Denna studie tar sin grund i fyra förskollärares erfarenheter av selektiv mutism i förskolan. Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap kring förskollärares metoder i arbetet med selektiv mutism i förskolan. Föreliggande studies metod tar sin grund i ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt med en fenomenologisk inriktning. Empiriinsamlingen grundas i semistrukturerade intervjuer med de fyra utvalda förskollärarna. Resultatet av studien påvisar att förskollärarnas upplevelser i arbetet med selektiv mutism är ytterst likvärdigt, både när det kommer till fördelaktiga arbetsmetoder samt den bristfälliga samverkan som bedrivs i detta arbete. Resultatet påvisar även att intervjuade förskollärare upplever att det finns en utbredd okunskap om selektiv mutism inom både förskolan och hälso- och sjukvården, förskollärarna förtydligar att det krävs utveckling inom detta område.

Pris dans son acception la plus large, le silence est un concept polysémique et mobile, tendant à la fois vers l'idée de néant, ou, a contrario, de plénitude. Souvent évoqué et débattu, le silence au cinéma semble toucher un point fondamental du langage audiovisuel. S'il peut être incarné de différentes manières à l'écran, il passe avant tout par une diminution (à défaut d'une disparition complète) de la présence de paroles, de musiques et, plus rarement, de bruits. Présent, plus que jamais auparavant, dans un certain cinéma contemporain, le silence y apparaît en des figures variées, selon différents dispositifs (personnages mutiques, lieux désaffectés, rares paroles dépourvues de sens, étirement des temps faibles du récit). Pour étudier ces figures, il faut d'abord s'interroger, en une approche archéologique, sur les origines du silence cinématographique, sur son parcours esthétique dans le cinéma parlant (notamment dans les films de genre ou dans ceux de la modernité) avant d'en dessiner les enjeux poétiques et politiques dans les fictions contemporaines de Sharunas Bartas, de Pedro Costa, de Béla Tarr ou de Tsaï Ming-liang. Une présence invisible à l’intérieur même de ces films peut enfin être vue, écoutée et révélée. Le silence agit directement sur le rythme de ces films, renforçant l’impression de durée et induisant la sensation de dilatation temporelle. De la même façon, il peut participer à une forme de mélancolie ou de vacuité. Nous pourrons enfin nous demander si le silence implique un refus de l'état des choses, s'il revendique une nouvelle relation au monde et s'il invite à nous projeter vers un temps post-catastrophique où la parole n’aurait plus de sens. Y aurait-il ainsi, au travers de sa mise en scène, une dimension anthropologique, critique et historique du silence ? / In its broadest sense, silence is a polysemous and fluctuating concept, tending towards the idea of void and, at the same time, of plenitude. The concept of silence in cinema is frequently mentioned if not discussed, and seems to address a fundamental issue of the audiovisual language. It can be incarnated in different ways on screen, but systematically goes along with a reduction (when not a complete loss) of words, music and more rarely noises. More present than ever in some contemporary cinema, silence is represented by different figures, through different means (silent characters, disused places, rare and bland words, tensionless scenes lengthening). To study these figures, we first have to examine - through an archeological approach - the origins of silence in cinema, its aesthetical evolution in talking movies (especially in genre films and modern films). Then, we will be able to discern the poetical and political issues in the contemporary fictions of Sharunas Bartas, Pedro Costa, Béla Tarr or Tsaï Ming-liang. Therefore, the invisible presence in these films would be seen, listened to, then unveiled. Silence directly acts on the rhythm of these films, strengthening the duration feeling and generating the idea of time dilatation. In the same way it can be responsible for the emergence of some melancholia or vacuity. We will finally be able to wonder if silence implies a resistance in regards to the state of things, if it puts forwards a new relationship to the world and if it invites us to look towards a post-catastrophic time where words would be nothing but bland. Could we find out an anthropological, critical and historical dimension of silence through its dramatization ?

Darbe atlikta teorinė selektyvųjį mutizmo sindromą turinčių asmenų ugdymo ypatumų analizė. Siekiant išryškinti ugdymosi ir švietimo pagalbos ypatumus selektyvųjį mutizmą turinčiam asmeniui Lietuvos švietimo kontekste pasirinktas atvejo analizės metodas. Atvejo analizei atlikti pasitelkti kokybiniai empiriniai metodai (pusiau struktūruotas interviu, pusiau struktūruota anketinė apklausa, pusiau struktūruotas stebėjimas, dokumentų analizė). Tyrimo duomenys apdoroti atliekant turinio (content) analizę ir diskurso analizę. Asmens socialinės, komunikacinės ir ugdymosi situacijos kitimams identifikuoti taikytas tęstinis tyrimas. / The paper deals with the theoretical analysis of the children with selective mutism education peculiarities. In order to emphasize peculiarities of education and educational assistance for person with selective mutism was chosen case study method. Qualitative empirical methods were used in case study: a semi-structured interview, semi-structured observation, semi-structured questionnaire and document analysis. The study data was processed by thee content analysis and discourse analysis. In order to identify the person’s social, communicational and educational situation changes the longitudinal study was applied.

To determine whether children with selective mutism (SM) withhold speech to regulate their emotional arousal and decrease automatic distress, the current study examines the behavioral and physiological responses of children with SM in comparison to children with social phobia (SP) and children with no psychiatric disorder (TD) as they participate in two social situations. A single case design strategy is used to compare behavioral and physiological responses both within and across groups. Examining the temporal sequencing of behaviors and physiology provides a direct test of the utility of emotion regulation theory as it pertains to children with social phobia/selective mutism. The results indicate that children with SM show elevated arousal and emotional reactivity across all interaction segments relative to other children. Unique affective, behavioral and physiological responses occur between and within groups in relation to situational demands. The temporal sequencing of behavioral and physiological responses suggests that behavioral deficits may be related to underutilized and/or deficient physiological response systems and that not speaking represents a primitive avoidance strategy by children with SM to regulate extreme physiological arousal.

The topic of the diploma thesis is speech therapy and intervention of pupils with elective mutism. The thesis is structured into four chapters. The theoretical framework is presented in three chapters, the fourth one is an empirical part of the thesis. The first theoretical chapter describes the concept of communication and the definitions of basic terms, such as speech communication, speech, language, language levels of speech, socialization and social interaction. There are also listed terminological definition of elective mutism, etiology, classification and symptomatology. The second theoretical chapter is based on the issues of speech therapy and intervention and its system in the Czech Republic in terms of diagnostics, differential diagnostics, the process of therapy, prevention and prognosis. The third chapter describes the multidisciplinary approaches and support of the pupils with elective mutism in terms of family and school education. The role of the teacher is also described and at the end of the chapter indicated the help to the pupil in basic education. The fourth empirical chapter deals with qualitative research, realized by case studies, which were supplemented by other research techniques. The main objective of the research was to analyze speech therapy and intervention in pupils...

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Selective mutism(SM) is a !disorder in which children capable of speech do not speak in certain situations. SM is often related to social phobia (SP); however, the exact relationship between the two conditions is unclear. To obtain a better understanding of the relationship of SM and SP, 8 children with SM, 8 with SP, and 7 typically developing children (ranging in age from 7-13) were compared on measures of physiology(heart rate, skin temperature, and skin conductance responses), and self-report and parent-report measures. The physiological measures were recorded during two social interaction tasks (a role-play task and a reading aloud task). Despite our expectation that children with SM should show higher physiological arousal during these tasks, the results revealed no conclusive physiological differences between the two groups. These finding suggest that the current conceptualization of selective mutism simply as an extreme form of social phobia may be incorrect.

This diploma thesis deals with mutism from the perspective of specialized czech and foreign literature. The character of the thesis is theoretical and the thesis is divided into three parts. In the first chapter, there is mutism described based on the study of czech specialized literature as well as etiology, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment. The second chapter describes the same categories but based on the study of foreign literature. The last part is dedicated to the analysis and comparison of acquired knowledge in particular areas. The most signifiant differences can be found in the area of diagnostics and therapy of mutisms, which are more elaborated in foreign literature than in Czech literature. Some differences appear in all other areas of mutism. The learning theory is the characteristic feature of foreign literature in the field of etiology of mutism, also the social enxiety is the characteric feature in the area of symptoms and treatment; overall we can see a dominant influence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Czech literature provides a number of different views not only on the definition of mutism, but also on the etiology and symptomatology. The diagnostics and the therapy of mutism is not further elaborated in the Czech literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of Selective Mutism, its possible causes, the strong impact it creates in English learner students, and what teachers could do to help the students who suffer from Selective Mutism.

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