The aim of this paper is exploring questions regarding the problem of absenteeism among high-school students in Sweden. Fifteen students attending an urban high-school have been interviewed about their views and experiences of absenteeism. The author analyzes the students’ answers by taking into account two different sociological approaches which give two different explanations about the way young people experience and estimate education. The French sociologist Bourdieu theorized that differences in cultural capital influence the permanent internalization of patterns of thought and behavior. Bourdieu defined as habitus the result of the process of internalization of cultural and social structures which affects the way individuals think and act. The German pedagogue Thomas Ziehe explored the changes in norms and tradition connected with the modernization of society. Ziehe argued that we are witnessing a period of cultural release and erosion crisis that have deeply affected and changed the lives of young people today.  What does influence students’ attitude towards absenteeism? Does absenteeism reflect different possession of cultural resources or may be explained by the changes in norms that have occurred over recent decades? The findings of this study show that the students’ socio-economical background still matters in affecting their opinions and attitude towards absenteeism, but that is not an exhaustive argument in explaining all the reasons why students do not go till school. The students’ answer suggested that the relation to the teacher may be a determining factor in explaining absenteeism.

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The Swedish television game show series På spåret has aired since 1987. Participation in På spåret has been connected to prestige and status, where a display of knowledge is seen as admirable, but unsuccessful performances are stigmatized. This is a possible result of the television show’s representations of cultural capital. The aim of this study is to examine how cultural capital is represented in På spåret, and how these representations have changed over time. The study is grounded in Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of embodied, objectified, and institutionalized cultural capital. Furthermore, Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes are used to explain representations in media and their meaning. A multimodal critical discourse analysis was used on three episodes from three seasons: 1987, 2004/2005 and 2022/2023. The analysis concerned linguistic aspects, where connotations, modality and authority were analyzed, as well as visual aspects, where objects and settings were examined through the lens of denotation and connotation. It was found that both linguistic and visual aspects mattered in the representation of cultural capital. The linguistic aspects mostly concerned words with connotations to formal situations or knowledge, and expressions of authority through knowledge, while the visual aspects included pictures of architecture and art or objects such as books and clothing. Some representations changed over time, primarily the studio and the tonality, as well as the distance between audience and participants which increased throughout the seasons. The study provides a new perspective on cultural capital in television and shows how television affects power relations and symbolic violence.

Med tanke på den variationsrikedom som finns bland svenska medborgare är det relevant att arbeta för en ökad mångfald på arbetsplatserna i samhället. Att öka mångfalden och attraktiviteten för polisyrket är ett aktuellt ämne då Polismyndigheten har som ambition att bibehålla den kompetens som mångfald tillför samt för att spegla det samhälle de verkar i. Antagningsstatistik visar att individer med utländsk bakgrund har svårare att klara antagningsprocessen till polisutbildningen till skillnad från individer med svensk bakgrund. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka om individer med utländsk bakgrund har svårare att klara prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige samt jämföra och studera individernfrågeställningas bakgrund för att bilda kunskap och få en ökad förståelse om vad som kan vara meriterande utöver de formella behörighetskraven. Med en huvudfrågeställning samt två underfrågor har empirin formats av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som bygger på en positivistisk metodansats. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av teorier och begrepp som antar ett sociologiskt perspektiv; Pierre Bourdieus habitus, kulturellt- och socialt kapital samt Paulina De los Reyes och Diana Mulinaris intersektionalitet. Utifrån den insamlade empirin visar studien att individer med utländsk bakgrund har liknande möjligheter att klara prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige, som en individ med svensk bakgrund. Respondenterna har liknande bakgrunder, ett liknande habitus, sociala- samt kulturella kapitaltillgångar. Det är svårt att se hur prövningen till polisutbildningen i Sverige förhåller sig till individens multipla identiteter och till begreppet mångfald, då man utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv på antagningsprocessen inte kan synliggöra en ojämlikhet mellan individer med svensk- och utländsk bakgrund där man bortsett från att ta hänsyn till att respondenterna kan tillhöra flera kategorier samtidigt. / It is relevant to work towards increased diversity in the society ́s workplaces due to the substantial variation of ethnicities among Swedish citizens. To increase the diversity and attraction towards the police profession is a current subject because Polismyndigheten embodies certain ambitions to withhold the competence that diversity brings, as well as reflecting the society they provide in. Admission statistics shows that individuals with foreign background have a harder time during the admission process in comparison to people with Swedish background. The purpose of this study have been to research why individuals with foreign background have a tougher time to complete that trails of Swedish police education, along with comparing and studying individuals background to gain an improved understanding about what appears to bo admirable in addition to the formal eligibility requirements. The empirical have been formed by a quantitative survey that builds on a positivistic method comprised of a main issue together with two follow-up questions. The results have been analyzed using theories and concepts that assumes a sociological perspective; Pierre Bourdieus habitus, cultural- and social capital, along Paulina De los Reyes and Diana Mulinaris intersectionality. The study shows that individuals with foreign background have similar possibilities regarding completing the trails of Swedish police education in comparison to those of Swedish background, based on the collected empiricism. The respondents have similar backgrounds, similar habitus, social- and cultural capital assets. It is difficult to understand how the trails of police education in Sweden relate to individuals multiple identities in addition to the concept diversity, because of the inability to see an inequality between people with Swedish or foreign background during the admission process based on an intersectional perspective where the respondents could potentially belong to more categories simultaneously.

Att förstå konst kan upplevas mycket svårt om man själv inte har rätt utbildning i bagaget. Utställningar och museum praktiserar konstpedagogik men denna utgår många gånger utifrån människor med kulturellt kapital. Konstmuseum som institution skapar många gånger en överdriven rädsla och respekt där det blir svårt att ta till sig konsten på ett lättsamt sätt. Denna studie är menad att undersöka om det är möjligt att bryta ner denna överdrivna rädsla och respekt och istället möjliggöra ett lättsamt möte mellan konstverk och betraktare. Med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning samt inspiration från konstpedagogen Carlo Derkert och Reggio Emilia-pedagogiken undersöks om det är möjligt att utveckla pedagogiska verktyg för att praktisera konstpedagogik för människor utanför den konstnärliga diskursen. Audioguiden som pedagogiskt verktyg har länge varit närvarande på konstmuseum och är än idag. Men förutom att tekniken har uppdaterats och det har gått från en mp3 till en app har konceptet inte förändrats på många år. Samtidigt lever vi i en samtid där podden blivit mycket stor vilket lett till att ljudfiler är en aktuellt medium. Med detta som grund har jag valt att fokusera på audioguider som ett relevant pedagogiskt verktyg. Under studien undersöks audioguiden som pedagogiskt verktyg utifrån en analys av audioguider från Nationalmuseum. Analysen blir till underlag till att utveckla en ny typ av audioguide. Under undersökningen utvecklas sedan två audioguider utifrån två skulpturer på Djurgården som är en del av Prinsessan Estelles Kulturstiftelse skulpturpark. Dessa två audioguider testas sedan på deltagare för att undersöka om det möjliggör lättillgängligare konstpedagogik för människor utanför den konstnärliga diskursen. När en utvärdering skett utvecklas dessa audioguider utifrån den feedback som kommit fram under Learning Studyn. Undersökningens resultat gestaltas sedan i en audioguide till Konstfacks vårutställning. De pedagogiska verktyg som utvecklats implementeras i denna och skapar en audioguide som har ambitionen att möjliggöra att utställningen blir mer lättillgänglig för besökarna. Audioguiden förmedlas även till besökarna genom en visuell framställning av det empiriska materialet.

This dissertation explores how social class matters in young men’s everyday relationship to digital media. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge about how young people incorporate digital media in their everyday lives by focusing on the structural premises of this process. It also presents an empirically grounded critique of popular ideas about young people as a “digital generation”, about the internet as a socially transformative force, and about class as an increasingly redundant category. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews with 34 young men (16-19 years) from different class backgrounds, upper secondary schools and study programmes. Drawing on the conceptual tools of Pierre Bourdieu, three classes are constructed: the “cultural capital rich”, the “upwardly mobile”, and the “cultural capital poor”. The analysis shows that class, through the workings of habitus, structures the young men’s relationship to school and future aspirations. This also engenders class-distinctive ways of conceiving leisure and digital media use. Through their class habitus and taste, the young men tend to orient themselves and navigate in different ways in what they perceive as a space of digital goods and practices, endowed with different symbolic value in school and society. The “cultural capital rich” are drawn to-wards practices capable of yielding symbolic profit in the field of education and beyond, whereas the other classes gravitate towards the “illegitimate” digital culture but deal with this different ways. These findings indicate that there are social and cultural continuities at play within recent technological changes. They also expose the structural differences hidden by sweeping statements about young people as a “digital generation”. Finally, they show that class, contrary to popular beliefs about “the death of class”, still represents a pertinent analytical category.

I denna uppsats undersöker vi arbete med publik på Moderna Museet och Botkyrka konsthall genom att studera vilka logiker som gör anspråk på att reglera publikarbetet. Vi vill även se om publikarbetet påverkar kulturproduktionen inom institutionerna. Publiken, i rollen av medborgaren, har stått i centrum av den svenska kulturpolitiska retoriken sedan första hälften av 1900-talet. Språket har förändrats genom åren inom kulturfältet i och med införandet av nya begrepp och begreppsförflyttningar som t.ex. medborgarperspektiv, kulturell kvalitet, deltagande, dialog, kunder, effektivisering och resultatmätning. Bakom begreppen finns det handlingslogiker som formats av olika diskurser inom det kulturella fältet. En diskurs kan i korthet förklaras som det språk genom vilket vi tyder och förhåller oss till världen. Genom diskursanalys och nyinstitutionell teori kartlägger vi hur konstprofessionella-, demokratiska-, byråkratiska- och managementlogiken styr publikarbete på Moderna Museet och Botkyrka konsthall. Vårt resultat visar att det inte är en dominerande diskurs som tar anspråk på att styra och reglera konstinstitutionernas publikarbete. Vi kan däremot se att det är många olika logiker som existerar i en institutionell pluralism. Den demokratiska logiken har ett starkt grepp om publikarbetet, men de andra logikerna påverkar även val av hur man arbetar med publikarbete. Studien visar på att det är just publikarbetet som har fått bära statens och kommunens krav på att nå nya målgrupper och arbeta för mångfald samt tillgänglighet. Publikarbetet påverkar Moderna Museets och Botkyrka konsthalls kulturproduktion på olika sätt men på båda institutionerna har arbetet med publik en viktiga roll i legitimerandet av institutionernas verksamhet. / In this paper, we examine how Moderna museet and Botkyrka konsthall work with audience, by studying which logic claim to regulate the work with audience. We also want to see if their work with audience affects the production of culture within the institutions. The audience, in the role of citizens, has been the center of the rhetoric within Swedish cultural politics since the first half of the 20th century. The language has changed over the years in the cultural field with the introduction of new concepts and concept movement, such as citizen perspective, cultural quality, participation, dialogue, customers, efficiency and performance measurement. Behind the concept is the logics formed by various discourses in the cultural field. A discourse can be explained as the language through which we interpret and relate to the world. With discourse analysis and new institutional theory, we map how art professional-, democratic-, bureaucratic- and management logic controls the audience work in Moderna museet and Botkyrka Konsthall. The result shows there is a dominant discourse that claims to control and regulate the work within public art institutions. However, many different logics exist in an institutional pluralism. The democratic logic has a strong grip on the audience work, but the other logics also affect the choice of how to work with audience. This paper shows it is precisely the work with audience that had to bear the state and community’s requirements to reach new audiences and promote diversity and accessibility. The work with audience affects Moderna Museet and Botkyrka Konsthall in their cultural production in different ways, but the two institutions have been working with audience important role in the legitimization of institutions.

This essay studies the strategic practices of art students, in terms of establishing positions as legitimate artists, within the Swedish higher educational system. Through interviews with six art students, the study explores the opportunities, limitations and definitions of value that agents with different capital compositions experience within the artistic educational field. Through qualitative interviews and cultural analysis, the essay shows examples of how the studied individuals navigate their perceived positions within the artistic field, and with what means they attempt to establish their wanted positions within that field. The study shows that by applying the theoretical framework created by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the experiences of the studied individuals relate to a greater system of power distribution, which seemingly governs over means of influence within the artistic field. This system can be found reproduced through educational institutions, such as the Swedish art schools in question. Antagonistic attempts of re-forming this institutionally governed field seem only to be coming from individuals with positions of power in general society, which points to a power structure that obstructs any pretensions on the artistic field coming from agents outside of the artistic or social elite. This essay thereby encourages further study of the arguable freedom attributed to artistic practitioners, in light of the potential creative boundaries established through institutional power.

Ungdomsarbetslöshet är idag ett omfattande samhällsproblem och ett vanligt förekommande debattämne i media. Studiens fokus ligger på hur livsvillkoren för fyra unga vuxna i åldrarna 24-26 år ser ut i relation till deras arbetslöshet, eller blivande arbetslöshet, med utgångspunkt i deras specifika livssituationer. Den teoretiska inramning som använts i studien är baserad på socialt kapital, symboliskt kapital, kulturellt kapital, habitus, livsstilar samt livsplaner. Kvalitativa intervjuer med de fyra unga vuxna, vilka samtliga har någon form av erfarenhet av arbetslöshet, utgör studiens utgångspunkt. I analysen läggs fokus på hur de påverkas av samt hanterar sin livssituation i förhållande till arbetslösheten. Analysen visar att de unga vuxna inget hellre vill än att få ett fast arbete men att de upplever att de på grund av samhälleliga begränsningar och brist på lämpligt nätverk har svårt att finna ett sådant. Framgick gjorde även att de unga vuxna ställer höga krav på sig själva i fråga om att skaffa ett arbete medan de har låga krav på hjälpinsatser från omgivningens sida. / Youth unemployment is a serious social problem and a widely discussed topic in media. The study focuses on the living conditions of four young adults between the ages of 24-26 in their capacity of being unemployed, or living with a risk of being unemployed in a near future, viewed from the life situations of the young adults. The theoretical framework of the study is based on social capital, symbolic capital, cultural capital, habitus, lifestyles and life-planning. The study is based on qualitative interviews with four young adults all having some form of experience of unemployment. In the analysis focus is given to explain how the informants discuss their life situation in relation to unemployment. The analysis shows that the informants want nothing more than to get a permanent job but experience that they due to social limitations and lack of appropriate networks are having trouble finding such. What also appeared was that the informants have high demands on themselves to find a job whilst they have low demands on support from surrounding people.

This dissertation explores how social class matters in young men’s everyday relationship to digital media. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge about how young people incorporate digital media in their everyday lives by focusing on the structural premises of this process. It also presents an empirically grounded critique of popular ideas about young people as a “digital generation”, about the internet as a socially transformative force, and about class as an increasingly redundant category. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews with 34 young men (16-19 years) from different class backgrounds, upper secondary schools and study programmes. Drawing on the conceptual tools of Pierre Bourdieu, three classes are constructed: the “cultural capital rich”, the “upwardly mobile”, and the “cultural capital poor”. The analysis shows that class, through the workings of habitus, structures the young men’s relationship to school and future aspirations. This also engenders class-distinctive ways of conceiving leisure and digital media use. Through their class habitus and taste, the young men tend to orient themselves and navigate in different ways in what they perceive as a space of digital goods and practices, endowed with different symbolic value in school and society. The “cultural capital rich” are drawn to-wards practices capable of yielding symbolic profit in the field of education and beyond, whereas the other classes gravitate towards the “illegitimate” digital culture but deal with this different ways. These findings indicate that there are social and cultural continuities at play within recent technological changes. They also expose the structural differences hidden by sweeping statements about young people as a “digital generation”. Finally, they show that class, contrary to popular beliefs about “the death of class”, still represents a pertinent analytical category.