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71	日本對湄公區域之援助外交研究：以泰國為例 / Japan's ODA policy in Mekong subregion : a case study of Thailand 邱妗榆, Chiu, Chin Yu Unknown Date (has links) 「政府開發援助」長期以來在日本對外關係的經營被視為是舉足輕重的政策工具。本研究認為「政府開發援助」在本質上牽涉到國家利益與國際公益的辯論，為了進一步分析日本援外政策在東南亞的實踐，本研究擬將國家利益與國際公益進行類型化分析，並且以「國家利益的在地化」作為研究途徑，觀察日本如何將國家利益發展成國際公益，並且透過國際公益的轉化，結合在地的國家利益，實施對外援助的兩階段過程。本研究嘗試著將兩階段的過程對應到日本東南亞外交政策的發展脈絡上，發現日本的東南亞政策歷經「信任醞釀期」、「擴大合作期」與「深化協力期」三項主要轉折。從政策發展脈絡中，可以發現日本對於援外政策的理念驅動政策的變遷，不同時期的援外政策代表著不同的國家利益，而國家利益的形塑則來自於不同時期日本對東南亞的認識與關注。在當前日本東南亞政策的討論中，本研究發現日本所組建的「日本-湄公協力」是一套以對話形塑理念的多邊機制。上述機制突破傳統以雙邊關係為基礎的援助關係，顯示日本逐漸採行區域開發的整體形式，將自身的外交作為與存在感融入區域開發議程中，進而強化日本、湄公區域乃至於東協十國的全方位連結。本論文認為援助在日本的外交層面、貿易層面以及國家品牌的建構上，扮演至關重要的角色。從次區域的角度來看，跨域援助的實現是強化與東南亞交往的重要政策工具，不僅有助於日本建構區域論述權、持續主導區域開發議程，更能將區域的成長動能轉化為日本國內產業升級、培養高層人際網絡的政治資源。日本在亞洲所樹立的援助模式與轉型，尤其值得臺灣參考。 / Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been an important tool of Japan’s foreign policy. This thesis argues that ODA involves with the debate on national interests and international welfare. For observing the practice of Japan’s foreign aid in Southeast Asia, this research conducts classification analysis. First, national interests and international interests are defined respectively. Second, “localization of national interests” approach is used to observe the process in which national interests are transformed into international interests by integrating local concerns into the original targets. Two phases above correspond into the development of Japan’s Southeast Asia policy, which could be separated into three stages, including “trust-building stage”, “cooperation-enhancing stage” and “cooperation-deepening stage”. These policy variations are motivated by Japan’s concept on ODA, shaped by Japan’s perception towards Southeast Asia. Japan-Mekong Cooperation is a multilateral mechanism to shape shared idea through dialogues. The Japan-Mekong Cooperation suggests Japan’s holistic approach on regional development issues to increase its presence in the region. Furthermore, it could be a basis to strengthen the connections between Japan and ASEAN member states. Japan's ODA plays important roles in its diplomacy, trade and construction of Japan’s national brand. From sub-region perspective, Japan’s aid is also an important policy leverage to strengthen its relations with related states, to establish its discourse power in the region, and to upgrade Japanese domestic industries. Japan’s aid paradigm could be a useful experience for policy makers in Taiwan. 援助外交政府開發援助國家利益與國際公益日本-湄公協力 Aid Diplomacy ODA Japan-Mekong Cooperation
72	Le rôle des villes frontalières de la vallée du Mékong dans la stratégie thaïlandaise de commandement de la région du Grand Mékong / Mekong valley bordertowns' role in Thailand strategy of commandment of the Mekong region Lainé, Elsa-Xuân 06 December 2013 (has links) Les villes frontalières thaïlandaises et leurs doublets urbains laotiens sont engagés depuis les années 1990 dans un processus d’internationalisation. Ce dernier, lié à l’intégration transnationale promue par la coopération régionale, se caractérise notamment par l’augmentation du nombre d’acteurs internationaux qui conjuguent, à l’échelle urbaine, leurs stratégies à celles des autorités centrales et locales. Dans ce contexte de régionalisation de la mondialisation, ces petites villes, jusqu’alors à l’écart des flux en raison de leur position périphérique par rapport aux têtes de réseaux, se voient dotées de fonctions inédites en support de l’intégration régionale. Leur organisation spatiale se trouve ainsi reconfigurée avec l’apparition de nouvelles formes internationalisées, comme les infrastructures de transport transfrontalières ou les zones économiques en tête de pont. L’étude à l’échelle urbaine montre cependant que ces formes varient de part et d’autre du Mékong en raison de contextes nationaux et de stratégies d’acteurs différenciés. De la même manière, les interactions à l’échelle des doublons urbains chevauchant la frontière internationale et situés sur les corridors économiques de la Région du Grand Mékong diffèrent, créant des configurations allant de la juxtaposition de villes à l’émergence de systèmes urbains transnationaux. Ces villes frontalières représentent donc à la fois une échelle d’analyse privilégiée pour l’étude des dynamiques contemporaines de la régionalisation affectant, à différents degrés et selon des rythmes variables, les villes d’Asie du Sud-Est, mais aussi un outil des gouvernements pour renforcer l’intégration nationale et régionale. / The implementation of regional cooperation frameworks such as the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in the 1990s is likely to give more functions to cities located near or on the international borders. Under this economic and institutional context, Thai bordertowns, which are third-rank cities, and their counterparts in Laos, are transformed by an internationalization process, characterized by rising cross-border flows, the empowerment of transnational stakeholders, the emergence of unprecedented urban functions and the creation of new internationalized forms (such as cross-border transport infrastructures or special economic zones). Spatial organization at the urban scale suggests however that these dynamics differ on each side of the border, resulting from diverse national backgrounds and actors’ strategies. Furthermore, the various types of interactions between the so-called “twin cities”, located on the Mekong border and on economic corridors under the GMS cooperation framework, produce different scales of integration, from cross-border to emerging transnational urban systems. Studying these cities represents a way of understanding the ongoing process of regionalization in South-East Asia and shows that the latter is not only affecting first-rank metropolis, but second or third-rank cities as well. These bordertowns’ internationalization raises thus strategic issues for governments and local authorities and represents a strategic tool for national and regional integration control. Villes frontalières Villes doublons Intégration transnationale Internationalisation Gouvernance urbaine Régionalisation Région du Grand Mékong Corridor économique Bordertowns Second and third-rank cities Internationalization process Regionalization Crossborder and transnational dynamics Greater Mekong subregion Economic corridors
73	中國水資源策略：以湄公河次區域為例 / China water resoures strategy - A study of Greater Mekong Subregion 曹燕如, Tsao, Yen Ju Unknown Date (has links) 水資源是人類生存及文明延續關鍵，雖然海洋佔有地球表面積約百分之七十，但可直接供應人類生養淡水卻極為有限。隨著世界人口持續增長、工商業發展迅速，全球水資源需求量不斷攀升，加以時空分配不均、氣候變遷等因素，引發旱澇災情加劇，進而威脅民生用水、農漁糧食、疾病衛生、社區遷徙及能源供應等安全，導致國家政經社會動盪，尤其是人口密集的亞洲地區多屬開發中國家，仰賴水資源獲取足夠糧食及經濟發展所需能源，再者，亞洲地區數條重要江河跨越數個國家地域，連接維繫流域內國家命脈及利益，惟各國對於國際河流治理政策及目標卻存在紛歧差異性而屢生爭議、矛盾，因此，國際河流所涉及水資源問題具有重要性及複雜性，若未能妥適紓解，則可能引發國際衝突而危及國家安全。 2009年中國水資源最豐沛的西南地區連續乾旱，中國為紓解水資源匱乏的嚴重性及急迫性，積極修建水壩以維繫水資源安全，卻引發與下游國家間跨境水資源衝突，中國在面臨境內水資源短缺危機，以及與鄰國共用治理國際河流二者衝突，都是當今非傳統安全領域的重要課題。湄公河是亞洲地區重要國際水系，流域遍及中國、寮國、緬甸、泰國、柬埔寨及越南等六個國家，富含水力動能及自然資源，然而，流域內各國政經體制、民族文化差異極大，對於水電開發、航道通商、農漁發展及生態維護各有主張而扞格爭嚷互見，衝突並不意味毫無合作契機，本文認為中國兼具地理及政經大國的優勢地位，水資源政策及執行往往引發鄰國諸多猜忌不安，又國際河流開發使用及管理約制，常事涉國家主權讓渡而難獲共識，但藉由水資源多層次規劃開發及協商管理，不僅能維護中國利益安全，同時，伴隨水電、航運建設所帶來鉅大經濟利益，也提供諸國亟欲脫貧的契機，進而促進地區安全。 / Water is indispensable to human life and civilization. We all know that the earth surface is composed of sea water by nearly 70%, but what we don’t know is freshwater on the rest 30% of the world is limited for human usage. With continuously rising population and rapid growth in economy, people’s demands for water is getting more and more intensive than that decades ago. Drought and flood damage caused by climate change affect water supply, agriculture and food safety, diseases and hygiene, even threaten national security in each country. Densely populated countries in Asia depend on water heavily for economic development, but major rivers running through those nation borders and territories complicate their political and diplomatic relations. Conflicts resulted from water resource management and national interests follow suit, which may escalate tension if not been dealt properly. In 2009, China’s southwest region was severely hit by droughts. Dams were needed for relieving the water shortage problem, but the construction in major rivers triggered China’s conflicts with countries in the downstream territories due to water resource distribution. Among these disputes, Mekong River, an international river flowing through China, Liao, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam stood out. Each related nation has its own political considerations and economic plans with this river, and their exploitation policies were diverse. Seeing crisis of water shortage at home and conflicts resulted from water management with its neighbors outside, China was in a dilemma. However, contentions could create opportunities for cooperation. This paper tries to find the answer. It suggests that since China holds a geopolitical significance and economic dominance in the southwestern part of Asia, it can maintain its own security and interests by coming up comprehensive water exploitation policies and seek bilateral and multilateral water resource management with neighboring countries simultaneously, so as to bring in huge benefits on the one hand and acts as a responsible stakeholder in the area in promoting peace solution and stability on the other hand. 水資源湄公河國際河流國家安全非傳統安全 Water resource Mekong River International river National security Non-traditional security
74	Environmental performance indicators for the lower Mekong subregion development Amawatana, Chonchinee January 2008 (has links) The application of environmental performance indicators (EPIs) has received increasing attention by both governments and international organisations as a tool for assessing complex environmental scenarios in national and local decision making processes. However, at the regional scale there is a gap in the application of EPIs, as this has not been well understood and defined due to a limited theoretical foundation and often insufficient data from all participant countries. The regional scale is important because it can incorporate natural ecosystems which often transcend national boundaries. A case study is developed for the Lower Mekong Subregion (LMS), where four riparian Southeast Asian countries (Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam) share the Lower Mekong River. The research proposes a conceptual framework to identify approaches for developing criteria for acceptable and appropriate EPIs which can be used to support and implement decision making processes by relevant organisations at the regional level. This research evaluates the application of environmental performance indicators using methodologies that assess cross-national quantitative and qualitative data and existing decision support systems. In addition, global and national indicators are examined for application and relation to the regional context. The research finds that the application of EPIs varies according to spatial scale, and is diverse among the four countries. Data availability is also identified as a major problem encountered during the development and selection of EPIs. The study finds that the governance of the existing regional body is ineffective due to differing agendas pursued by each participating country. This is because the current regional body is structured only to facilitate information exchange and cooperation in a limited manner, focusing so far only on water management issues. LMS regional goals need to be set in order to guide the stakeholders in identifying an appropriate set of EPIs. Most importantly, the research is intended to be a catalyst for encouraging the participants to integrate methods and other species of EPIs proposed in this research in their environmental assessment policies. adaptive management basin management conceptual framework decision support system (DSS) - theme of EPIs - species of EPIs - scale of EPIs evaluative method exploratory method governance institutionalisation lower mekong subregion (LMS) pressure-state-response (PSR) model regional study and development spatial scale evaluations
75	Mapping Landcover/Landuse and Coastline Change in the Eastern Mekong Delta (Viet Nam) from 1989 to 2002 using Remote Sensing SOHAIL, ARFAN January 2012 (has links) There has been rapid change in the landcover/landuse in the Mekong delta, Viet Nam. The landcover/landuse has changed very fast due to intense population pressure, agriculture/aquaculture farming and timber collection in the coastal areas of the delta. The changing landuse pattern in the coastal areas of the delta is threatened to be flooded by sea level rise; sea level is expected to rise 33 cm until 2050; 45 cm until 2070 and 1 m until 2100. The coastline along the eastern Mekong delta has never been static, but the loss of mangrove forests along the coast has intensified coastline change. The objective of the present study is to map the changes in landcover/landuse along the eastern coast of the Mekong delta; and to detect the changes in position of the eastern coastline over the time period from 1989 to 2002.To detect changes in landuse, two satellite images of the same season, acquired by the TM sensor of Landsat 5 and the ETM+ sensor of Landsat 7 were used. The TM image was acquired on January 16, 1989 and ETM+ image was acquired on February 13, 2002. The landcover/landuse classes selected for the study are water, forest, open vegetation, soil and shrimp farms. Image differencing and post classification comparison are used to detect the changes between two time periods. Image to image correction technique is used to align satellite images. Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique is used to classify images. The result of the classification consists of five classes for 1989 and 2002, respectively. Overall accuracies of 87.5% and 86.8%, with kappa values of 0.85 and 0.84 are obtained for landuse 1989 and landuse 2002, respectively. The overall accuracy for the change map is 82% with kappa value 0.80. Post classification comparison is carried out in this study based on the supervised classification results. According to the results obtained from the post classification comparison, a significant decrease of 48% in forest and a significant increase of 74% in open vegetation and 21% in shrimp farms area observed over the entire study area. The coastline obtained by the combination of histogram thresholding and band ratio showed an overall advancement towards the South China Sea. The results showed that new land patches emerged along the eastern coast. The amount of new land patches appeared along the coast of the Mekong delta is approximately 2% of the entire study area. REMOTE SENSING GIS LANDCOVER/LANDUSE CHANGE ACCURACY ASSESSMENT CHANGE DETECTION COASTLINE CHANGE HISTOGRAM IMAGE THRESHOLD BAND RATIO MEKONG RIVER DELTA VIETNAM MAPPING IMAGE DIFFERENCING CLASSIFICATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD POST CLASSIFICATION COMPARISON SEA LEVEL RISE OVERALL ACCURACY LANDSAT TM ETM+ PRE-PROCESSING RADIOMETRIC NORMALIZATION NDVI NDSI NDWI IMAGE MASK Engineering and Technology Teknik och teknologier
76	The Kamchay Hydropower Project -Hydropower development in Cambodia and eastern Asia Malmquist, Peter, Sigfridsson, Mats January 2003 (has links) The objective in this case study is to highlight typical problems of a planned hydropower dam project in Bokor National Park, Cambodia. The focal point in the line of questioning is the usage of public participation in larger exploration plans in a development country and to give a comprehensive survey of some of the participant involved. The study also discusses how the WCD report is used by non-govemental organisation to validate their claims. To be able to understand how the Cambodian society works, the study also includes a short briefing of recent Cambodian history. The study shows that the local people are more or less neglected in the preliminary investigations. Even if information meetings are held open, they are conducted in such a way that it is hard for common people to participate. The meetings are held in English and not in the domestic language Khmer. Critical groups are not formally invited but welcome to attend, most of their statements are withdrawn from the official protocols. The study also reveals that the leading entrepreneurs more or less neglects the environmental hazards in the construction by focus their information and calculations on the positive effects of the project. The study has been made as a field study, on location in Cambodia. hydropower eastern asia cambodia development mrc public participation kamchay khmer sida vattenkraft dammar folkligt deltagande deltagande miljöpåverkan mfs environment kambodia displacement ecosystems hydroelectric ngo mekong phnom penh kampot bokor wcd wcd-report cepa wildaid oxfam rural ded khmer rouge powergrid elproduktion dams turbines power production Engineering and Technology Teknik och teknologier
77	The Limits of Fire Support: American Finances and Firepower Restraint during the Vietnam War Hawkins, John Michael 16 December 2013 (has links) Excessive unobserved firepower expenditures by Allied forces during the Vietnam War defied the traditional counterinsurgency principle that population protection should be valued more than destruction of the enemy. Many historians have pointed to this discontinuity in their arguments, but none have examined the available firepower records in detail. This study compiles and analyzes available, artillery-related U.S. and Allied archival records to test historical assertions about the balance between conventional and counterinsurgent military strategy as it changed over time. It finds that, between 1965 and 1970, the commanders of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, shared significant continuity of strategic and tactical thought. Both commanders tolerated U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Allied unobserved firepower at levels inappropriate for counterinsurgency and both reduced Army harassment and interdiction fire (H&I) as a response to increasing budgetary pressure. Before 1968, the Army expended nearly 40 percent of artillery ammunition as H&I – a form of unobserved fire that sought merely to hinder enemy movement and to lower enemy morale, rather than to inflict any appreciable enemy casualties. To save money, Westmoreland reduced H&I, or “interdiction” after a semantic name change in February 1968, to just over 29 percent of ammunition expended in July 1968, the first full month of Abrams’ command. Abrams likewise pursued dollar savings with his “Five-by-Five Plan” of August 1968 that reduced Army artillery interdiction expenditures to nearly ten percent of ammunition by January 1969. Yet Abrams allowed Army interdiction to stabilize near this level until early 1970, when recurring financial pressure prompted him to virtually eliminate the practice. Meanwhile, Marines fired H&I at historically high rates into the final months of 1970 and Australian “Harassing Fire” surpassed Army and Marine Corps totals during the same period. South Vietnamese artillery also fired high rates of H&I, but Filipino and Thai artillery eschewed H&I in quiet areas of operation and Republic of Korea [ROK] forces abandoned H&I in late 1968 as a direct response to MACV’s budgetary pressure. Financial pressure, rather than strategic change, drove MACV’s unobserved firepower reductions during the Vietnam War. 11th marines 12th marines abrams air force allied american way of war ammunition army artillery attrition arvn australian b-52 birtle budget cap cea classical clausewitz clifford coled-v collins communist congress constraints conventional counter-battery counterinsurgency dollar expenditures filipino finances fire support firepower five-by-five free world military fwmaf h&i haines harold harrassment hunt hybrid interdiction johnson kalergis komer korean krepinevich laird leonard taylor lewy lyndon macv marines mcnamara mekong nagl new zealand nixon nva observed operations philippine preemptive preparatory resor restraint riverine rok savings sensors sorley south vietnamese strategy summers tactics thai third country trinity unconventional unobserved usarv van fleet viet cong vietnam westmoreland wheeler wise men

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