The purpose of this study is to highlight preschool teachers’ thoughts of newly arrived children linguistics. The study is based on three issues that are created from the purpose. The study follows a qualitative approach through interviews with four preschool teachers at two different preschools in a medium-sized municipality. The teachers were employed in preschool and all worked with newly arrived children. The result showed that preschool teachers experience difficulties and obstacles in the work with the newly arrived children. Partly because they lacked education or tools to promote the children's lingustic development and also because a lack of time. Preschool teachers considered that the native lagnuage was an important part of the children's lingustic development and the results showed that the children had very different access to their native language in preschool. It also appeared that the preschool teachers used different methods, some as a conscious method of working, while others felt their way forward. The preschool teachers all agreed that children learn in interaction with other children and adults, and that was a central part of the preschool activities. / Syftet med denna studie är att belysa förskollärares tankar om att arbeta med nyanlända barns språkutveckling i det svenska språket. Studien bygger på tre frågeställningar som skapats utifrån syftet. Studien följer en kvalitativ ansats genom intervjuer med fyra förskollärare på två olika förskolor i en medelstor kommun i Sverige. Förskollärarna var verksamma inom förskolan och alla arbetade med nyanlända barn. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna upplevde svårigheter och hinder i arbetet med de nyanlända barnen. Dels för att de saknade utbildning eller verktyg för att främja barnens språkutveckling men också för att tiden inte räckte till. Förskollärarna ansåg att modersmålet var en viktig del i barnens språkutveckling och resultatet visade att barnen hade olika mycket tillgång till modersmålet i verksamheten. Det framgick även att förskollärarna använde sig av olika arbetssätt, vissa av ett medvetet arbetssätt medan andra testade sig fram. Förskollärarna var alla överens om att barn lär sig i samspelet med andra barn och vuxna och det var en central del i förskolans verksamhet.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of multilingual children to develop their mother tongue in preschool and what language developmental methods the pedagogues use to contribute to this. To answer this, the questions were broken down to investigate the availability of mother tongue support, how the pedagogues draw attention to children’s different native languages in the business, and what language developing approaches they use.   Through interviews with active pedagogues in pre-schools, the different conditions under which children are being supported in developing their mother tongue, how the mother tongue is highlighted in activities, and the different teaching methods of the pedagogues to develop children's languages is made visible. The study's results showed that pre-schools are aware of the importance of the mother tongue in language development and therefore offer the children some form of mother tongue support. They also try to help children learn each other's mother tongue and cultures to show openness to each other, but also gave examples of many different language developing ways of working.   To provide children with a language rich environment through interaction and conversation is the prerequisite for a good language development. By doing this in a language relevant for the child, pedagogues can provide support and opportunities for the child to develop their mother tongue, which facilitates secondary language learning.   The idea is to contribute knowledge and awareness about how pre-school pedagogues should and need to work with the mother tongue development of multilingual children to support the development of a second language

Sammanfattning   Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för förskollärares uppfattning och arbetsmetoder med högläsning i förskola och i förskoleklass för att bidra till att utveckla högläsning som ett pedagogiskt verktyg för barnets skriv- och språkutveckling i förskola och i förskoleklass. Det centrala i studien är vilken betydelse högläsning skapar för barn med eventuella koncentrationssvårigheter. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts och analyserats utifrån tre intervjuer, tre observationer och reflektionsfrågor till förskolelärare för att få förskolelärares uppfattning om området högläsning. Resultatet i studien visar att samtliga förskolelärare uppfattar att högläsning är ett viktigt område och är av stor betydelse för barnets språkinlärning. Samtliga förskolelärare belyser att utgångspunkten för högläsning i förskola och förskoleklass ska vara utifrån barnets intresse samt att de anser att miljön och deras egen roll är av stor vikt för att främja barnets språkutveckling.   Nyckelord: högläsning, förskola, förskoleklass, koncentrationssvårigheter, litteracitet, / Abstract   The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the perception of teachers and working methods to help develop high reading as an educational tool for the child's writing and language development in pre-school and pre-school class. The central part of the study is the importance of high reading for the child, with difficulty in concentrating and for children with difficulty in concentration. A qualitative study has been conducted and analyzed on the basis of three interviews, three observations and reflection questions for pre-school teachers to get pre-school teachers perceptions of the field of reading. The result of the study shows that all pre-school teachers perceive that reading is an important area and is of great importance for the child's language learning. All preschool teachers emphasize that the starting point for high reading in preschool and preschool class should be based on the child's interest and that they consider the environment and their own role to be of great importance in promoting the child's language development.   Keywords: reading aloud, pree – school, pree – school class, koncentration difficulties, literacy, language development och pedagogy.

The purpose of the study is to investigate what adaptations grade 4 teachers four make to language-develop in the social science classroom. This includes the challenges that may arise and support teachers they need in order to achieve anguage development goals. Using qualitative methods, in the form on interview and observation. Questions that will try to be answered are; 1. How the teachers take into account students language development in the teaching of fourth grade social sciences? 2. What are the difficulties with developing language in social science? 3.What support does the teachers consider necessary for conducting a language-developing social science education? Research has shown that language development education is contextual and is rich with opportunities for interaction. The teacher plays an important role in creatinga context that benefits students, knowledge, linguistic and personal development. However, research has also shown that many teachers lack the skills necessaryto work with language and knowledge developmentin their lessons. In this study, teachers take into account the parents' pre-knowledge and linguistic background while working with different methods based on interaction to develop the student's subject and language ability. The adaptation of different abilities was the biggest difficulty reported by most teachers. Interviewed teachers have also recognized the difficulty of developing students' school languages. According to teachers, collegial learning, language teaching and language development tools, the best basis for language education is education.

The purpose of this work is to explore how to work with early reading and writing and find out what really comes first of the two. The work also involves the best known literacy learning methods and deals with methods to work around reading and writing.   I have read previous research on the subject and watched a movie from our AV-central on children’s early language development. It includes an interview with two professors of education, Mats Myrberg and Mats Ekholm where they talk about the pros and cons of early learning literacy. My research is based on literary sources and interviews with educators who work with reading and writing in the early years.  The results showed that even if a teacher tries to work with early writing skills we still remain in the traditional school, beginning with learning how to read. The school of today is characterized by individualized learning. The need for levelled education is huge and the teachers often feel the time is insufficient.

Barn och ungdomar utvecklar sitt språk hela tiden, med vänner på fritiden och i andra sociala sammanhang och i skolans alla ämnen. Vår studie syftar till att undersöka förutsättningarna för elevers språkutveckling av det svenska språket inom ämnet svenska som andraspråk i tre grundskolor år 4-6. Vi vill även försöka förstå vilka möjligheter de här eleverna har att utveckla svenska språket från sin individuella kunskapsnivå efter den andraspråksundervisning som bedrivs på de olika skolorna, samt att synliggöra verksamma pedagogers förhållningssätt kring det språkutvecklande arbetet inom ämnet svenska som andraspråk. Våra frågeställningar är följande: • Hur organiseras undervisningen av ämnet svenska som andraspråk? • Hur bedrivs ett språkutvecklande arbete inom ämnet? • Vad anser verksamma pedagoger och svenska som andraspråkspedagoger i år 4-6, om elevernas möjligheter att utveckla sitt språk på samma villkor som elever med svenska som modersmål? För att få svar på frågorna genomförde vi dels intervjuer med svenska som andraspråkspedagoger, dels en enkätundersökning bland övriga pedagoger i år 4-6 på de berörda skolorna samt en observation vid ett undervisningstillfälle. Resultaten visar att skolorna organiserar undervisningen främst i exkluderande miljö. Fokus i undervisningen läggs på att bygga upp ett stort ordförråd för att så snabbt som möjligt ge eleverna ett basspråk och att utveckla deras kommunikativa färdigheter, vilket ger självförtroende. Pedagogers åsikter om elevers utvecklingsmöjligheter varierar mycket beroende på prioritering och synsätt på ämnets karaktär. / Young people today develop their language all the time, with friends, at home, in school and in other social contexts. The objective of this study is to investigate the condition for pupils’ language development with Swedish as a second language in three elementary schools. We also want to investigate what opportunities these pupils have to develop Swedish from their individual level of knowledge, on the basis of the language education provided in these three schools. Our study are based on these following questions: • How do schools organize education of the subject Swedish as a second language? • How do schools operate a language developed education in this subject? • What do teachers think of pupils’ opportunities to develop their language with equal conditions as a pupil with Swedish as mother tongue? The methods used are an observation in class, a questionnaire with both specific and non-specific answers and interviews with Swedish as second language-educationalists. The questionnaires have been completed by a total of 28 teachers working in the three schools of this study. We carried out three interviews with four educationalists. The results of the study show that the schools mainly organize this education in excluded environments. Focus in the education is to build, as quickly as possible, a large vocabulary so the pupils can develop their communication skills, which will make their self-confidence better. Teachers’ opinions of pupils’ opportunities to develop their language vary a lot depending on how the different schools approach the subject’s characteristics and how they choose to prioritize.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att analysera tvåspråkighet med fokus på andraspråk, modersmål och interaktion. Vi ville också undersöka hur dessa effekter påverkar elevens utveckling och kommunikation i klassrummet. Dagens skola har blivit en kulturell mötesplats för både elever och lärare där flerspråkigheten utvecklas. Interaktion i skolan är en viktig faktor för att alla elever ska känna en gemenskap i klassrummet. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av forskning om tvåspråkighet undersöka hur tvåspråkighet påverkar elevernas kunskapsutveckling. Vi använde oss av sociokulturella perspektivet och interkulturella perspektivet för att få svar på våra frågeställningar. Vi har valt att göra studien systematisk där vi har formulerade frågor som kommer besvaras systematiskt genom att analysera relevanta studier från tidigare forskning. Studien är utförd på både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt sätt. Vi använde oss av totalt 13 artiklar som vi samlat empiri från. Tvåspråkigheten är en positiv process och den skapar en balans mellan skolspråket och modersmålet. Materialet vi har hittat består till stor del av internationellt forskning och en hel del svenska forskare som fokuserar på ämnet, tvåspråkiga elever. Bland materialet har vi vetenskapliga artiklar, avhandlingar och ett fåtal forskningsrapporter som rör ämnet. Resultaten visar att tvåspråkighet har en positiv effekt på elevernas lärande samt att det gynnar kunskapsutvecklingen hos eleverna. Sökord: blingual children, andraspråksinlärning, bilingualism, svenska som andraspråk, modersmål, mother tongue, language development, integration

The purpose of the survey was to identify which methods primary teachers are using and see as success factors in the language development. To study which factors came from a sociocultural approach to learning, in order to develop and create discussions and improvements so that second language learners reach their targets. The study is based on three teachers' teaching of second language students in the primary grades, using qualitative interviews and observations of their work. The results revealed that the organization and support resources are significant and can vary between schools in the same municipality. Furthermore it showed that two of the teachers interviewed, felt that it was difficult to teach second language students. They felt that they had insufficient knowledge, a heavy workload, a lack of time and they expressed both powerlessness and frustration. The conclusion of the study is that teachers, teaching second language students in the primary grades, did not believe in the use of just one method in their teaching, but used combined various methods. Several of these methods are based on a sociocultural approach, which reflected their vision and attitude to the learning process.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of concept building process in 2D geometry. The topic is aimed at preschoolers and school-aged children. The theoretical part describes the stages of human development and the cognitive stages of development. Then there are characterized the term concept, the concept building process and the stages of the language development in mathematics. The following part describes two theories about the building knowledge in Maths and the levels of thinking in geometry according to the van Hiele model. The last one chapter of this part describes the geometry curriculum within the primary school education. The method of qualitative research - participated observation - was used for the practical part. This part describes the research that consists of seven experiments. The aim of the experiments was to observe the development of children's and pupils' ideas about 2D geometric shapes. Many activities were prepared for the research. On the basis of the activities reflection the activities were changed or completed. The experiments are described by means of the phenomena that appeared. The phenomena are important for the describing the concept building process of 2D geometric shapes - a square, a circle, a rectangle, a triangle. The information from research is compared...

Abstract This study examined Finnish children’s narrative skills using a picture-based story generation task. 4- to 8-year-old children with typical development (n = 172), 5- to 7-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) (n = 19) and 5- to 10-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 16) participated in the study. Linguistic (productivity, syntactic complexity, grammatical accuracy) and pragmatic (referential accuracy, event content, mental state expressions, discourse features, and story comprehension) measures were used so as to gain a comprehensive picture of narrative skills. The choice of measures was based on the narrative abilities of the participants, and not all measures were used with all participants. In typically developing children, a subtle development trend was seen in all the measures used, but significant differences between consecutive age-groups were mostly seen in younger participants. The relationship between narrative productivity measures and event content was found to be important. The number of different word tokens was, in particular, useful in explaining the event content. For children with SLI, the linguistic and pragmatic aspects of narration were demanding. Their stories were short and contained less information than those of their control. Their referential and grammatical accuracy was also poorer than among typically developing children, and they showed difficulties in expressing the mental states of the story characters and in story comprehension. Children with ASD produced narratives with an almost similar linguistic structure to those of their control children. However, children with ASD showed difficulties in the pragmatic aspect of narration, in establishing informative story content and in story comprehension. They also tended to include irrelevant information in their stories, which was not seen to that extent in cases of typical development. This dissertation shows a development in 4- to 8-year-olds’ narratives that seems to occur around the ages of 4 and 5. Narrative difficulties seem to be related to both SLI and ASD, but are more wide-ranging in SLI, whereas in ASD difficulties focus on the pragmatic aspects of narration. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, millaiset ovat suomalaislasten kuvasarjakerronnan avulla arvioidut kerrontataidot. Tutkimukseen osallistui 4–8-vuotiaita tyypillisesti kehittyneitä lapsia (n = 172), 5–7-vuotiaita lapsia, joilla on kielellinen erityisvaikeus (SLI) (n = 19) ja 5–10-vuotiaita lapsia, joilla on autismikirjon häiriö (ASD) (n = 16). Tutkimuksessa käytettiin lingvistisiä (produktiivisuus, syntaksin monipuolisuus, kieliopillinen tarkkuus) ja pragmaattisia (viittaussuhteiden tarkkuus, tapahtumasisältö, mielentilailmaukset, diskurssipiirteet, kertomuksen ymmärtäminen) muuttujia, jotta kerrontataidoista saadaan kokonaisvaltainen kuva. Kaikkia muuttujia ei käytetty kaikkien tutkittavien kesken, vaan tutkimusmenetelmien valinta perustui tutkittavien kerronnan piirteisiin. Tyypillisesti kehittyvien lasten kerrontataidot kehittyivät kaikkien käytettyjen muuttujien osalta, mutta peräkkäisissä ikäryhmissä merkitsevä muutos havaittiin vain nuorempien ikäryhmien välillä. Kerronnan produktiivisuuden ja tapahtumasisällön välillä havaittiin yhteys, ja erityisesti eri saneiden määrä oli merkitsevä tapahtumasisällön selittäjä. Kerronnan lingvistinen ja pragmaattinen hallinta oli haastavaa lapsille, joilla on SLI. Heidän kertomuksensa olivat pituudeltaan, tapahtumasisällöltään ja mielentilailmauksiltaan niukempia sekä viittaussuhteiltaan epätarkempia kuin tyypillisesti kehittyvien lasten kertomukset. Lapset, joilla on SLI, tuottivat enemmän kieliopillisia virheitä kuin kontrollilapset, ja myös tarinan ymmärtäminen oli heille haastavaa. Kertomuksen lingvistinen rakenne oli likimain samankaltainen tyypillisesti kehittyneillä lapsilla ja lapsilla, joilla on ASD. Lapset, joilla on ASD, tuottivat tapahtumasisällöltään niukempia kertomuksia kuin kontrollilapset, ja lisäksi heidän tarinansa sisälsivät irrelevanttia tietoa. Kertomuksen ymmärtäminen oli myös vaikeaa lapsille, joilla on ASD. Tutkimus osoittaa, että 4–8-vuotiaiden kerrontataidoissa on kehitystä, mikä vaikuttaa olevan aktiivista erityisesti 4–5 ikävuoden aikana. Kerronnan vaikeudet ovat kielellisessä erityisvaikeudessa laaja-alaisia, kun taas autismikirjossa vaikeudet näkyvät ennemmin kerronnan pragmaattisessa hallinnassa.