The purpose of this study is to explore the differences and similarities regarding the causes of and approaches to bullying among a number of girls and boys in third grade in two schools. One of the schools is in a mono-ethnic area and the other in a multi-ethnic. The purpose isto compare the results between the schools and the questions proposed are: What is the reason for the bullying? What are the differences and similarities in existing opinions on the practice of bullying? What are the differences and similarities of students' opinions on bullying in a mono-ethnic and in a multi-ethnic school? I have chosen to use gender and ethnicity theories and the study was conducted through qualitative group interviews. The results have shown that boys' explanations for bullying are more aggressive than girls, although approaches to bullying were more related with violence among boys. The multi-ethnic school uses more direct bullying compared to the mono-ethnic school where indirect bullying occurred more often. My conclusions are that general knowledge about the subject is not enough to be able to counter bullying. It’s necessary to be familiar with how bullying occurs in that individual school because there can be large differences in the approaches when dealing with bullying from school to school.

Very often we are likely to hear how important it is as adults to help small children and pupils out of bullying situations, both for the bullied one and the bully. What we often tend to forget is that bullying situations among adults are as common as the ones children put up with. The only difference is that the ones adults go through is a much more silent one, and the bullies often have a better strategy on how to beat down their victims slowly. Some of the cases also show that the bullying that is happening among adults is similar to the one between children. The risks in the bullying that occurs in the work environment are such as: bad self-esteem, doubting in their roles as professionals, anger, depression, anxiety and in some cases can be so dangerous that the suffered one eventually commits suicide. Therefore I chose to examine what kind of view the interviewed educators have towards: What the definition of bullying is? What kinds of factors are causing the bullying? What kind of action-plans are there to prevent this from happening? Needless to say, the topic becomes more interesting when the authorities at work don’t show interest in taking the problems seriously, which almost give the bullies the impression that it’s acceptable to do so. Unfortunately, the results showed that the employees eventually decided to quit their jobs, because of all the harassments that didn’t stop and for the help they didn’t get from their bosses and neither did they’ve had contact with the Work Environment Agency. It is also of importance to mention that all three of the interviewed people are educators themselves and worked in a preschool environment during the bullying periods. The study has been examined by their perspective on the subject.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka Skolverkets diskurs kring lärare som mobbar elever. Detta görs genom en textanalys av myndighetens publikationer där utsagor om mobbande lärare jämförs med utsagor om mobbande elever. Det studerade materialet utgörs av Skolverkets mest omfattande publikationer om skolmobbning mellan år 2002 och 2011. Texterna analyseras med hjälp av Michel Foucaults diskursanalys och de teorier som används är Steven Lukes definition av maktens tredje dimension samt Foucaults maktteori. Studien visar att mobbande lärare sällan omnämns i materialet och att utsagorna koncentreras kring historia, juridik och statistik. När det gäller talet om elever som mobbare är utsagorna frekvent förekommande och deras individuella egenskaper behandlas ingående. Eleverna beskrivs i förhållande till forskning, åtgärdsprogram, historia, juridik, statistik och utredande texter. Undersökningen visar att statistik om lärare respektive elever ej behandlas på ett jämlikt sätt; det gäller både vid framtagning av underlag för statistiken och vid redovisning av resultat. Skolverket presenterar ämnet om mobbande lärare diskontinuerligt och fragmentariskt medan mobbande elever beskrivs ingående och ur en mängd olika synvinklar. Texterna ger ingen förklaring till varför mobbande elever respektive mobbande lärare behandlas på så olika sätt när skolmobbning ska beskrivas. Resultatet av denna uppsats kan sättas i relation till maktteorier där den statliga makten osynliggör sig själv, samtidigt som den synliggör medborgarna. Lärare som mobbar elever osynliggörs, eftersom deras uppgift är att utföra statens direktiv; elever som mobbar är fullt exponerade eftersom maktutövningen undersöker, iakttar och kontrollerar dem. / This study has the intention to investigate how the Swedish National Agency for Education describes teachers who bully students. The examination is done by a research of published texts from the agency (between 2002 and 2011), and embodies the most numerous publications about bullying in school in this period of time. The investigation is performed with Discourse Analysis from Michel Foucault and compares bullying teachers with bullying students. Theory of Three-Dimensional Power from Steven Lukes  and Power Theories from Foucault gives a further understanding of the results. The study shows that bullying teachers is mentioned sporadically and in sprinkling fields related to historical dictums, statistics and juridical subjects. When it comes to the description of students, there are many and frequent dictums from personality traits to research findings. Students are also discussed in relation to programs against bullying and in a historical, judicial and statistical context. Statistics are unequal when it comes to bullying teachers versus bullying students, both in how investigations are composed and how the results are presented. The question of bullying teachers are almost excluded in the texts and none of the publications explains why there’s such a big difference between the presentation of bullying teachers comparing to bullying students. The conclusion is that the Swedish National Agency for Education treats the problem with bullying teachers in a discontinuous and fragmentary way whilst bullying students are described comprehensively and in widespread subjects. The result can be related to power theory therefore it shows how governmental power is making itself invisible whilst it exposes the members of the society. Bullying teachers are invisible because their task  is to perform the governments directives, whilst bullying students are fully visible because exercise of power investigates, observes and controls them in full exposure.

The purpose of this study was to examine how school personnel describe and interpret the phenomenon bullying among girls, and also what their interpretations are based upon. More specifically its aim was to find out what characterizes and causes girl-to-girl bullying, according to school welfare officers and teachers. We wanted to find out how school personnel look upon aggression among girls and social expectations on girls behavior. The analysis was based on two kinds of perspectives: one focusing on gender and one focusing on power in relationships. Research shows that girl-to-girl bullying is hard to observe and that this problem has been invisible in earlier studies. We thought that this phenomenon needs to be brought up and that is one of the reasons why we wanted to examine this subject. This study was based on qualitative interviews with school welfare officers and teachers. A main theme in our study is that our respondents describe girl-to-girl bullying as subtle and quiet. We also found that some of our respondents disagreed on this statement. Their opinions were mainly based on their own experience from working in a school environment. As a conclusion we found out that factors such as social maturity and gender roles can be used as explanations on the phenomenon girl-to-girl bullying. We found out that our tools, power and gender theories, could not fully explain why girls bully in a certain way and how school personnel interpret the phenomenon. More knowledge is needed to understand more about girl-to-girl bullying.

Detta examensarbete belyser hur svenska skolor arbetar mot mobbning. Mobbning är ett stort problem som orsakar stor oro bland skolbarn. 1969 ville läkaren Peter-Paul Heinemann uppmärksamma mobbning då han upptäckte att många barn blev mobbade och att vuxna inte brydde sig. 1973 forskade psykologen Dan Olweus kring pojkars beteende kring mobbning. Detta var början till antimobbningsarbetet. Det finns ett flertal antimobbningsprogram och jag har valt att undersöka Friendsprogrammet och Olweusprogrammet. Skolverket har även sammanställt en rapport rörande effekterna av dessa program. Jag ville också undersöka hur barn definierar ordet mobbning. För att komma fram till undersökningsresultat rörande dessa två ovanstående antimobbningsprogram och barns definiering av begreppet mobbning har jag forskat i vetenskapliga  undersökningar och litteratur samt även utfört intervjuer med barn i åldrarna 7-9 år och skolpersonal. Jag valde två skolor som arbetar med dessa två program och barnintervjuerna gjordes med tillåtelse av barnens föräldrar. Intervjusvaren jämfördes sedan med de vetenskapliga rapporterna och litteraturen. Slutsatsen av min undersökning är att dessa två program har både för- och nackdelar. Olweusprogrammet kräver resurser och tid. Friendsprogrammet involverar barnen som riskerar att få en utsatt position. Barnen kunde utan problem definiera innebörden av mobbning.

Bakgrund: Mobbning utgör ett allvarligt problem i svenska skolor. Huvudvärk, magont, ryggont, nacksmärtor och trötthet är frekventa psykosomatiska symtom hos elever utsatta för mobbning. En viktig uppgift för skolsköterskan kan vara förebyggandet av mobbning. Syfte: var att studera om det finns samband mellan upplevelsen av att vara utsatt för mobbning och förekomst av psykosomatiska symtom hos skolbarn i årskurs 5 och 7. Metod: Studien var en tvärsnittsstudie utifrån registerdata inhämtad från Folkhälsoinstitutet. I studien ingick totalt 7596 svenska skolbarn i åldern 11 och 13 år. Materialet analyserades bivariat och med multivariata regressionsmodeller. Resultat: Skolbarn som upplevde sig mobbade visade sig ha fler psykosomatiska symtom än skolbarn som inte var mobbade (OR= 2.73). Flickor hade fler psykosomatiska symtom än pojkar (OR= 1.76). Skolbarn i årskurs 7 hade fler psykosomatiska än barnen i årskurs 5 (OR=2.73).  Skolbarn som var stressade av skolarbetet uppvisade fler psykosomatiska symtom (OR= 3.38). Flickor var mindre ofta mobbade än pojkar. (OR= 0.86).  Skolbarn som ej trivdes i skolan var oftare utsatta för mobbning än elever som trivdes i skolan (OR=1.52).   Slutsats: Mobbning och stress av skolarbetet utgör en fara för skolbarns hälsa. Skolbarn som blir mobbade trivs även sämre i skolan. / Introduction: Bullying is a serious problem in Swedish schools. Headache, stomachache, back pain and tiredness are frequent psychosomatic symptoms. An important task for the school nurse may be the prevention of bullying. Aim: was to study potential links between the experience of being the victim of bullying and the occurrence of psychosomatic symptoms among school children in grades 5 and 7. Method: The study was a cross sectional study based on register data was obtained from the Folkhälsoinstitutet. This study included a total of 7596 schoolchildren between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Material was analysed with bivariate and multivariate regression models. Results: Schoolchildren who felt bullied were found to have more psychosomatic symptoms than schoolchildren who were not bullied. (OR= 2.73). The girls had more psychosomatic symptoms than boys. (OR= 1.76). Schoolchildren in grades 7 had more psychosomatic symptoms than children in grade 5. (OR=2.73). Schoolchildren that were stressed by school work showed more psychosomatic symptoms. (OR= 3.38). The girls were less often bullied than boys. (OR=0.86). School children who are not happy in school were more often exposed to bullying than students who enjoyed school. (OR=1.52). Conclusion: Bullying and stress of schoolwork is a danger to school children’s health. School children who are bullied feel even worse in school.

I have done a study to see what perceptions held by two principals and four teachers, if adult behavior and attitudes towards each other will affect the climate between the students and put it in relation to the fundamental values of work and policy documents. I have also examined how they describe their work environment in their daily work and how they work to combat bullying. I have used qualitative interviews as a method to get answers to my questions. The interviews took place at two different schools, in which I interviewed a headmaster and two teachers at both schools. What emerged during the interviews were compiled and processed with aid based on previous research and theories which focus is in a social constructionist approach. The results as it shows in my study highlights a consensus among the interviewees that the personnel group working atmosphere affects the climate between the students and that there is a good understanding of the impact they have. The study also shows that the experience of their work climate affects by how the communication between management and staff looks likes and how many resources there are in the form of personnel. With regard to anti-bullying work in schools also reveals that the availability of resources affects how viable work against bullying can be, but also how the experience of the working atmosphere within the staff group influence. The study also shows that the interaction between staff and management have an important role in creating a positive climate.

Uppsatsen syftar att undersöka skolhälsopersonalens uppfattning av barns grupperingar och statusordningar, hur skolan och skolhälsopersonalen hanterar utanförskap och mobbing samt hur de arbetar med skolans värdegrund. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med anställda i skolhälsovården. Resultatet visar att skolhälsopersonalen har god insyn i barns statusordningar samt att statusarbetet är komplext. Två typer av popularitet framkom, den negativa populariteten karaktäriseras av en tuff attityd och ett manipulativt beteende. Den positiva populariteten karaktäriseras av hjälpsamhet och vänlighet. Populära barn har sociala förmågor och impopulära barn uppvisar brister på dessa. Barnens grupperingar uppvisar olika mönster, fokus i uppsatsen är på könsskillnader och ledarroller. Negativa konsekvenser av barns statusarbete är exempelvis kränkningar och mobbning. En könsskillnad gällande mobbning är att flickors mobbning är dold och pojkars är synlig. Skolan hanterar utanförskap och mobbning med ett förebyggande värdegrundsarbete, där barn utbildas i människors lika värden. De skolor som aktivt arbetade med värdegrunden tenderade att ha en bättre stämning. Vi uppfattar en förgivettagen sanning där ett normbrott är att inte vara del av en grupp och ensamma barn bör vara missnöjda med utanförskapet. / The purpose of this essay is to study how school health staff perceives grouping and status mechanisms amongst children. It also aims to get an understanding of how the school handles exclusion and bullying. We are also interested in the work with how the school works with values stated in the curriculum for Swedish schools. Qualitative interviews were conducted with employees of the school health staff. The results show that the staff has a good understanding of status among children, it also shows that children’s construction of status is complex. Two types of popularity were revealed, one negative form of popularity that is characterized by an attitude of toughness and manipulative behaviour. The positive popularity, on the other hand, is characterized by kindness and a willingness to be helpful. Popular children have a good social capability and unpopular children show a lack thereof. The groupings among children shows patterns, this essays focus on sex differences and roles of leadership. Negative consequences that derive from the construction of status among children are for example abusive behaviour and bullying. A difference between the sexes is that bullying among girls is less visible than among boys. The school deals with exclusion and bullying through a preventive work with the values stated in the curriculum for Swedish schools, the children are educated in everyone’s equal value. We found that the schools that actively work with these values tend to have a better atmosphere. We perceive an underlying perception that it is in violation with the norm to not be a part of a group and that children who are alone should be discontented with their exclusion.

Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie vars syfte är att undersöka flickors och pojkars erfarenheter och uppfattning av kommunikation via sociala medier och undersöka om den kommunikation som sker via sociala medier kan betraktas som mobbning. Sociala medier på internet där barn möts innefattar bland annat inlägg på blogg, videoklipp, mejl och chatt. Vi använde oss av hermeneutiskt ansats för att försöka tolka och förstå flickors och pojkars sätt att kommunicera via sociala medier. För att kunna besvara våra frågeställningar genomfördes 10 intervjuer varav 8 enskilda och 2 i grupp. I teorin använder vi oss av ett genusperspektiv, samt begreppen inneslutning och uteslutning för att analysera resultatet. Vårt resultat visat att barn upplever att det förekommer att någon skriver elaka kommentarer via sociala medier och att det finns skillnader mellan hur flickor och pojkar skriver elaka kommentarer. Flickors sätt att skriva elaka kommentarer baseras på yttre attribut och egenskaper. Hos pojkar handlar det om vad man gillar och inte gillar.

Syftet med den här studien är att, genom att kontrollera sambandet mellan ungdomars Internetanvändning och deras åsikter kring hur ungdomar bör uttrycka sig på Internet, undersöka vilken typ av Internetanvändare som är mer eller mindre sannolik att acceptera, utföra eller utsättas för aggressiva/provocerande beteenden på Internet. Studien utfördes genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning där 139 gymnasieelever från en medelstor stad i Hallands län fick svara på frågor om deras Internetvanor och deras åsikter kring beteenden på Internet. Därefter utfördes olika statistiska test i SPSS för att undersöka sambandet mellan deltagarnas Internetanvändning och deras åsikter om beteenden på Internet. Studien kom fram till att det finns ett samband mellan ungdomars aggressiva/provocerande beteenden på Internet och hur ungdomar använder Internet. Studien visar även ett samband mellan ungdomars utsatthet for aggressiva/provocerande beteenden och hur de använder Internet. Dessutom visar studien att ungdomar uppfattar sig själva generellt som bättre uppträdande än andra ungdomar, men anser varken att andra ungdomar uttrycker sig aggressivt/provocerande eller särskilt välbemötande. / The purpose of this study is the investigate adolescents’ opinions concerning online behaviors to find out whether they accept, use or are victims of aggressive/provocative behaviors online. By investigating the connection between adolescents’ use of Internet and their opinions of how other adolescents should behave online the study aims to find out which type of user is more likely to engage in aggressive/provocative behaviors online. A quantitative survey was carried out on 139 upper secondary school students at a school in an average sized city in Halland’s county. The participants answered questions concerning their online habits and their opinions about online behavior. To analyze the results the computer program SPSS was used in order to investigate the connection between the participants’ online habits and their opinions about online behavior. The study concluded that there is a connection between upper secondary students’ aggressive/provocative behaviors online and their online habits. The study also shows that there is a connection between adolescent’s exposure to these kinds of behaviors and their Internet habits. Finally, the study shows that adolescents’ interpret themselves as less aggressive/provocative than their peers, although they interpret other adolescents’ as neither aggressive/provocative nor particularly polite.