att ett sådant samband existerar.

The increasingly universal information society has required also the Swedish Armed Forces to participate in the information flow, for example by publishing images from its operations in an open digital image archive. With use of the image archive’s photographs from the Swedish Armed Forces’ military operations in Afghanistan in 2011 and 2012, the study seeks to examine the way in which the Swedish army depicts its involvement in the region. From a postcolonial perspective, based on Edward Said’s notions on Orientalism, this semiotic analysis examines the image publications in order to reveal what messages the images convey. How are Afghan women respectively Afghan men depicted in contrast to Swedish soldiers? How are Swedish soldiers portrayed in relation to their Afghan military allies? Such are the questions at hand. The study makes use of a methodological framework based on Roland Barthes and Charles Saunders Pierce and looks to reveal the denotative and connotative meanings in the image material. The result of the study shows a depiction of the military intervention in Afghanistan that largely portrays Afghan women and girls in need of saving and emancipation, while Swedish soldiers are ascribed the role of the hero. Moreover, images depicting Swedish soldiers as modern, powerful and progressive in contrast to weak and underdeveloped Afghan men are also recurrent in the material. The cooperation between the Swedish military and its Afghan allies is throughout the material depicted in a positive manner, and symbolic gestures of friendship between the two frequent the image publications. At large, a positive perspective permeates the Swedish military’s depiction of its operations in Afghanistan, and its soldiers are portrayed as powerful bringers of Western liberty and equality. Meanwhile, the East is depicted as all that the West is not: uncivilised, weak and infantile.

<p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa de tre olika religionernas roll på Balkan ur ett historiskt perspektiv, för att vidare kunna besvara frågeställningen, på vilket sätt gav den religiösa pluraliteten upphov till kriget i Bosnien och Hercegovina?</p></p>

War has for all through the years adopted various guises and been performed by various actors for a wide variety of destination. But what is really a war? Why is war fought? How is war fought? By whom is war fought? Machiavelli, Clausewitz, Kaplan, Kaldor, Creveld and Krulak are just a few among others who have made valiant attempts to explain war and its nature. What did they find? This essay maps out their studies in the hope of finding some kind of continuity that can give a clearer picture of what war really is. It is important to point out; the goal is not to try to make a definition of war, but merely an attempt to find some kind of continuity. The study finds that as society develops, bridges get built and contracts are signed, everything falls apart at some point and you can  never be sure that something as complex as a war to retain some form of continuity, if any – it would be the power it contains, but barely it.

When Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands in 1982, it was the beginning of a two month long war. The aim of this essay is to find alternative explanations to the Falklands war with the main question being whether there were hidden motives for Thatcher and her reactions in 1982.   The essay will focus on the period 1965-1982 in which different texts will be analyzed by applying theories. The diversionary war theory describes how state leaders can improve their political popularity by intentionally escalating a conflict. The geopolitical theory explains how a state, by investments, constructions and military, can create demographic and international perceptions regarding a territory while foreign political theory describes how decision making is affected by the bureaucracy, psychology and the international system.   The ministry of defense and the navy was heavily affected by the financial cuts during the conflict and may also have affected the manner in which they advised Thatcher in 1982. Because of the British unwillingness to invest geopolitically in the Falklands and their aggravation of the diplomatically efforts to find a peaceful solution, the conflict got worse. In addition, Thatchers intentions to implement economic reforms and her record low political popularity make it plausible to suspect her for having, intentionally, escalated the conflict to gain political popularity and to enable the economic reforms.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa de tre olika religionernas roll på Balkan ur ett historiskt perspektiv, för att vidare kunna besvara frågeställningen, på vilket sätt gav den religiösa pluraliteten upphov till kriget i Bosnien och Hercegovina?

The CIA has since its inception conducted covert actions that constitute use of military force. This paper examines the use of covert military force by the CIA in Nicaragua and the use of targeted killing by CIA drones and paramilitaries against Islamic terrorists in countries outside the declared warzones of Afghanistan and Iraq. This research utilizes a case study framework viewed from a perspective grounded from theories of just war and international law. Furthermore, this research use three theories from international relation studies to explain why the use of covert military action by the CIA is likely to continue due to the nature of international system.    International law and theories of just war explains in great detail what constitutes legitimate and illegitimate use of force, however, they do not consider the broad implications and consequences of the use of covert actions. A central component of just war is the need for states to justify their actions, which isn’t the case when they conduct their actions covertly. The material relies heavily on reports from American national security experts and historians. The results show that there are several factors within the international political system that enables the use of covert action and I put forward suggestions trying to mitigate the harm and desirability of the utilization of covert military action.

Mot bakgrund av den tidigare forskning och kritik kring ämnet digitala krigsspel har denna studie identifierat omfattningen av internationell humanitär rätt (IHL) i speltitlarna Call of Duty: Modern Warfare och This War of Mine samt diskuterat de etiska synpunkter som uppenbarats genom närläsning. Resultaten visar att dessa speltitlar skiljer sig i sin skildring av krig sett utifrån IHL. This War of Mine avbildar krig genom ett civilt perspektiv och genom sitt narrativ tar spelet ingen ställning till någon sida utan förmedlar, genom sina porträtteringar av brott mot IHL, den allvarsamma realiteten av krig. I kontrast till detta ställer sig Call of Duty: Modern Warfare på en sida av rättfärdigande av krig mot de makter som hotar den fria världen genom våldshandlingar som brott mot IHL, detta porträtteras genom både ett militärt och därtill civil perspektiv. Vidare har denna studie identifierat frågor vi anser vara av stort intresse för framtida forskning inom digitala krigsspel. / In the light of previous research and criticism on the subject of digital war games, this study has identified the scope of international humanitarian law (IHL) in the game titles Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and This War of Mine and discussed the ethical views revealed through close reading. The results show that these game titles differ in their depiction of war seen from the IHL. This War of Mine depicts war through a civilian perspective and through its narrative, the game takes no position on either side but conveys, through its portrayals of crimes against the IHL, the serious reality of war. In contrast, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare stands on one side of justifying war against the powers that threaten the free world through acts of violence as a crime against the IHL, this is portrayed through both a military and a civilian perspective. Furthermore, this study has identified issues we consider to be of great interest for future research in digital war games.

The Second Lebanon War has proved to be a complex war in a new and different context. An important part of this is the globalization that Kaldor refers to. The Second Lebanon War shows an example of this regarding Hezbollah which originally was a guerrilla group that was founded in 1985. What is special here is that Hezbollah since then has developed more into an organization that has established a strong foothold in Lebanese politics. They have thus evolved into the form of a kind of sub state, since they cannot be defined as a guerrilla group or a state, which means that they are classed as something intermediate. The analysis also shows this problem when explaining what problems Israel was facing before and during the war, which they were not prepared for. Another part of the globalization that has affected this problem is the involvement of all outside states and actors and that the war was waged in Lebanon but not against the state but against a regional "guerilla group" that is classified as something else than an ordinary guerilla group.   The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the Second Lebanon war, which in turn contributes to an increased understanding of contemporary war and understanding of the empirical basis of Mary Kaldor's theory of “New Wars”. Furthermore, the war has been analyzed to ascertain whether it can be considered a new war and if so to what extent. The result has then shown that Kaldor's theory has been well successfully applied to the Second Lebanese War and that the war can be considered to be a new war based on her theoretical framework.

Symbolic politics theory created by Stuart J. Kaufman attempts to give an explanation on what makes people engage in ethnic wars and genocide by combining some rationalist thoughts with social-psychological ideas. This study analyzes the symbolic politics theory by qualitive methods using the war in Kosovo and the peaceful declaration of independence in North Macedonia as cases selected thru strategic selection.  The result of this study shows that symbolic politics theory can help to understand what causes people to follow their chauvinist leaders into ethnic violence by referring to historical nationalistic myths with the use of symbols to create fear and hostility. The theory therefore helps to understand the sequence of events that eventually resulted in the war over Kosovo 1998-1999 thru this study. The result of this study also shows that symbolic politics theory can help to understand why the declaration of independence in North Macedonia did not result in violence or war, even though the premisses in the country where much the same to other war tourn countries in the Balkans at the time. Results show that elites in North Macedonia chose a different path to achieve independence unlike their neighbouring countries in the Balkans. By identifying the destructive ways of using symbols referring to historical myths to create fear and hostility towards another ethnic group, North Macedonia instead displayed an including path and an effort to meet the different needs of different ethnic groups within their own borders.