Submitted by Sabrina Lenz (sabrina_lenz@hotmail.de) on 2014-05-30T12:43:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-05-30T16:51:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-06-02T13:49:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-02T13:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / This paper considers challenges of Human Resource Management (HRM) in Open Innovation processes. It examines which strategies managers used to overcome these problems in the case of the Brazilian Oil and Gas company Petrobras. By conducting an inductive case study it develops a contextual model based on the use of grounded theory. It argues that the most important categories were to overcome problems of (a) the interpersonal relationship, (b) power shifting inside the organization, and (c) making people more valuable to the organization and shows how managers tackled these challenges. It contributes with a deep analysis of HRM challenges in Open Innovation that is important for a better understanding of management problems that can come along with Open Innovation processes. / Este artigo leva em consideração os desafios da Gestão de Recursos Humanos (HRM) em processos de Inovação Aberta. São examinadas quais estratégias os gerentes utilizavam para superar esses problemas no caso da companhia brasileira de óleo e gás, Petrobrás. Ao conduzir um indutivo estudo de caso, é desenvolvido um modelo contextual baseado no uso da teoria fundamentada. Argumenta-se que as categorias mais importantes a serem superadas foram (a) as relações interpessoais, (b) mudança de poder dentro da organização e (c) a valorização dos funcionários pela organização, e é apresentado como os gerentes solucionaram esses problemas. Este artigo contribui com uma análise aprofundada dos desafios da HRM em Inovação Aberta, o que é importante para melhor entender os problemas gerenciais que podem surgir durante os processos de Inovação Aberta.

Bakgrund: Företagens interna innovationsfunktioner minskas samtidigt som företagen i större utsträckning väljer att tillämpa öppen innovation, gränsöverskridande samarbeten. Massor av forskning visar på att öppen innovation innebär en rad fördelar och möjligheter, men även utmaningar. Få studier belyser dock sambandet mellan komplexa innovationsutvecklingsprocesser och tillämpandet av gränsöverskridande samarbeten. Påverkar antalet komplexa beståndsdelar i innovationsutvecklingsprocesser i vilken konstellation företag väljer att samarbete med externa parter? Författarna ställer sig frågande till detta. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur komplexiteten i innovationsutvecklingsprocesser påverkar i vilken utsträckning företag väljer att samarbeta med externa parter. Studien ska även undersöka i vilken konstellation företag väljer att samarbeta med externa parter baserat på hur komplexa innovationsutvecklingsprocesserna är. Även Incitament för gränsöverskridande samarbete vid utvecklandet av komplexa innovationer kommer att studeras. Genomförande: Kvalitativ data erhölls genom fem samtalsintervjuer med fyra Innovationsledare och en processansvarig för innovationsutveckling avseende komplexa innovationer inom Ikea. Kvantitativ data erhölls genom en enkätundersökning som besvarades av samtliga Innovationsledare samt deras medarbetare (28 respondenter totalt) Resultat: Studien indikerar på att ju mer komplex en innovationsutvecklingsprocess är, desto större är sannolikheten att externa parter får större inblick i fler beståndsdelar avseende utvecklingsprocessen. Graden av komplexitet i utvecklingsprocessen ökar även sannolikheten för att inifrån-ut innovation tillämpas. / Background: The companys internal innovation functions decreases while companies choose to apply open innovation, cross-border cooperation. Lots of research shows that open innovation involves several benefits and opportunities, but also challenges. Few studies, however, illustrates the connection between complex innovation processes and the application of cross-border cooperation. Does the number of complex components in innovation development processes affect in which constellation companies choose to cooperate with external parties? This is something the authors ask themselves. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the complexity of innovation development processes affects the extent to which companies choose to cooperate with external parties. The study will also investigate what constellation companies choose to collaborate with external parties based on the complexity of innovation development processes. Incentives for cross-border cooperation in the development of complex innovations will also be studied. Implementation: Qualitative data was obtained through five interviews with four Innovation leaders and a process manager for innovation development, regarding complex innovations within Ikea. Quantitative data was obtained through a survey that was answered by all Innovation Leaders and their employees (28 respondents in total). Results: The study indicates that the more complex an innovation development process is, the greater is the likelihood that external parties will gain more insight into more components of the development process. The degree of complexity in the development process also increases the likelihood that inside-out innovation is applied.

L'innovation est un processus complexe qui demande des techniques et des outils collaboratifs pour la gestion des connaissances et la communication, afin que les entreprises surmontent les défis d'une économie concurrentielle. Une nouvelle catégorie d’outils connus sous l’acronyme CAI (Computer Aided Innovation) émerge parmi l’éventail des technologies assistées par ordinateur afin de répondre aux demandes industrielles pour une plus grande fiabilité des nouveaux produits et procédés. L’objectif de ces outils (en cours de développement) est d’aider les concepteurs durant tout le processus d’innovation. Actuellement la mise en oeuvre d’un tel outil doit prendre en considération deux développements récents majeurs. Le premier est d’ordre technologique avec les possibilités offertes par le Web 2.0 dans le développement de logiciel. Le deuxième est plus stratégique avec un changement de vision de l’innovation passant de l’innovation fermée (interne à l’entreprise) à l’innovation ouverte (Open Innovation). Ces deux aspects conduisent à de nouvelles formes de CAI nommé Open CAI 2.0. Cette recherche propose une des briques d’un tel outil, pour assister les ingénieurs procédés à résoudre des problèmes innovants principalement dans la phase de conception préliminaire. Nous présentons la structure et la fonctionnalité d’un cadre de collaboration qui met en oeuvre une méthode développée basée sur le couplage entre la théorie TRIZ, et une technique de gestion des connaissances: le raisonnement à partir de cas (RàPC). Ce cadre est une extension du modèle TRIZ-RàPC validé dans le domaine du génie de procèdes. L’approche du processus de résolution est illustrée sur une étude de cas traitant de la gazéification de la biomasse. / In economy nowadays, the act of innovation is in general social; it requires the management of knowledge, and the techniques and methodologies to drive it. Innovation is not the product of one isolated intelligence, instead, it is the result of a multi-disciplinary workgroup lead by a process or a methodology. The conceptual design, which is found in the first stages of the innovation process, represents one of the most important challenges in industry nowadays. One of the main challenges faced by chemical industries related to the conceptual design phase is to provide the means in the form of methods and computational tools, for solving problems systematically, at the same time that benefiting from the collective efforts of individual intelligences involved. Hence, the main objective of this work is to provide a solution to improve the creative capacity of a team involved in the innovation process, in particular the preliminary (critical) phase of conceptual design. Consequently, it is important to understand the techniques, methods and tools that best support the generation of novel ideas and creative solutions. In addition, it is necessary to study the contribution of information and communication technologies as the mean to support collaboration. Web technologies are considered as complementary tools to implement methods and techniques in collaborative design, and particularly in the conceptual design stage. These technologies allow setting up distributed collaborative environments to bring together the resources and the experts who can relate the existing pieces of knowledge to new contexts. It is the synergy created in this kind of environment, which allow producing valuable concepts and ideas in the form of Collective Intelligence. Nevertheless in most existing solutions for collective intelligence or crowdsourcing environments, they do not report the use of a particular methodology to improve the participants' creativity. The solution in this work describes a social network service that enables users to cooperatively solve problems oriented (but not limited) to the phase of conceptual design. In this work we propose that the use of Collective Intelligence in combination with the model TRIZ-CBR could lead the creative efforts in a team to develop innovative solutions. With this work we are looking for connecting experts from one particular field, TRIZ practitioners and stakeholders with the objective to solve problems in collaboration unlashing the collective intelligence to improve creativity. This work uses the basis of the concept named "Open CAI 2.0" to propose a solution in the form of a theoretical framework. The contributions seek to move the development of the field in Computer Aided Innovation a step forward.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos estruturais, de processo e desempenho gerados nas redes de inovação caracterizadas pelas empresas e as Instituições de Ciência e Tecnologia estabelecidas para tomada de recursos dos Fundos Setoriais para Ciência e Tecnologia brasileiros. Isto porque os fundos setoriais representam importantes pilares do sistema nacional de inovação brasileiro e, como foram criados a pouco mais de uma década, o momento é oportuno para sua avaliação. Nessa pesquisa foram analisados os fundos setoriais de energia e biotecnologia. O presente estudo utilizou dados secundários disponíveis nas Bases de Dados da FINEP, que representam cerca de 70% do total desses fundos em projeto e também em volumes de recursos. Os indicadores de análise são posicionados em diferentes disciplinas científicas e diferentes níveis de análise e foram consolidados à luz da teoria do modelo de gestão da inovação aberta. A pesquisa também contribui para disseminação e consolidação da cultura de inovação no país e da importância das políticas governamentais de fomento à inovação. Os setores de biotecnologia e energia são de forte apelo e custo social, estão relacionados entre si e são intensos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. São, portanto, participantes naturais do sistema brasileiro de inovação e tomadores dos fundos setoriais. Além disso, esses setores são importantes setores para desenvolvimento econômico regional, constituindo assim, áreas importantes para o campi da USP de Ribeirão Preto. A região está implantando um parque tecnológico que contempla essas áreas na sua diversidade de atuação. Finalmente, esses temas são de interesse do pesquisador que tem paixão e carreira em desenvolvimento e inovação. Portanto, a consolidação da pesquisa como competência no meu currículo constitui motivo fundamental de integração e dedicação no programa de mestrado. / The present research target to evaluate structural impacts, as well as process impacts and performance impacts on the innovation networks characterized for companies and Science and Technological Institutions established to affiliate on Brazilian Technological Development Funds - Fundos Setoriais para Ciência e Tecnologia. That is because the Brazilian Technological and Development Funds represent main political instruments for the national innovation system. The research used secondary data available at FINEP which represent about 70% of the number of projects as well as the total funds of the program. At present research Brazilian technological development funds for biotechnology and energy were analyzed. The analyses indicators are set on multiple analyses levels as well as on different research disciplines that were consolidated under the light of the open innovation management model. The research also contributes to dissemination and consolidation of the innovative culture in Brazil as well as the importance of public innovation funding policies adopted by countries. The biotechnology and energy sectors represent strong social and cost appeal, are correlated each other and are intense on research and development investment. They are therefore natural participants on the Brazilian innovation system and technological development funds users. Further, those sectors represent important sectors for the regional economic development and thought, to the Ribeirão Preto USP university campi. The region is building its technological park at present moment which considers its areas as strategic to its development. Finally, those themes are important to the researcher who has passion and a carrier on development and innovation. The consolidation of the research on mine curriculum is the main objective to affiliate on the master program.

Social media for innovation have been used by organizations all over the world to involve users in the innovation process. However, it has not been studied to a great extent within the public sector. The public sector context is different from other organization and focus on innovation to improve citizens’ service. This study aims to investigate how the public sector uses social media for innovation purposes, by conducting semi-structured interviews with employees at a municipality. The study showed that the public sectors adoptions of social media in their innovation process are sporadically applied. It showed that they do involve users in innovation, but mainly through face-to-face meetings. Communication is the common denominator in both the innovation procedures and the social media usage within the public sector. In conclusion, communication can be the road to innovation for the public sector.

Crowdsourcing och den kollaborativa ekonomin är modeller för öppen innovation som blir allt mer centrala i ett samhälle som står inför morgondagens utmaningar. För att ta itu med globala problem krävs det ett globalt samarbete och ett gemensamt ansvar, där delningsekonomin kan bli avgörande. I denna kvantitativa undersökning svarar vi på frågeställningen om hur upptagandet av och beslutsfattandet kring kollaborativa tjänsteinnovationer kan se ut när vi låter 50 studenter ta del av en kollaborativ tjänsteinnovation. Vi undersöker några befintliga kollaborativa tjänster, redogör för relevanta begrepp och visar på hur Diffusion of innovations kan användas för att förstå något så komplext som hur innovationer kan upptas och spridas i sociala system. Vidare visar vi hur ramverk för konceptualisering av crowdsourcing kan användas för att förstå hur miljöaspekten och viljan att samarbeta kan driva en stor grupp människor till att dela på kompetens, resurser och kunskap. Slutsatser och ett innovationsbidrag lyfts fram som kan hjälpa företag att förstå hur crowdsourcing kan användas och de villkor som spelar roll för individers upptagande. / Crowdsourcing and the sharing economy are essential models for open innovation when facing the challenges of tomorrow. Dealing with global problems require global cooperation and common responsibility, where the sharing economy may become crucial. In this quantitative study we examine how the adoption and decision-making process occurs when we let 50 students take part in a collaborative service innovation. We look at some already existing collaborative innovations, explain relevant concepts and show how Diffusion of innovations can be used to understand something as complex as adoption and diffusion of service innovations in social systems. Furthermore, we show how the framework for conceptualization of crowdsourcing can be used to understand how the environmental aspect and the willingness to cooperate can drive a crowd to share skills, resources and knowledge. Conclusions are presented and a contribution to help crowdsourcing ventures and collaborative networks is highlighted to understand individual adoption and the preconditions that affects their decision-making.

Dans une logique d’innovation ouverte une attention particulière a été accordée à la relation entre le monde académique et l'industrie, en focalisant surtout sur les universités. Mais les "Research and Technology Organizations" (RTOs) sont également une partie importante, quoique peu étudiée, du monde académique. Le but de ce projet est d'étudier le rôle des RTOs dans l'innovation ouverte de service, en prenant en compte une double perspectif; interne et externe. Plus précisément, dans la première partie du projet, nous entreprenons une analyse théorique et des études de cas dans 4 RTOs, afin d'identifier les capacités d'innovation de service uniques des RTOs. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous étudions les RTOs du point de vue externe, en comparant les RTOs aux TTOs/universités en termes de leur «offre» à l'industrie. L'analyse est effectuée au niveau conceptuel mais aussi empiriquement basée sur l'analyse statistique des données de l'Enquête Communautaire sur l'innovation (ECI). Nos résultats indiquent que les RTOs sont des types supérieurs d'intermédiaire qui sont en mesure non seulement de faciliter, mais de catalyser le processus d'innovation. / In the current complex and open innovation landscape, researchers have given special attention in the relationship between academia and industry, focusing mainly on the role of universities. But Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) are also an important, yet understudied, part of public research world. The purpose of this PhD project is to study the role of RTOs in the open service innovation landscape, taking a dual perspective. More specifically, in the first part of the project, we undertake a theoretical analysis together with case studies in 4 selected and renowned RTOs, in order to identify the unique service innovation capabilities of RTOs. In the second part of the project we take an external perspective, comparing RTOs to TTOs/ universities in terms of their “offering” to their partners. The analysis is performed on the conceptual level but also empirically based on statistical analysis of the Community Innovation Survey data. Our overall results indicate that RTOs represent a superior type of intermediary in open innovation that are able not only to facilitate but also to catalyse the innovation process.

Considering the legal and technical sceneries, which are favorable to the development of new cultivars: the founding of the National System for Cultivar Protection in the Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (SNPC/MAPA), the Cultivar Protection Act (LPC), the Biosafety Act (LB), the Industrial Property Act (LPI), the Innovation Act (LI), the Seeds and Seedlings Act (LSM) and also the vegetable Genetic Improvement Program (PMGV), as well as the farming sector and market demand for technological solutions, this work aims at studying the partnership affairs between Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Coastal Tablelands and other Embrapa Units for the development of cultivars. As part of the methodology, the case study was divided into a quantitative and qualitative research, focusing mainly on looking into the number of registered cultivars as of the year in which the SNPC was founded until the latest cultivar jointly developed by Embrapa Coastal Tablelands and other Embrapa Units, presenting the scenario of cultivars placed on the market after the SNPC was founded and having a deeper look into the intellectual property (IP) status of those new materials. In order to complement the quantitative data, searches were carried out on the Embrapa Headquarters and Embrapa Products and Market´s websites, with the assistance of Embrapa´s Technological Business Secretariat. Moreover, interviews were conducted with Embrapa´s improvers and experienced cultivar IP technicians at Embrapa Products and Market in Petrolina/PE and Sete Lagoas/MG. The partnership affairs were matched up by means of bibliographic revision, based the concept of innovation management employed by leading organizations, called Open Innovation. The study has shown that Embrapa Coastal Tablelands had jointly developed 23 cultivars with other Embrapa Units. The hybrids were disregarded as part of the results, being counted in only to encompass the totals of cultivar development, as well as to update the Unit´s product catalogue. It has been concluded that the partnership among Units has made it possible to empower the initiatives for technology transfer by the partner Units in the region of the Coastal Tablelands, as well as to enhance vegetable genetic improvement programs and to introduce in the production systems materials which are more adaptable to the Brazilian Northeast soil and climate conditions. / Considerando o cenário legal e técnico, favorável para o desenvolvimento de cultivares (criação do Sistema Nacional de Proteção de Cultivares, do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (SNPC/MAPA), Lei de Proteção de Cultivares (LPC), Lei de Biossegurança (LB), Lei de Propriedade Industrial (LPI), Lei de Inovação (LI) e Lei de Sementes e Mudas (LSM), e os Programas de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - PMGV), bem como as demandas da agricultura e exigências do mercado por soluções tecnológicas, o trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo das relações de parceria entre a Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros e outras Unidades da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) no desenvolvimento de cultivares. Como parte da metodologia, o estudo de caso (YIN, 2010) foi dividido em pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, dando ênfase a um levantamento de cultivares registradas a partir do ano da criação do SNPC até a última cultivar desenvolvida em parceria entre a Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros e outras Unidades da Embrapa, apresentando o panorama das cultivares lançadas no mercado após a criação do Órgão e detalhando o status de PI desses materiais. Para complementar os dados quantitativos foram feitas buscas nos sites da Embrapa Produtos e Mercado (antigos Escritórios de Negócios) e da Embrapa Sede, junto à Secretaria de Negócios Tecnológicos. Foram realizadas, ainda, entrevistas com melhoristas da Embrapa, e experientes técnicos em PI de cultivares na Embrapa Produtos e Mercado de Petrolina/PE e de Sete Lagoas/MG. As relações de parceria foram confrontadas, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, com o conceito e modelo de gestão da inovação utilizados por grandes empresas e corporações, denominada Open Innovation ou Inovação Aberta. O estudo mostrou que a Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros desenvolveu 20 cultivares em parceria com outras Unidades de pesquisa. Os híbridos não foram foco do estudo, sendo apenas identificados para compor o leque de cultivares da Unidade e suas parceiras internas, bem como para atualizar o Catálogo de Produtos, Tecnologias e Serviços da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros. Concluiu-se que a parceria entre as Unidades possibilitou ampliar as ações de transferência de tecnologia das Unidades parceiras na região de atuação da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, fortalecer os Programas de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal e introduzir nos sistemas produtivos materiais com maior adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas do Nordeste brasileiro.

Innovation assoziieren wir mit Technologie und Wirtschaft. Begriffliche Alternativen wie die „nicht-technologischen“ oder „sozialen Innovationen“ verweisen in der Regel auf eine Residualkategorie nicht-ökonomischer Randbedingungen des wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs von Innovationen, oder werden so allgemein verwandt, dass sie als unterdefinierte Container-Begriffe zu kaum mehr als zum Transport unterschiedlichster ökonomisierungsskeptischer Ressentiments taugen. Insgesamt ist schliesslich immer wieder unklar, ob der Begriff auf neue Objekte oder den Prozess der Neuerung angewandt werden soll, oder er erst dann Sinn macht, wenn das Neue weite Teile der Gesellschaft und hier vorzugsweise eben wieder den ökonomischen Markt erreicht hat. Entsprechend spricht man mitunter von der Innovation als Paradoxon (John 2005). Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit zwei Anliegen: Zum wird in Anwendung der Theo-rie sozialer Systeme (Luhmann 1987, 1997) ein dreidimensionales Modell entwickelt das den Umgang mit dem paradoxen Phänomen erheblich erleichtert: wie alles das Sinn macht hat Innovation demnach eine Sach-, eine Zeit- und eine Sozialdimension, und erscheint entsprechend sowohl als sachliche Neuheit, als zeitlicher Wandel und als sozialer Vorteil. Zum anderen wird die Sozialdimension der Innovation als For-schungslücke vorgestellt, die auch von Innovationssoziologen bislang nicht systematisch bearbeitet wird. Im Sinne erster Aufnahmen aus der bislang unterbelichteten Sozialdimension werden Grundtypen sozialer Beziehungen entwickelt und der Unterschied aufgezeigt, den die Innovation als Vorteil im jeweiligen Fall macht. Hochauflösendere Bilder scheitern dabei allerdings am Fehlen einer spezifischen Soziologie des Vorteils. Immerhin aber gelingt noch ein überraschender Schnappschuss: Da es neben ökonomischen noch eine ganze Reihe weiterer Vorteile gibt, können wir die wirtschaftliche Innovation als Sonderfall der Innovation präsentieren. Entsprechend lassen sich nun auch robuste Innovationen vorstellen, die in mehr als einer Wettbewerbssphäre der Gesellschaft Vorteile bringen und die uns als besonders nachhaltige und profit-able Form von Innovation gelten können.

1 INTRODUCTION With the increasing capabilities of today’s smart phones, the demand of consumers for new applications has risen dramatically. By opening up these smart phones and providing third parties the opportunity to develop “apps” for their systems, producers like Apple and platform owners like Google can offer much more value to their customers. As smart phones are one kind of embedded systems (ES), the question arises if similar development can also take place in other kinds of embedded systems. ES, consisting of hardware and software, are embedded in a device to realize a specific function, in contrast to personal computers, which serve multiple purposes [4,30]. The notion of incorporating external actors in the innovation process has been coined open innovation which has become increasingly popular in research and practice since Chesbrough introduced the term in 2003 [12]. By opening up their innovation processes for external actors, firms could benefit from internal as well as from external ideas. In this paper, the notion of open innovation will be explored in the context of ES. The case of ES is particularly interesting, as it requires not only the opening of innovation processes, but also the opening of the embedded system itself. Some of these platforms are opened only to a small degree like Apple’s iPhone, in order to enable others to create new applications for it. Similar developments also take place for example in the automotive software domain, especially concerning infotainment systems. However, most kinds of ES have been spared out by this development until now. As more than 98% of all chips manufactured are used for ES [10] and high-performing computer chips are getting cheaper [38], opening considerations could also prove valuable for a large number of other application domains. However, opening up innovation processes in the context of ES is challenging from both an organizational and technical perspective. First of all, embedded systems are subject to a variety of constraints in contrast to multi-purpose computing devices, like realtime and security constraints or costs and resource constraints. Second, ES are quite diverse both in their composition and in terms on their requirements. In this paper, we want to explore, how the different properties of embedded systems influence possible open innovation processes. This will be done by drawing on to the characteristics of firms implementing the three core open innovation processes suggested by Gassmann and Enkel (2004) [15] and conceptually explaining how the characteristics of ES enable or hinder open innovation processes. As a result, a classification of the OI processes in terms of ES characteristics is provided.