La présente thèse s'intéresse à la systématisation des menaces d'annulation des permis de construire. Elle a pour objet d'analyser la réalité des recours abusifs devant le juge administratif français. Le phénomène de multiplication des recours abusifs pose le problème de l'instrumentalisation du juge par des requérants malveillants. Cette instrumentalisation transforme le prétoire en une sorte de marché juridictionnel et se traduit en pratique par des coûts contentieux et transactionnels de plus en plus lourds pour les bénéficiaires d'autorisation d'urbanisme. Des instruments de régulation procédurale existent mais sont apparus insuffisants jusqu'à la réforme du contentieux d'urbanisme de 2013. Cette réforme apporte des solutions innovantes. L'optimisme pousse à croire que ces mesures seront efficaces, mais un brin de pessimisme conduit à l'analyse d'autres solutions. Ainsi, le but de cette thèse est, d'une part, d'analyser les écueils actuels qui ont conduit à l'insécurité des bénéficiaires d'autorisation d'urbanisme et, d'autre part, d'analyser la pertinence des instruments juridiques régissant le droit de l'urbanisme avec un focus particulier sur les apports de la réforme des procédures contentieuses en urbanisme de 2013. / The present dissertation is interested in the systematization of the threats of construction authorizations cancellation. This discussion examines the reality of overuses of the right of individual recourse in order to examine issues which could enhance the legal certainty of construction authorizations. The rapid growth of the overused recourses number leads to the manipulation of the law and of the judge. This transforms the courtroom in an odd market where the judge is the tool of a bad regulation. The result is significant. The reason for that is very simple: litigation is quite expensive and amicable settlements too. However, regulatory measures exist but they are not effective. The 2013 reform brought several innovative changes. Optimism leads us to believe these changes will be effective. But a more pessimistic viewpoint leads to highlight the other solutions. Hence, the purpose of this thesis work is to analyze the obstacles and limits of the existing tools which have led to insecure construction authorizations. Furthermore, it aims to analyze the relevance of existing legal instruments in urban planning law.

Syftet med studien var att med kvalitativ forskningsmetod undersöka vilka tankar och attityder individer ur civilsamhället som varit utsatta för eller bevittnat ett brott och sakkunniga inom rättsväsendet har kring fenomenet anonyma vittnen. Vi ämnade även undersöka om en tillämpning av anonyma vittnen i svenska domstolar skulle förändra respondenternas syn på sin egen benägenhet att vittna. Slutligen undersökte studien om respondenterna upplevde att rättssäkerheten skulle komma att påverkas om det svenska rättsväsendet skulle tillåta anonyma vittnen. Tio personer intervjuades, varav hälften var anställda av rättsväsendet och hälften var civila utanför rättsväsendet. Intervjudatan analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att respondenterna från civilsamhället i stort var positiva till att fullfölja sin vittnesplikt så länge det inte fanns någon hotbild. Förekom det en hotbild skulle de endast kunna tänka sig att vittna anonymt. Resultatet visade vidare att majoriteten av respondenterna från rättsväsendet ansåg att rättssystemet var eftersatt när det kom till att bekämpa den grova och organiserade brottsligheten. Några respondenter menade att anonyma vittnen kunde vara en väg att gå för att göra samhället mer rättssäkert då vittnesplikten i vissa fall spelat ut sin roll. Resultatet visade även att både respondenter från civilsamhället och rättsväsendet ansåg att det fanns utmaningar i praktiken med en tillämpning av anonyma vittnen. Båda grupperna kunde peka på både rättspsykologiska och juridiska fördelar och nackdelar med anonyma vittnen.Slutsatsen är att anonyma vittnen kan göra att benägenheten att vittna ökar från civilsamhällets sida. Det finns en möjlighet att anonyma vittnen kan göra samhället både mer rättssäkert och mindre rättssäkert. Det är ett ämne som bör undersökas mer noggrant genom att väga både fördelar och nackdelar. / With the help of a qualitative research method the purpose of the study was to analyze the thoughts and attitudes of the general public (who have been exposed to/or witnessed a crime) as well as experts in the judicial system, regarding the phenomenon of anonymous witnesses. We also intended to examine whether an application of ‘anonymous witnesses’ in Swedish courts would make the respondents more or less inclined to testify. Finally, the study would examine whether the respondents felt that legal certainty would be affected if the Swedish judicial system allowed anonymous witnesses. Ten people were interviewed, half of whom were employees of the judiciary and half were civilians outside the judiciary. The interview data was analyzed with thematic analysis. The result showed that the general public was positive to testify as long as there was no threat scenario. If there was a threat scenario, they would only consider testifying anonymously. The result also showed that the majority of respondents from the judiciary felt that the legal system was neglected when it came to fight the major and organized crime. Some argued that anonymous witnesses could be an approach to make society more legally certain as the obligation to testify in some cases no longer is needed. The results also showed that both respondents from the general public and the judiciary considered it to be a challenge when using anonymous witnesses in practice. Both groups could point to both psychological and legal benefits and disadvantages of anonymous witnesses.The conclusion is that anonymous witnesses can make the general public’s propensity to witness increase. There is a possibility that anonymous witnesses can make society both more legally certain and less legally certain and it should be subject to closer examination by weighing both advantages and disadvantages against each other.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att granska rättssäkerheten i tillämpningen av mål om ekonomiskt bistånd enligt 4 kap. 1 § Socialtjänstlagen i förvaltningsdomstolarna, med fokus på Förvaltningsrätten i Stockholm. Studien visar att överklagandefrekvensen har ökat under åren 2013–2018 i alla förvaltningsrätter och att ändringsfrekvensen var 11 procent. Väldigt få mål fick prövningstillstånd i kammarrätterna och i Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen och under en procent av målen fick bifall.Till Förvaltningsrätten i Stockholm överklagades drygt två procent av socialtjänstens avslagsbeslut om ekonomiskt bistånd, vilket kan jämföras med andelen överklaganden av socialförsäkringsmål som var 43 procent. Av besluten som överklagades fick tre procent av de klagande bifall. En närmare granskning av 100 domar från Förvaltningsrätten i Stockholm år 2018 visade att störst chans att få bifall har de mål som handlar om vad som är ett behov enligt Socialtjänstlagen. De mål som rör att den klagande själv anses kunna tillgodose behovet eller inte anses medverka i utredningen hade minst chans att få bifall. Förekomst av bevis samvarierade med bifall för båda parter. Vilka de klagande är eller om barn finns i hushållet påverkade inte utfallet och barns behov belystes inte alls. Vilken enhet och domare hos Förvaltningsrätten som dömt i målet samvarierade också med utfallet.Analysen utifrån rättssäkerhet visar att den ur ett formellt perspektiv är hög. De flesta fick avslag och besluten var därmed förutsebara. Rättssäkerheten minskade dock genom utfallets samvariation med vilken enhet och domare som dömt. Ur ett materiellt perspektiv på rättssäkerhet innebar 71 procent av avslagen att den enskilde inte tillförsäkrades en skälig levnadsnivå. Krav ställdes på den klagande som gjorde att bedömningen kom att handla om vad den klagande kunde ha gjort för att tillgodose behovet själv, inte huruvida denne faktiskt kunde det. Detta tillsammans med att högre beviskrav eventuellt ställdes i dessa mål gör att rättssäkerheten ur ett materiellt perspektiv kan ifrågasättas.

The European Union was devised to promote competition in the international market environment and ensure balanced allocation of fiscal and political requirements of the Member States. Globalization has led to enabling tax environments through granting of tax benefits by EU Member jurisdictions intended to promote competition in attracting foreign investment, trade, and development. Multinational Corporations may often exploit these tax benefits through various tax arrangement provisions causing a loss of tax revenue. The European Commission is implored to oversee the tax ruling granted by the Member States that is distortionary to the internal market. The Notion of State aid rule Article 107(1) TFEU is adopted as part of the mechanism to combat distortions that leads to tax evasion and harmful tax competition.  This research is intended to analyse the Commission and the General Court’s approach to demonstrate illegal or unlawful State aid through varied and adaptive methodology to tackle emerging complex tax arrangements provisions of Multinational Corporations, notably the Amazon and Engie recent cases. This paper also discusses the identification of potential conflict of laws between the relevant general system of legal rule of the domestic tax legislation and EU Law. Specifically with regards to the determination of whether a tax benefit confers a tax advantage and subsequently if that advantage is deemed selective in nature in a transfer of financial asset undertaking under a certain domestic law. The dynamics of potential abuse of law and aid recovery with the general tax principle of Legality will also be explored.

Lors des travaux de la Commission du droit international relatifs aux actes unilatéraux des États, le rapporteur spécial a nié que le silence puisse être qualifié de manifestation de la volonté étatique. Rien dans la théorie de l’acte juridique ne justifie pourtant cette position. L’étude de la pratique révèle en outre que, selon les cas, le silence étatique peut être qualifié de refus ou d’acquiescement et qu’il joue un rôle fondamental dans la formation, l’interprétation ou la modification des rapports de droit interétatiques. En effet, dans la mesure où, en droit international, il revient aux États d’apprécier le bien-fondé ou la légalité du comportement de leurs pairs, l’objectif de la sécurité juridique impose de retenir la pertinence légale de leur silence. Cet objectif, sous ses diverses facettes, constitue la raison d’être de l’attribution d’un effet légal au silence et permet ainsi une systématisation des hypothèses très variées où il pèse sur les États une « charge de réagir ». Selon la situation face à laquelle il est appréhendé, le silence permet ainsi d’assurer la détermination actuelle ou future des rapports de droit.L’étude des conditions nécessaires à la production de l’effet attribué au silence révèle par ailleurs que le droit positif consacre la possibilité théorique d’y voir un acte juridique. Pour que son silence produise des effets, le droit international exige toujours que l’État ait été libre de réagir et qu’il ait eu connaissance de la situation qui le rendait pertinent. En outre, les régimes de la preuve de la connaissance et de l’existence du silence ne justifient pas nécessairement la dénonciation du caractère honteusement fictif de l’explication volontariste des phénomènes en cause. Il n’y a, en toute hypothèse, aucune fiction juridique à qualifier le silence en tant qu’acte juridique / . During the work of the International Law Commission regarding Unilateral Acts of States, the Special Rapporteur denied that State’s silence could be qualified as a manifestation of its will. Nevertheless,no theoretical reason justifies this position. The study of the practice reveals more over that, as the casemay be, State’s silence can be qualified as refusal or as acquiescence and that it plays a fundamental role in the formation, the interpretation or the modification of legal interstate relations. Indeed, since it is the State’s prerogative to appreciate the legality of the behavior of others States, legal certainty imposes to hold the legal relevance of their silence. Under its diverse facets, this objective constitutes the raison d’être of the effect attributed to silence and thus allows a systematization of the various hypothesis in which it is taken into account. Depending on the situation to which it reacts, silence ensures the current or future determination of legal relations. Furthermore, the study of the conditions necessary for the production of the silence’s effects reveals that positive law consecrates the theoretical possibility of qualifying silence as a legal act. International law requires, in order toattribute an effect to silence, that the silent State was free to react and had knowledge of the situation that made his silence legally relevant. Moreover, the rules governing the proof of the knowledge and of the existence of silence do not necessarily justify the criticism towards the fictive character of the voluntarist explanation of the phenomena. There is, in any event, no legal fiction in qualifying silenceas a legal act.

This thesis deals with analysis of EU rules on entry and residence on the territory of Member States. These rules are described from the perspective of different groups of people, EU citizens, citizens of EFTA Member States, family members or citizens of Turkey, and also from the perspective of Member States participating in the Schengen Border Area and Member States outside this Area. The core of this thesis consist is the analysis of four key EU rules in this field, namely the Border Code (Regulation 562/2002), the Visa Code (Regulation 810/2009), the 539/2001 Regulation and the 2004/38 Directive, as well as relevant case law of the Court of Justice, that influences the interpretation of the rules in hand significantly. The rules are also assessed from the point of view of principles of legal certainty and legitimacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Kauffman.pdf: 558314 bytes, checksum: a11f7ba679b42a7710f6881e2916be06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-12 / This study aims to analyze the legal and modulation, to verify that the application of the "modulation" provides legal certainty for jurisdictional. Toward that goal, first we aimed at analyzing the role of the judiciary in a democratic state of law. We note that in the modern state, there is no longer a reporting relationship between the political system and legal and that the Judiciary itself as a neutral power capable of guaranteeing the dictates of the Constitution and ensure the fundamental rights of citizens under the aegis of the legality and morality. Legal certainty, we note that from the moment the standard judicial becomes repeatable for similar cases, has emerged as a consolidated jurisprudential understanding, the article approaches the legal norm, but settled case law is not law. Seek in our work show that certainty is a overprinciple, i.e, a principle of overlevel, loaded axiological high and requires other principles for their definition. One consequence of legal certainty that this work will explore the retroactivity of the law, which is closely related to the principle of legality, since it means that the law should be applied to the case is the law in force at the time of occurrence of and the law. If there is some kind of change in position of superior courts, which leads to change its interpretation of the Constitution and laws, such change may not be effective retroactively, on pain of hurt, among other constitutional rules, the objective good faith of courts which relied on the hitherto prevailing law. This is one of the guarantees of legal certainty in the democratic state of law / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a segurança jurídica e a modulação, para verificar se a aplicação da modulação proporciona segurança jurídica aos jurisdicionados. Em busca deste objetivo, primeiramente buscamos analisar o papel do Poder Judiciário no Estado Democrático de Direito. Verificamos que, no Estado moderno, não cabe mais uma relação de hierarquia entre o sistema político e o jurídico e que o Poder Judiciário se apresenta como um Poder neutro, apto a garantir os ditames da Constituição da República e a assegurar os direitos fundamentais do cidadão, sob a égide da legalidade e da moralidade públicas. Quanto à segurança jurídica, constatamos que, a partir do momento em que a norma judicial passa a ser repetível para os casos idênticos, firmando-se assim um entendimento jurisprudencial consolidado, essa norma aproxima-se da norma legal, mas jurisprudência consolidada não é lei. Procuraremos no nosso trabalho mostrar que a segurança jurídica é um sobreprincípio, ou seja, um princípio de sobrenível, com carga axiológica elevada e que necessita de outros princípios para sua definição. Um dos corolários da segurança jurídica que exploraremos neste trabalho será o da irretroatividade do direito, que está intimamente relacionado ao princípio da legalidade, já que se entende que a lei que deve ser aplicada ao caso é a lei em vigor à época da ocorrência do fato. Se houver algum tipo de alteração de posicionamento das Cortes superiores, que acarrete alteração de sua interpretação da Constituição e das leis, tal mudança não poderá ter eficácia retroativa, sob pena de ferir-se, entre outros cânones constitucionais, a boa-fé objetiva do jurisdicionado que confiou na, até então, jurisprudência predominante. Essa é uma das garantias da segurança jurídica no Estado Democrático de Direito

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osvaldo Ferreira de Carvalho.pdf: 2625445 bytes, checksum: 89eda0d1f8d858e66f6918a8811b91b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / This master's thesis focuses on the legal certainty and efficiency of basic social rights. Argued that all social rights create legal positions favorable to allow individuals to whom from the constitutional norm, independently of any legislative exercise immediately bringing benefits to them are the object. Fundamental social rights, once they have obtained some degree of achievement will be, while ensuring institutional and subjective right. Because of this, it was shown that the prohibition of social regression can be considered one of the consequences of legal-subjective perspective of fundamental social rights in its size prestational in this context, assuming the condition of real rights of defense against measures to stamp setback, whose purpose is the elimination or reduction. Social rights are not denied the nature of fundamental rights with legally and fully effective, that is, full potential of completion, there is, therefore, a primacy of individual rights over social rights. The protection and effectiveness of basic social rights can only be achieved when a minimum of legal certainty, because this requires a guarantee of certain stability of legal relations and the order Legal. Besides the establishment of social rights alongside the rights of freedom, there is an appreciation of the idea of social solidarity and subsidiarity, similar to the consolidation and deepening of political democracy. It is that, currently, the elements of sociality and democracy have become inseparable in the State Constitution. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como foco a segurança jurídica e a eficácia dos direitos sociais fundamentais. Sustenta-se que todos os direitos sociais fundamentais geram posições jurídicas favoráveis aos indivíduos aos quais possibilitam a partir da norma constitucional e independentemente de qualquer interposição legislativa o exercício imediato das prestações que lhes constituem o objeto. Os direitos sociais fundamentais, uma vez que tenham obtido determinado grau de realização passam a constituir, simultaneamente, garantia institucional e direito subjetivo. Em razão disso, aponta-se que a proibição de retrocesso social pode ser considerada uma das consequências da perspectiva jurídico subjetiva dos direitos sociais fundamentais na sua dimensão prestacional que, neste contexto, assumem a condição de verdadeiros direitos de defesa contra medidas de cunho retrocessivo, que tenham por finalidade a sua eliminação ou redução. Aos direitos sociais não são negados a natureza de direitos fundamentais com força jurídica e plena eficácia, isto é, plena potencialidade de realização; não existindo, pois, uma primazia dos direitos individuais sobre os direitos sociais. A proteção e a eficácia dos direitos sociais fundamentais apenas serão possíveis quando estiver assegurado um mínimo de segurança jurídica, pois esta pressupõe a garantia de certa estabilidade das relações jurídicas e da própria ordem jurídica. Para além da consagração dos direitos sociais ao lado dos direitos de liberdade, assiste-se a uma valorização da ideia de solidariedade social e de subsidiariedade, semelhantemente à consolidação e aprofundamento da democracia política. Destaca-se que, atualmente, os elementos da socialidade e da democracia tornaram-se indissociáveis no âmbito do Estado Constitucional.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Guilherme Arrais.pdf: 777231 bytes, checksum: 668eb71619f840e250d332e46b1cc0d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / The intention of this dissertation is to get a general view about the last day of the limitation period in fiscal execution actions, describing, this way, the legal and jurisprudential scenario. It is justified for the needs of knowing the future behavior expected by the receiver of the norm, and the legal certainty inherent in law. Based on an assumption that law is a text belonging to the communicacional system, we assume that the norms must carry their message until the receiver of the communication. Likewise, we understand that the hierarchy of laws must be respected, by the supremacy of the Constitution compared to the others norms about this subject. The logical positivism is used as the methodological approach, especially Professor Paulo de Barros Carvalho theory. The result is an objective and logical analyses of the subject, and the correct identification of the problems of the law text used nowadays / Busca-se traçar um panorama geral sobre o ad quem do prazo prescricional em sede de execução fiscal, descrevendo, para tanto, o correspondente atual cenário legislativo e jurisprudencial. A justificativa para o presente estudo baseia-se no conhecimento da conduta futura do sujeito passivo disciplinada pela norma, e o alcance da segurança jurídica a ser propiciada pelo ordenamento. Para tanto, parte-se do pressuposto de que o direito é texto imerso em um sistema comunicacional por excelência, o que atrai o necessário e efetivo conhecimento de sua mensagem pelos sujeitos da comunicação. Outrossim, entende-se que o texto jurídico submete-se ao postulado da hierarquia, com a supremacia das normas constitucionais sobre as demais normas que disciplinam o assunto. A abordagem se dá através do panorama do neopositivismo lógico, adotado e desenvolvido pelo Professor Paulo de Barros Carvalho aqui no Brasil, o que propicia uma análise objetiva e lógica dos textos normativos sobre o tema e a correta identificação de todos os vícios existentes na linguagem hoje utilizada

En une décennie, le Conseil d’État a profondément modifié les termes de la contestation juridictionnelle des contrats des personnes publiques. À une politique de stabilisation formelle de la chose contractée, agissant sur l’accès au juge du contrat, a succédé une politique de stabilisation matérielle. Le recul du principe d’irrecevabilité des conclusions d’annulation dirigées contre le contrat s’est accompagné d’une rigidification du prononcé de l’annulation. La mise en évidence d’une irrégularité propre à justifier la disparition rétroactive du contrat de l’acte a été volontairement compliquée.Chaque étape de l’instance est affectée par le phénomène de stabilisation. À tous les moments de l’examen du contrat, des techniques juridictionnelles sont susceptibles d’écarter le risque d’annulation rétroactive de l’acte. En cela, la stabilisation est transversale.La doctrine a maintes fois souligné ses manifestations au stade de la sanction du contrat. Dorénavant, en présence d’une irrégularité, le juge du contrat dispose de pouvoirs de sanction différenciés et adaptés à la gravité du vice. En conséquence, le contrat vicié n’est plus nécessairement exposé à l’annulation. Les pouvoirs de sanction qui autorisent un maintien partiel ou total du contrat irrégulier sont caractéristiques de la stabilisation palliative. Mais le conditionnement du régime de l’action contentieuse affecte également l’examen juridictionnel stricto sensu. Le droit de critique du contrat s’exerce à présent dans un périmètre plus réduit qu’auparavant. C’est ainsi que d’autres procédés juridictionnels agissent sur la caractérisation de l’irrégularité. Ils ont pour effet de repousser la déclaration d’irrégularité. Dans cette perspective, la stabilisation est préventive.L’ouvrage propose une étude d’ensemble du phénomène stabilisateur. Suivant la chronologie du procès fait au contrat, la stabilisation préventive est appréhendée avant la stabilisation palliative du contrat. / Within a decade, the Conseil d’Etat deeply changed the terms of the judicial complaints towards public persons’ contracts. A policy of substantive stabilization replaced a former policy of formal stabilization of the res contracted – which was influencing the access to the judge of the contract. The decline of the rule of inadmissibility of the claims for anulment towards the contract came together with a tensioning on the anulment sentencing. The claim for an irregularity justifying the contract retroactive disappearence has been intentionally complicated.Each step of the proceedings is impacted by the phenomenon of stabilization. At each moment of the contract examination, judicial techniques are likely to eliminate the risk of retroactive anulment of the contract. This shows that the stabilization is transversal. Legal doctrine showed many times those occurrences at the step of the penalty on the contract. From now on, facing an irregularity, the judge of the contract may use some powers of penalty, quite different and adapted to the seriousness ouf the irregularity. Thus, the irregular contract is not necessarily supposed to be anulled. Powers of penalty that allow a partial or global maintenance of an irregular contract are typical examples of a palliative stabilization. But the conditioning of the legal action system also impacts the strictly speaking judicial examination of the contract. The right to contest the contract may now be exercised in a more reduced scope. In this way, other legal processes act on the charcaterisation of the irregularity. The serve to reject the statement of irregularity. From this perspective, this is a preventive stabilization.This work provides an overview study of the stabilization phenomenon. Regarding the timeline of the contract trial, the preventive stabilization will is first presented, before the palliative one.