This report aims to look at how Russia’s war in Ukraine has affected the work with IT security at Swedish municipalities, what actions have been taken, if any, and see if there has been an increase in attacks towards the municipalities’ networks. This was done by sending out a questionnaire to all of Sweden’s 290 municipalities via email with four questions regarding their IT security. 103 of Sweden’s municipalities responded to the email. Ten municipalities declined to participate in the report, which means that 32% (93) of Sweden’s municipalities participated in this survey. We chose to evaluate the Swedish municipalities and their preparedness in case of war for several reasons. They are a uniform group which we believed adhere to the same guidelines and regulations regarding cybersecurity, and the fact that they store and engage with critical and sensitive data about Sweden and its population, making them prime targets for attacks by foreign powers. The results were presented anonymously and based on the voluntary responses of the municipalities. Answers were then compiled and sorted into the five main categories from the NIST framework for cybersecurity. The report concludes that Swedish municipalities have taken significant actions to protect their networks in response to Russia’s war and aggressions towards Ukraine. For example, 18 municipalities reported that they had trained their staff in some way, which was the most common measure, and 11 municipalities had implemented two-factor authentication. However, more can be done in terms of responding to threats and enhancing recovery plans and systems. In summary, there seemed to be a lack of consensus on how municipalities should handle their own IT-security, as there was a high variation in the responses. The follow-up questions revealed a significant increase in attacks towards the municipalities’ networks, with many considering their networks potential targets for future attacks from foreign powers.

I dagens samhälle hittar vi risker på många olika platser och på det sättet vi reagerar på dessa risker beror på vår riskuppfattning.Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur unga vuxnas riskuppfattning ser ut när det gäller en distinkt och en diffus risk. Också om det fanns någon skillnad mellan de olika åldrarna samt om de vidtagit några skyddsåtgärder. Den metod som har använts i studien är kvantitativ metod med enkätundersökning samt deskriptiv statistik för att analysera svaren. Enkäten skapades i programmet survey and report.Enkätundersökningen besvarades av 134 personer med en variation i kön och åldrar. Respondenternas upplevda kunskap var större för klimatförändring än för krig och de upplevde krig som den mest skrämmande risken men klimatförändring som den största.I diskussionen framgår det att metoden var ett bra val, men att fler frågor hade kunnat läggas till i enkäten för att bidra till en bättre analys. Det hade varit intressant att kombinera både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod och göra några djupintervjuer. Det diskuteras om respondenternas uppfattning av de olika riskerna i relation till tidigare forskning och teorier. Också hur riskuppfattning och åtgärder hänger ihop. Även att respondenterna utifrån RPA är likgiltiga för krig och responsiva för klimatförändring. Utifrån PMT kan förstås att de responsiva har en hög skyddsmotivation och är troliga att vidta åtgärder samtidigt som de likgiltiga har en låg skyddsmotivation och inte är lika troliga att vidta åtgärder. / In today's society, risks can be found in various places and our response to these risks and accidents depends on our risk perception.The aim of this study was to examine how young adults risk perception looks regarding a distinct and a diffuse risk, as well as its variations based on age and the adoption of protective measures. The method used for this study is a qualitative method with a survey and descriptive statistics to analyse the answers. The survey was created in the program survey and report.The results showed that the survey was answered by 134 people with a variety in gender and age. Furthermore, the results revealed that the respondents perceived knowledge for climate change was larger than their perceived knowledge for wars. The results also showed that wars were perceived as more threatening, while climate change was considered as the most significant risk.The discussion highlights the appropriateness of the chosen research method, however more questions could have enhanced the analysis. It would have been interesting to combine a quantitative with a qualitative method and implement a few interviews. Based on the theory RPA the respondents were indifferent to climate change and responsive to war. Based on PTM it can also be understood that individuals who are responsive exhibit a strong motivation for protection and are likely to take protective measures, while those who are indifferent demonstrate a low motivation for protection and are unlikely to take action.

This study analyses Magdalena Andersson´s speech "Tal till nationen" wich was broadcasted on March 1st, 2022, 8.01pm on SVT due to the Russian armed attack on Ukraine and the detoriorating political security situation in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a Swedish prime minister communicates with the nation in a time of crisis, with focus on the linguistic elements of rhetoric.  The study will be carried out with the help of rhetorical text analysis, which means that the speech is transcribed to be analyzed as a text. The rhetorical text analysis has been carried out in four steps. The analysis begins with ensuring the context and rhetorical situation of the speech, followed by an analysis of the disposition of the speech. The analyze continues by individual analyzes of the Prime minister´s use of ethos, pathos, and logos. Finally, the analysis concludes by examining the style of the speech.  The result of the study shows that Magdalena Andersson, in her speech, communicates with the nation through her position as a prime minister to calm the nation. To achieve this, she has created a simple communication with clear messages as well as a diligent use of ethos, pathos, and logos.

This thesis analyzes and documents the splint armor material from Valsgärde 8 and Vendel I,X, and XI. This armor is then contextualized in the warrior institutions, weapon-systems, and fighting techniques of warbands from Central Sweden. Analogies for the splint armor are sought after with the closest parallels being found around the Black Sea area, associated with Byzantine, Sassanid, and Steppe-Nomadic martial cultures. The systems of exchange between these two regions are then analyzed in order to inform as to where this armor came from, whyit is there in Central Sweden, and what this can tell us about the development of military contacts between Central Sweden and the Black Sea area during the Vendel Period. / Denna uppsats berör analysen och dokumentationen av det Vendeltida skenpansarmaterialet från Valsgärde 8 och Vendel I, X och XI, där skenpansarna sätts i kontext med krigarinstitutioner, vapensystem och stridstekniker från krigsband i Centrala Sverige. Analogier för dessa skenpansar med närmaste paralleller har påträffats i Svartahavsområdet och associeras med Bysantinska, Sasanidiska och stäppnomadiska krigarkulturer. Utbytessystem mellan dessa två regioner analyseras för att få förståelse för var denna typ av rustning härrör ifrån, varför den har hamnat i Centrala Sverige och vad de kan säga om utvecklingen av militära kontakter mellan Centrala Sverige och Svartahavsområdet under Vendeltiden.

The real estate market is one of the biggest factors in one country's economic development. The recent years have included a pandemic known as the corona pandemic as well as a war in Europe between Russia and Ukraine. This study is targeted to contribute to a higher understanding about peoples living preferences on the Swedish real estate market and how they could have been affected by the development on the Swedish real estate market in the recent four years during the changing times in society. The study has used a qualitative method, also using semi-structured interviews to collect empirical material. The findings were that during the pandemic the demand increased, consequently leading to a higher equilibrium price on the market, the demand came from a change in the preferences where people prioritized their living situations higher due to spending more time at home since working took place at home. The preference was wanting bigger houses and apartments, as well as bigger spaces inside and outside. The war between Russia and Ukraine resulted in a decrease in the demand on the real estate market due to rising interest rates and high energy prices. This leads to living preferences where people want smaller and cheaper houses and apartments, as well as energy efficient solutions. The study also investigated the differences in living preferences between different age groups and life cycles during the period and the findings were that younger people want a more unique apartment with charming attributes, close to the city center, whereas the older generations prioritize the practical aspects. / Bostadsmarknaden är en av de största faktorerna som påverkar länders ekonomiska utveckling. De senaste åren har inneburit en pandemi som är känd som coronapandemin, samt ett krig i Europa mellan Ryssland och Ukraina. Den här studien fokuserar på att bidra med en ökad förståelse över hur människors boendepreferenser kan ha påverkats av samhällsförändringar de senaste fyra åren. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer för att hämta empiriskt material. Resultatet var att under coronapandemin ökade efterfrågan, vilket ledde till ett högre jämviktspris på bostadsmarknaden, efterfrågan kom från en ändring i boendepreferenserna där människor prioriterade deras boende högre eftersom de spenderade mer tid i hemmet på grund av distansarbete. Boendepreferenserna var att man ville ha större hus och lägenheter, samt större ytor både inomhus och utomhus. Kriget mellan Ryssland och Ukraina resulterade i en minskning av efterfrågan på bostadsmarknaden eftersom räntan ökade och energipriserna ökade. Det innebar att boendepreferenserna var att människor ville ha mindre och billigare hus och lägenheter, samt energieffektiva lösningar. Den här studien undersöker också skillnaden mellan boendepreferenser mellan åldersgrupper och livscykler under perioden och resultatet var att yngre människor vill ha mer unika lägenheter med charmiga attribut, gärna nära stadskärnan, samtidigt som den äldre generationen prioriterar de praktiska aspekterna.

The main purpose of this study is to examine how the media representation of the war in Ukraine is portrayed in Balenciaga’s runway for "Summer 23" collection in Paris Fashion Week 2022. To reach the objective of this study I used an approach based on a qualitative method with support from theories concerning socio-semiotics, Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital, provocation and taste. The material, based on video sequences and screenshots from the runway-show, are analyzed in correlation to the contemporary social and cultural context of a westernized perspective. The outcome of this study indicates that Balenciaga, as a luxurious brand with high levels of all forms of capital, alludes to the media’s representation of war as a means of provocation, which makes the "good taste" that they possess change. / The primary aim with my Media Production is to create a visual material whose purpose is to emotionally touch the intended target group to click on the Action for Happiness website and to learn more about how one can live to achieve a happier life. My animated introductory video is meant to be an entry to the "10 Key Words for a Happier Life" page on the website.

Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka intressenters motiv bakom återuppförandet av ett förstört kulturarv. Studien har haft Bosnienkriget som utgångspunkt, som varade mellan april 1992 till december 1995. Fokus har lagts på återuppbyggandet av bron Stari Most i Mostar ur olika intressenters perspektiv, vilka underliggande motiv de olika parterna haft och intressekonflikter dem emellan. Studien ämnar även undersöka hur och på vilket sätt Mostars invånare påverkades av brons återuppbyggnad. Material som relaterar till intressenterna studerades utifrån ett antal värdeaspekter, som ämnade underlätta identifieringen av motiv. Trots att den gemensamma målsättningen var att förena Mostars invånare över återuppförandet av Stari Most, har undersökningen bidragit till att identifiera flertalet underliggande motiv hos intressenterna. Det har även varit möjligt att påvisa att intressekonflikter funnits dem mellan, där vissa prioriterade ekonomiska fördelar som projektet kunde medföra, medan andra fokuserade på att bron skulle återfå sin sociala samt kulturella betydelse. Mostars invånare påverkades av att bron byggdes upp, däremot fanns differenser mellan de som bodde i nära anslutning till bron och de som bodde i angränsande områden. / The purpose of this study was to investigate different stakeholders motives behind rebuilding destroyed cultural heritage. The study has had the Bosnian war as its starting point, which lasted between April 1992 to December 1995. Focus has been on rebuilding the bridge Stari Most in Mostar, from the perspective of different stakeholders, their underlying motives and conflicts of interest between them. The study also aims to investigate how in what way the population of Mostar was affected by the reconstruction of the bridge. Material that relates to the different stakeholders was studied in relation to different values, which aimed to make the identification of underlying motives easier. Even though the common goal for the stakeholders was to unite the population of Mostar, has the study contributed to identify different underlying motives. It has also been possible to identify conflict of interests between stakeholders, where some prioritized the economic benefits the project could bring, while others focused on the bridge regaining its social and cultural significance. The people of Mostar was affected by the bridge being rebuilt, but there were significant differences between those who lived in close proximity to the bridge and those who lived in the surrounding area of the city.

Libraries in Ukraine have been profoundly affected by the ongoing Russian invasion. But more than that, they are constrained by their historical colonial heritage as a Soviet institution which was used by the Moscow regime as a propaganda tool to exert control, both politically and culturally – not least in the form of Russification, which in the context of Ukrainian libraries took the form of a predominance of Russian-language books in place of Ukrainian. The present thesis aims to explore how Ukrainian libraries cope with the current war situation, how they are affected by and come to terms with their problematic past, and how these issues may relate.The study uses ethnographic methods to describe 11 libraries in Western Ukraine in 2023. The findings are discussed against a theoretical background of sociolinguistics, knowledge organization and postcolonial theory. It describes the libraries’ infrastructure problems, the continuing presence of huge Soviet-Russian collections, and the ongoing mass weeding of these collections during the war. The thesis suggests that Ukrainian libraries face five structural problems beyond the impact of the war: poor collections, lack of infrastructure and funding, administrative peculiarities, government regulations, and the catalogues and classifications. Especially, the need for more and relevant books is a pressing and fundamental concern. Two positive developments are suggested to have taken place during the war: ongoing reversal of the colonial heritage through the mass weeding efforts, and a popularization of the libraries through social initiatives relating to the war effort. / Bibliotek i Ukraina har blivit djupt påverkade av den pågående ryska invasionen. Men vad mer är har de varit kringskurna av sitt historiska koloniala arv som en sovjetisk institution som Moskva-regimen använde som ett propagandaverktyg för att utöva kontroll, både politiskt och kulturellt – inte minst i form av russifiering, vilken i de ukrainska biblioteket tog sig uttryck i en predominans av ryskspråkiga böcker på bekostnad av ukrainska. Den föreliggande uppsatsen ämnar att utforska hur ukrainska bibliotek hanterar den pågående krigssituationen, hur de påverkas av och handskas med sitt problematiska förflutna, och hur dessa frågor kan vara relaterade till varandra.Studien använder etnografiska metoder för att beskriva 11 bibliotek i västra Ukraina år 2023. Resultatendiskuteras utifrån en teoretisk bakgrund av sociolingvistik, kunskapsorganisation och postkolonial teori. Den beskriver bibliotekens infrastrukturproblem, den fortsatta närvaron av enorma sovjetryska samlingar samt den under kriget pågående massgallringen av dessa samlingar. Uppsatsen framställer att ukrainska bibliotek ställs inför fem strukturella problem utöver krigets inverkan: undermåliga samlingar, avsaknaden av infrastruktur och finansiering, administrativa egenheter, statliga regelverk samt kataloger och klassifikationer. I synnerhet är behovet av fler och relevanta böcker en tryckande och fundamental angelägenhet. Två positiva utvecklingar föreslås ha ägt rum under kriget: en pågående uppgörelse med det koloniala arvet genom ansatserna till massgallring, samt en popularisering av biblioteken genom sociala initiativ relaterade till krigsinsatsen.

The much-debated new war theory suggest that a new type of organized violence has developed during the last decades of the twentieth century. These new wars occur during an era of globalization and differ from old wars concerning four factors: the goals, the actors, the finance, and the methods. One of these new wars is the war in Yemen (2015-), a country divided and war torn, suffering the world's largest humanitarian crisis. The study aims to critically analyse the application of the new war theory through a qualitative singular case study of Yemen. The analysis shows that an understanding can be made about both Yemen and the theory. The Yemen War revolves around reinvented and/or rekindled particularistic identities, formerly kept under control, but now unleashed after years of exclusion, increasing economic gaps, the Arab Spring, and the dismantling of the central state during an era of globalization. The war took on decentralized characteristics, the Yemeni government lost its monopoly on violence leading to several state and non-state actors involved in the war. They are sometimes financed by external actors or through looting, racketeering, kidnapping, etc., all akin to the methods of new war warfare which sees civilians as the main victims. The study argues that an even greater understanding can be made by reformulating the theory as a process rather than as separate factors only showing the differences between new and old. The new war process shows the interconnectedness between the four factors, while simultaneously including other impactful new war terms and concepts such as globalization, the motives of war, and the reoccurring and persisting violence. Globalization then becomes part of the new war process rather than being a separate element.

Research has shown that news media reporting on foreign affairs tend to rely heavily on official sources (e.g. Schwalbe, 2013; Entman, 2004; Lawrence, 2009). This thesis analyse whether this is the case in Swedish news media reporting on the armed conflict in Mali, where Sweden has troops sanctioned by the UN. A more broader perspective is also analysed: How does the news media portray the armed conflict, and are there any differences between national daily newspapers (considered more “sober”) and national evening newspapers (considered more sensational)? An inductive framing analysis is used to identify frames not available in previous research. These frames, together with frames identified in other studies, are then used in a quantitative content analysis to measure to what extent the frames occur in the texts. Among the most important findings were that Swedish news media did in fact rely on Swedish official reporting to a large extent. The two evening newspapers, Aftonbladet and Expressen, used Swedish official sources in approximately 60% of their articles. The daily newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, used Swedish official sources in about 35% of their articles. The main source used was also analyzed: This showed that Swedish official sources were the most common, in between 23% to 62% of the articles. The second most used source differed, but were in the range 9% to 18%. Other important results of the main themes of the articles showed that direct actions of war and other types of violence were the most commonly used. Peace efforts/negotiations and life of Mali civilians were the least common. The thesis also concludes that while there are variables where the evening newspapers and the daily newspapers can be grouped in those categories, that is often not the case.