The capitalist mode of production has reached all spheres of society and space. Therewith, the Brazilian field is embroiled in a model of production that is characterized by the dispossession and social injustice. Thus, the agrarian space has become the place where capitalism, being the figure of the capitalist state, the Bank, or the landowner, feeds its most striking characteristics: exploration, segregation, expropriation. It is not a surprise talking about the amount of men, women and children who are fighting for a piece of land in Brazil, nor of such a precarious living with entire populations of many different states in rural villages of this country, with almost no basic infrastructure. Thus, studying the peasant, his way of life mixed with the introduction of capitalism in agriculture becomes necessary. This subject endowed with characteristics that distinguish himself of the rest of the workers in the field remains, even today, with features that diverge from what is published by the capitalist system of production. Even entered the market, selling its product in the marketplace, becoming periodically in employed rural workers, the earth still it represents life and food, the way of life. The state, being on the task of helping society (not to depart from the existing mode of production) has somewhat financially subsidized for many peasant families from welfare benefits and welfare programs. However, this assistance many times, combined with the farm work, are not yet able to meet the needs of these families. Thence the search for a job attachment able to providing this population in the field. The peasant in the county of Itabaiana is a subject with own way of life that makes himself autonomy, however, with ever greater field of capitalism, the financial dependence often becomes real in the life of this person, but regardless of being autonomous or dependent, the fact is that this social subject remains active with its own peculiarities that are at least intriguing to those who have a way of life to be standard capitalist. / O modo de produção capitalista tem alcançado todas as esferas da sociedade e espaços. Com isso o campo brasileiro está embrenhado num modelo de produzir que se caracteriza pela expropriação e injustiça sociais. Deste modo, o espaço agrário tem se tornado o espaço onde o capitalismo, seja na figura do capitalista, do Estado, do Banco, do latifundiário, alimenta suas características mais marcantes: exploração, segregação, expropriação. Não é novidade falar a respeito da quantidade de homens, mulheres e crianças que lutam por um pedaço de chão neste Brasil, tampouco da tamanha precariedade com que vive populações inteiras dos mais variados estados em povoados rurais deste país, sem nenhuma infra-estrutura básica. Por isso, estudar o camponês, seu modo de vida mesclado com a inserção do capitalismo na agricultura se faz necessário. Este sujeito dotado de particularidades que o distingue do restante dos trabalhadores, mantém-se no campo, ainda hoje, com características que divergem daquilo apregoado pelo sistema capitalista de produção. Mesmo inserido no mercado, vendendo seu produto na feira, transformando-se periodicamente em trabalhador rural assalariado, a terra ainda lhe representa a vida e o alimento, o modo de vida. O Estado, na função de assistir a sociedade (sem afastar-se do modo de produção vigente) tem de certa forma subsidiado financeiramente muitas famílias camponesas a partir de benefícios previdenciários e programas assistencialistas. Contudo, muitas vezes essa assistência, somada ao trabalho agrícola, ainda não são capazes suprir as necessidades dessas famílias. Daí a busca por um trabalho acessório capaz de assegurar essa população no campo. O camponês do município de Itabaiana é um sujeito com modo de vida próprio que lhe confere autonomia, contudo com a inserção cada vez maior do capitalismo no campo, a dependência financeira muitas vezes se torna real na vida desse sujeito, mas independentemente de ser autônomo ou dependente, o certo é que este sujeito social mantém-se ativo com suas peculiaridades que ao menos são intrigantes àqueles que têm como modo de vida o padrão capitalista de ser.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-15T12:30:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carine Ane Jung.pdf: 1720398 bytes, checksum: b7a03f5df629089286908afb79290d90 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T12:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carine Ane Jung.pdf: 1720398 bytes, checksum: b7a03f5df629089286908afb79290d90 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / This study makes a theoretical analysis about this content in the main criticisms directed towards education of middle level, driven by public school for the young children of the working class, or already in the world of work. These criticisms are desferidas by various sectors of society, including by the working class. Both locally, in the city of Toledo-PR, and nationally, the narratives of the working class in relation to public school and high school claim that this has failed to comply with the social function that has been allocated, therefore the school curriculum that guides this level of education is based on knowledge considered from the truth of students from the working class. We prioritize our research shows "what you hear" at the national level about the education of middle level from surveys conducted by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV), Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP) and Victor Civita Foundation (FVC) , understanding that they represent the dominant thinking about the social function that the school must exercise today and with which we have agreed not. To portray "what is said" in the city of Toledo-PR present the lines of the school community of the State College Senator Attilio Fontana - CESAF, located in a working class neighborhood, in the neighborhood Vila Pioneer, near the company BR FOODS (old Sadia SA ). This work recognizes the current situation of high school audience in Brazil as a reflection of the education system in the country needs urgent educational reform and that has problems, but aims to discuss how to prepare these criticisms made by the working class, since understands there as grounds for their mistaken assumptions formulations, to the extent that they take what is due by origin, what we understand by a materialist perspective, dialectical and historical analysis, constitute an idealistic reversal. The distance experienced by individuals in relation to the laws governing the objects in capitalist society allowed the workers to embrace the educational proposals coming from the ruling class, so while school products and the company is called, expressed through their lines, contrary to imagine how much the school as a social institution is reproducing the social conditions in which it operates. Their narratives show clearly the fact that they have difficulties in unveiling the causal connections that conform to reality, because mostly have no knowledge that are beyond your daily life and allow them to reestablish a relationship between his private life and the universality of gender human. Therefore, their arguments reflect inequalities not only material but also cultural guiding men in a class society. / Este estudo realiza uma análise teórica acerca do conteúdo presente nas principais críticas dirigidas à formação escolar de nível médio, direcionada pela escola pública para os jovens filhos da classe trabalhadora, ou já inseridos no mundo do trabalho. Estas críticas são desferidas pelos mais diversos setores da sociedade, inclusive pela própria classe trabalhadora. Tanto localmente, no município de Toledo-PR, quanto nacionalmente, as narrativas da classe trabalhadora em relação à escola pública e ao Ensino Médio afirmam que esta não tem cumprido com a função social que lhe tem sido atribuída, pois, o currículo escolar que orienta este nível de ensino está fundamentado por conteúdos considerados distante da realidade dos alunos oriundos da classe trabalhadora. Priorizamos em nossa pesquisa apresentar “o que se ouve” em nível nacional acerca da formação escolar de nível médio a partir de pesquisas realizadas pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Centro brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento (CEBRAP) e Fundação Victor Civita (FVC), entendendo que estas representam o pensamento hegemônico acerca da função social que a escola deve exercer na atualidade e, com a qual não pactuamos. Para retratar “o que se diz” no município de Toledo-PR apresentamos as falas da comunidade escolar do Colégio Estadual Senador Attílio Fontana – CESAF, localizado em um bairro operário, no Bairro Vila Pioneiro, nas proximidades da empresa BR FOODS (antiga SADIA S.A.). Este trabalho reconhece a situação atual do Ensino Médio público no Brasil como um reflexo de que o sistema de ensino no país necessita de uma reforma educacional urgente e que este possui problemas, mas procura problematizar a forma como se elaboram estas críticas proferidas pela classe trabalhadora, já que entende haver na fundamentação de suas formulações pressupostos equivocados, na medida em que tomam o que é decorrência por origem, o que compreendemos por meio de uma perspectiva materialista, dialética e histórica de análise, se constituir em uma inversão idealista. O distanciamento vivido pelos indivíduos em relação às leis que regem os objetos na sociedade capitalista permitiu que os trabalhadores abraçassem as propostas educacionais advindas da classe dominante, por isso, enquanto produtos da escola e da sociedade que está posta, exprimem por meio de suas falas, contrariamente ao que imaginam, o quanto a escola, como instituição social é reprodutora das condições sociais nas quais está inserida. Suas narrativas apresentam claramente o fato de que possuem dificuldades em desvelar as conexões causais que conformam a realidade, pois, em sua maioria não possuem conhecimentos que estejam além de sua cotidianidade e que lhes permitiriam reestabelecer uma relação entre sua existência particular e a universalidade do gênero humano. Por isso, suas argumentações espelham as desigualdades não apenas materiais, mas também culturais que balizam os homens em uma sociedade de classes.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como tema a historiografia sobre a escravidão no Brasil, tomando-a em três momentos. Primeiro, são analisados trabalhos produzidos nos anos 1930, tomados como a matriz da qual se desenvolveram os trabalhos posteriores. Centra-se a análise sobre Oliveira Vianna, Caio Prado Jr., Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e Gilberto Freyre. Num segundo momento, a atenção recai sobre a produção historiográfica dos anos 1970, principal interlocutora dos historiadores na atualidade. Nesta parte é feita uma apresentação do debate entre a tese do Antigo sistema colonial e a apreensão teórica da realidade pelo conceito de modo de produção escravista colonial. Aparecem aqui autores como Celso Furtado, Otávio Ianni, Fernando Novais, Ciro Flamarion Cardoso e Jacob Gorender. Por último, são analisados trabalhos de historiadores como Sidney Chalhoub, Sheila de Castro Faria, Silvia Lara e Eduardo Silva, que vêm se opondo a esta forma de fazer a história e cuja proposta consiste em resgatar os aspectos culturais e subjetivos da experiência escrava. O escopo do presente trabalho é cotejar estas diferentes visões de história e os conceitos por elas operados, procurando evidenciar seus pressupostos. Para isso, busca-se identificar as oposições, reais ou enunciadas, a partir das quais se produz a diferença na relação novo/velho. / [fr] La présente dissertation verse sur l historiographie de l esclavage au Brésil, prise en trois moments. D abord, les travaux produits dans les années 1930 sont analysés, dans le but de comprendre la matrice de la pensée postérieure. L analyse se focalise spécialement sur Oliveira Vianna, Caio Prado Jr., Sérgio Buarque de Holanda et Gilberto Freyre. Ensuite, l attention se fixe sur la production théorique des années 1970, qui représentera la principale interlocutrice des historiens de l actualité. Il s agit là surtout de présenter le débat entre la thèse de l Ancien système colonial et la proposition de compréhension de la réalité par le concept de mode de production esclavagiste colonial, à travers l étude de Celso Furtado, Otávio Ianni, Fernando Novais, Ciro Flamarion Cardoso et Jacob Gorender. Finalement, on analyse les oeuvres des historiens comme Sidney Chalhoub, Sheila de Castro Faria, Silvia Lara et Eduardo Silva, entre autres, qui s opposent à cette forme d écrire et de penser l histoire, et dont la proposition théorique consiste à reprendre et revaloriser les aspects culturels et subjectifs de l expérience de l esclave. L objectif de ce travail est de confronter ces différentes visions de l histoire et les concepts développés pour identifier leurs présupposés. En ce sens les oppositions réelles ou énoncées sont mises en évidence en montrant alors les bases de la production de la différence dans le rapport nouveau/vieux.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Vicente Barau.pdf: 1224672 bytes, checksum: f8cfa21eea269f82d6af487c89b1a818 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / The dynamics, the antagonisms and contradictions inside the capitalist mode of production impact the capitalist form of sociability due to the crisis arising from the capitalist economic laws, especially in concerning of the tendency of falling rate of profit law. From a rereading of the theory critic of value, the debate proposed in this dissertation seeks to discusse and meditate about the mediations in which, directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, affect the legal form and political form that is embodied in the Modern State, providing important elements for further discussion of current marixist´s theories of regulation and derivation of political form and legal form. / A dinâmica, os antagonismos e as contradições do modo de produção do capital impactam a forma de sociabilidade capitalista pelas crises cíclicas e estruturais decorrentes das leis econômicas do capital, especialmente na lei da queda tendencial da taxa de lucro. A partir de uma releitura da teoria crítica do valor, o debate proposto na presente dissertação busca discutir e refletir sobre as mediações que, direta ou indiretamente, consciente ou inconscientemente, afetam à forma jurídica do Direito e a forma política que se materializa no Estado moderno, fornecendo elementos importantes para futuros debates das atuais teorias marxistas da regulação e da derivação da forma política e da forma jurídica.

美國的少數幾家大型影視產業資本不僅主導了境內市場，也在全球市場占有領先的份額，因而對美國影視產業的批判經常出自於反壟斷、反帝反傾銷的動機，目的在保護民族市場或多元文化。然而美國是最早讓動態影像（motion picture）商業化、產業化，使資本能藉之積累擴張，而不必由政府以長期固定的財政手段支持的少數國家之一；並且不同於大量進口產品與技術的後進國，美國很早就成為影視產品的淨出口國，同時在傳播科技與生產手段上持續革新，一至如今。藉由探索美國影視產業的發展史，有助於我們理解影視產業資本的運動軌跡；也就是探討在影視產業內，資本如何剝奪剩餘價值、發達生產力、擴大生產規模的政治經濟歷程。 一般而言，個別資本為擴大利潤率而不斷地更新生產技術以提升生產力，長期卻總體地導致利潤率下降的結果。或說資本運動具有周期性：按利潤率的波動，一再地經歷危機、蕭條、復甦、高漲的循環。美國影視產業史已經說明了這些階段，然而利潤率如何變遷，以及相應生產手段的更替、生產關係的變革，還有待釐清。 藉長時段的國民所得與生產帳（National Income and Product Account, NIPA）以及產業稅務報告所登錄的資料，本文得到 1947年至1997年間電影業前後一貫可比較的利潤率計算根據。資料顯示，二十世紀下半的美國電影利潤率幾經波動，長期有明顯下降的趨勢。按Weisskopf所提的利潤率要項拆解法，就各周期利潤率作進一步分析，可知戰後利潤率轉壞主因為市場萎縮減產，七○年後利潤率轉壞則因為工資上升與資本投入過速的效果。 在回顧美國電影業百年來的流通手段與生產過程歷程後，與利潤率變遷材料與分析結果互為理解，可知晚近利潤率轉壞的主因為資本仰賴少數廠外秀異生產者，使對生產者的工資議價力降低。與早年的量產制相較，這是資本解散廠內長聘勞動隊伍，使生產外部化造成的非意圖後果。為突破量產時代的生產力發展瓶頸，資本逐漸集中到少量差異化的高質量特製電影製作上，以爭取更深更廣的流通，實現更高的利潤份額，同時節省量產所需的人力。長期下來造成資本的兩極分配，使勞動者的晉升、流動乃至於再生產出現困難。 資本因應秀異者高工資的利潤擠壓以及勞動者再生產困難的困局，是藉全球化之便作生產外逃，使產業空洞化。除了取他國低廉勞動力與製作補貼的外因以解釋晚近美國電影業深化全球分工的格局，本文試圖提供長時段資本運動的內因，作為理解當代全球好萊塢構造的另一途徑。 / A few giant corporations dominate US domestic motion picture market and also play key roles in global markets. So people who criticize this situations are usually motivated by goals of anti-monopoly, anti-imperialist or anti-dumping and want to protect their own national market or pluralistic culture. However, motion pictures in US have been commercialized and traded for capital accumulation and expansion since their birth. Not like other countries' governments give stable financial support to their movie and TV industries, US motion picture industry seldom received government direct supports and US has been major exporter of video goods and new communication technology after 1910s. By exploring the history of motion picture industry we would understand the capital movement of this industry. In other words, we need to identify the political economic process of capital exploits video goods, occupies surplus value, and promotes the innovation of technology and expansion. Generally speaking, individual capital renews production technology and upgrades productivity for higher rate of profit while makes macro/total profit rate falling in the long run. It is said that the movement of capital is cyclic and production would experiences phases like crisis, recessionary, recovery, and upswing. We could identify these phases in the history of US motion picture industry, but we didn't know exactly how and why profit rate fluctuated and the mode of production, relation of production changed correspondingly. I collected raw data from National Income and Product Account published by Bureau of Economic Analysis and corporation tax reports published by Internal Revenue System which were calculated for for profit rate of motion picture industry from 1947 to 1997. The result shows that the rate of profit falling in the long run. And I used Weisskopf's method to analysis the factors of profit rate and have conclusions that the first falling rate of profit after 2nd world war was caused by market shrinking and the second one was caused by rising wage and organic composition of capital. By reviewing the history of US motion picture industry, especially the process of means of circulation and production changed, then comparing the history with trend of profit rate, I argue that the main reason of falling rate in last decades is stronger bargaining power of a few elite talents who asked for ultra-high compensations. When capital faced shrinking market and tried to saved normal cost by dismissing lots of in-house labour and production outsourcing, it could not help but rely "free" workers and accepted unexpected high wages while more and more fund and resources were concentrated on fewer and fewer production projects. A few ultra-high quality films which circulate more widely and deeply would realize more profit and save labour cost for capital. But in the long run this would polarize capital using and make upgrading, mobility and reproduction of labour more difficult. Furthermore, the accumulation of capital is difficult too as profit rate falling. Capital responded to this plight by production runaway. This is the main issue of Global Hollywood. Besides the factors of cheaper labour or subsidies from foreign governments, I try to argue the inner logic of capital movement would lead the same result. That's why global Hollywood globalized.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianeAGA_DISSERT.pdf: 1580712 bytes, checksum: bdb04119224407b0af98f93030c362b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-23 / It is a dissertation which has the Area of Concentration: Social Services, Vocational Training, Labour and Social Protection. Research Line: Social Services, Labor, Social Protection and Citizenship. Brings an approach to health and worker safety, approached on the organization of work in their processes of worker exploitation, analyzed from the critical perspective and all. Its central objective of uncovering how the organization of work affects the health of their workers, considering the working process in the capitalist mode of production, the health-disease relationship. Displays the worker, as determined by the work process, emphasizing, along the lines of capitalism, the consequences for the physical well-being, mental and social workers. To this end, we make a documentary and bibliographic research, whose point of analysis is based on the perspective of the centrality of work, recovering their sense of ontological Marx, through which the transformations are discussed in the working world, listed based on context productive restructuring of capital, which occurs along the imperialist stage of capitalist mode of production. It is problematized, though, worker health, analyzed from the wider definition of health as a field of public health, considering the work process in health-disease relationship. Finally, the research developed raised between 2006 and 2010, the Graduate Programs UFRN that address the range of issues studied in this dissertation. The scientific outputs are problematized as a way to reveal the theoretical trends (critical or conservative) which facilitate the thematic area / Trata-se de uma disserta??o de mestrado que tem como ?rea de Concentra??o: Servi?o Social, Forma??o Profissional, Trabalho e Prote??o Social. Linha de Pesquisa: Servi?o Social, Trabalho, Prote??o Social e Cidadania. Traz uma abordagem da sa?de e a seguran?a do trabalhador, enfocadas a partir da organiza??o do trabalho em seus processos de explora??o do trabalhador, analisadas a partir da perspectiva cr?tica e de totalidade. Tem como objetivo central desvelar de que modo a organiza??o do trabalho repercute na sa?de de seus trabalhadores, considerando o processo de trabalho na rela??o sa?de-doen?a. Apresenta a sa?de do trabalhador como determinada pelo processo de trabalho, enfatizando, nos moldes do capitalismo, a repercuss?o da organiza??o do trabalho para o bem-estar f?sico, mental e social dos trabalhadores. Apresenta uma pesquisa documental e bibliogr?fica. Fundamenta a an?lise na perspectiva da centralidade do trabalho, com vistas ao sentido ontol?gico do trabalho em Marx e as metamorfoses no mundo do trabalho, elencadas com base no contexto da reestrutura??o produtiva do capital e dos processos de organiza??o do trabalho, que se verifica ao longo do est?gio imperialista do modo de produ??o capitalista; e ainda, a sa?de do trabalhador, analisada a partir do conceito ampliado de sa?de, como campo da sa?de p?blica, considerando o processo de trabalho na rela??o sa?de-doen?a. Prop?e-se a pensar as formas hegem?nicas conservadoras e o avan?o de supera??o das produ??es cient?ficas no campo da sa?de do trabalhador.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelSalgado.pdf: 1991337 bytes, checksum: aa40cc73dee533a91dee2ec987957cd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-11 / This research focuses on the historical approach to analyze the biblical text as a historical-social product, from the sociological method. The material arranged along this research is intended to be an aid to understanding some texts from the prophet Jeremiah. Assuming that the text has a link with the society in which it was created and making use of exegetical methodology, carried out a historical-sociological analysis of the word of Yahweh in Jeremiah from 7,1 8,3 as carrier of a social conflict arising from excessive tribute collection on a Judahite society markedly tributary. It seeks, through this, the meaning of the text within the historical setting likely that permeated the social writing. For this, it is necessary to research the primary aspects involving both the book of Jeremiah, especially the controversial caps. 7,1 8,3, as well as the question of modern research study about this magnificent work. It is also worth highlighting the semiotic concept of sociological poetics that seeks to study the causal interaction between literature and the social environment. Moreover, it evaluates the social historical context of the literary unit target of our research, situating it in its likely social and historical context, determining the date, the political scene and the production mode current at this time. Not forgetting, however, the triggering factor of social conflict and the role of religion in this scenario. Furthermore, it examines the meaning of specific texts or completed literary units (pericopes) present in caps. 7,1 8,3, with the assumption the theoretical model of the tributary production mode and the steps of the social-historical exegesis. The social analytical mechanism of the tributary production mode will serve as a tool for analysis of socioeconomic status, such analysis is focused on the external components incorporated in the collection, not in its editorial history, but in its social formation. / Esta pesquisa privilegia o enfoque histórico ao analisar o texto bíblico, como produto histórico-social, a partir do método sociológico. O material disposto ao longo desta investigação pretende ser uma ajuda para a compreensão de alguns textos do profeta Jeremias. Partindo do princípio de que o texto possui um vínculo com a sociedade na qual foi criado e fazendo uso da metodologia exegética, realiza-se uma análise histórico-sociológica da palavra de Javé em Jeremias 7,1 8,3 como portadora de um conflito social oriundo da cobrança excessiva de tributo em uma sociedade judaíta marcadamente tributária. Busca-se, por esse meio, o sentido do texto dentro do provável cenário histórico-social que permeia o escrito. Para isso, faz-se necessária a investigação dos aspectos preliminares que envolvem tanto o livro de Jeremias, sobretudo, os polêmicos caps. 7,1 8,3, como também a questão do estudo da pesquisa moderna acerca dessa magnífica obra. Vale a pena também salientar o conceito semiótico da poética sociológica que procura estudar a interação causal entre literatura e seu meio social. Além disso, avalia-se o âmbito histórico social da unidade literária alvo de nossa pesquisa, situando-a em seu provável contexto histórico social e determinando a datação, o cenário político e o modo de produção vigente nesse período. Não olvidando, contudo, do fator desencadeador do conflito social e o papel da religião nesse cenário. Além do mais, examina-se o sentido dos textos específicos ou unidades literárias concluídas (perícopes) presentes nos caps. 7,1 8,3, tendo como pressuposto o modelo teórico do modo de produção tributário e os passos da exegese histórico-social. O mecanismo socioanalítico do modo de produção tributário servirá como instrumento de análise da condição socioeconômica, centrando-se nos componentes externos incorporados na coletânea, não em sua história redacional, mas sim em sua formação social.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3236.pdf: 10667295 bytes, checksum: 4577e702fe0c4a20dd47793beb779bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02 / The motion picture cameras have changed through the years. However, they have kept their main design which has not changed during this period. One of the goals of this text is to understand how that design was created, and also the changes it has suffered without losing its essence. Besides that, this text aims to understand how different cameras connected with the Brazilian cinema production in the fifties and sixties. A change on camera s use is noticeable in that period in Brazil. There is a change in appreciation from the more traditional cameras linked to the studio system to the European cameras developed in the thirties and forties, which were lighter and more portable. This issue coincides with a specific characteristic in Brazilian cinema at that time, when people started to believe in the independent cinema production as an answer to the studio system, which was the main thought until then. In order to show this entire context, it has been chosen the Vera Cruz and Cinema Novo, their movies and shootings, to confront and connect them to camera models and their relation to the mode of production / As câmeras cinematográficas passaram por mudanças ao longo dos anos. Porém, manteve um design que se perpetuou durante este período. Um dos objetivos do presente trabalho é entender como este design foi criado, e as variações pelas quais ele passou, sem perder a sua essência. Em paralelo a isso, entender como estas diferentes câmeras travaram relação com a produção do cinema brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960. É nesta época que se observa no país uma troca de postura em relação às câmeras. Passa-se de uma valorização das câmeras mais tradicionais, ligadas ao sistema de estúdio, à valorização das câmeras européias criadas no anos 1930 e 1940, que eram mais leves e portáteis. Isso coincide com um momento específico do cinema brasileiro, aquele em que se passa a crer numa solução de cinema independente como resposta ao cinema de estúdio, que era o pensamento majoritário até então. Para ilustrar todo este contexto, escolhemos a Vera Cruz e o Cinema Novo, seus filmes e filmagens, para relacioná-los e confrontá-los em relação aos tipos de câmeras e sua relação ao modo de produção.

This study is about voluntary productive activities in digital networks and on digital platforms that often are described as pleasur­able. The aim of the study is to relate the peer producers’ perceptions of their activities on a micro level in terms of play, game, work and labour, to their views on Wikipedia’s relation to capitalism on a macro level, to compare the identified ideological formations on both levels and how they relate to each other, and finally compare the identi­fied ideological formations with contemporary Marxist theory on cognitive capitalism. The intention is to perform a critical evaluation of the economic role of peer production in society.Qualitative and semi-structured interviews with eight Wikipedians active within the Swedish language version of Wikipedia con­stitute the empirical base of the study together with one public lecture by a Wikipedian on the encyclopaedia and a selection of pages in the encyclopaedia that are text analysed. The transcribed interviews have been analysed using a version of ideological analysis as it has been developed by the Gothenburg School. The views on the peer producing activities on the micro level has been analysed in a dialecti­cal way but is also grounded in a specific field model.Six ideological formations are identified in the empirical material. On the micro level: the peripheral, bottom-up- and top-down-formation, on the macro level: the Californian alikeness ideology, communism of capital and capitalism of communism. Communism of capital has two sides to it: one stresses the synergies and the other the conflicts between the two phenomena. The formations on the macro level conform broadly to contemporary Marxist theory, but there are important differ­ences as well. The study results in a hypothesis that the critical side of communism of capital and the peripheral and bottom-up-formation could help to further a more sustainable capitalism of communism, and counteract a deeper integra­tion of the top-down-formation with Californian alikeness ideology. The latter is the main risk of capitalist co-optation of the peer produc­tion that is underway as the manifestly dominant formations on the macro level are Californian alikeness ideology and communism of capital. / <p>©<strong> </strong>2015 Arwid Lund, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</p><p></p>

This study is about voluntary productive activities in digital networks and on digital platforms that often are described as pleasur­able. The aim of the study is to relate the peer producers’ perceptions of their activities on a micro level in terms of play, game, work and labour, to their views on Wikipedia’s relation to capitalism on a macro level, to compare the identified ideological formations on both levels and how they relate to each other, and finally compare the identi­fied ideological formations with contemporary Marxist theory on cognitive capitalism. The intention is to perform a critical evaluation of the economic role of peer production in society.Qualitative and semi-structured interviews with eight Wikipedians active within the Swedish language version of Wikipedia con­stitute the empirical base of the study together with one public lecture by a Wikipedian on the encyclopaedia and a selection of pages in the encyclopaedia that are text analysed. The transcribed interviews have been analysed using a version of ideological analysis as it has been developed by the Gothenburg School. The views on the peer producing activities on the micro level has been analysed in a dialecti­cal way but is also grounded in a specific field model.Six ideological formations are identified in the empirical material. On the micro level: the peripheral, bottom-up- and top-down-formation, on the macro level: the Californian alikeness ideology, communism of capital and capitalism of communism. Communism of capital has two sides to it: one stresses the synergies and the other the conflicts between the two phenomena. The formations on the macro level conform broadly to contemporary Marxist theory, but there are important differ­ences as well. The study results in a hypothesis that the critical side of communism of capital and the peripheral and bottom-up-formation could help to further a more sustainable capitalism of communism, and counteract a deeper integra­tion of the top-down-formation with Californian alikeness ideology. The latter is the main risk of capitalist co-optation of the peer produc­tion that is underway as the manifestly dominant formations on the macro level are Californian alikeness ideology and communism of capital. / <p>©<strong> </strong>2015 Arwid Lund, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</p><p></p>