This study explores the relationship between ideals of motherhood and heterosexual normativity, from the perspective of women at the margins of these discourses. The title, In the shadow of Motherhood, illustrates the overriding power of the image of motherhood to marginalise alternative experiences. The concept of motherhood, like that of Family, has traditionally signalled the reproduction of the normative; it does not usually encompass the critical scrutiny that would allow for diverse experiences of mothering. Theoretically, the study is located within the fields of feminist sociology and inclusive family studies in productive dialogue with queer notions of gender and sexuality. Methodologically, it is inspired by narrative analysis and consists of in-depth interviews with eight lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women grappling with different experiences of motherhood and mothering practices. Some of them identify as mothers while others do not, but by not being biogenetic mothers within a heterosexual relationship they share the position of being outside of what is often considered normal, natural and desirable. The analysis reveals a considerable variation in the positions, experiences and identities of the participants, particularly in regards to changes over time, which cannot be reduced to binary categories such as heterosexual/lesbian, biological/non-biological, mother/childless or voluntary/involuntary childlessness. The analysis also exposes a deep tension between ideologies of motherhood and lived experiences of care practices. Furthermore, from the perspective of the participants, the boundaries between inclusion and exclusion reinforce and challenge each other, creating spaces of both individual and collective resistance. The study illuminates the need to shift the location of these experiences from the margins to the centre not only in sociological research of family and gender, but also within feminist sociology.

Inscrit dans le champ des ambiances architecturales et urbaines, cette thèse interroge la constitution de l'expérience sensible dans les cheminements urbains à partir d'une méthode de parcours commenté « en aveugle ». Une enquête a été menée à Grenoble auprès de 34 personnes constituées en deux groupes d'âge, leur faisant parcourir, les yeux bandés, un espace de la ville où ils n'étaient jamais allés. À partir d'analyses détaillées des commentaires recueillis lors des parcours, nous montrons comment s'opère la mobilisation des sens dans la marche. En effet, des sens aux contextes de sens en passant par les objets d'expérience, nous explorons différentes perspectives pour rendre intelligible l'expérience sensible. Une réflexion particulière est alors menée sur l'impact du protocole d'enquête et la relation chercheur/participant en intégrant pleinement ces derniers aux analyses et à l'objet de recherche. Nous proposons enfin de nous saisir de la notion de « surgissement » pour révéler les aspects dynamiques de l'expérience sensible des espaces publics et cherchons à faire de cette notion un levier de discussion théorique ainsi qu'un outil de définition dans l'aménagement des espaces publics urbains, tant du point de vue physique et spatial que dans le cadre d'une politique du sensible confrontée à la standardisation ou à des effets de normalisation. S'appuyant sur des approches phénoménologiques et pragmatistes et soucieux des effets des modalités d'aménagement contemporain, ce travail contribue ainsi à la problématique des ambiances urbaines. / From the field of urban and architectural ambiances, this thesis focuses on the constitution of sensitive experience in the context of walking in the city from a method of commented walks without eyesight. We have conducted an inquiry in Grenoble (a french city) with 34 people belonging to two age groups. These people made a sensewalk blindfolded in the same place unknown to them. We show how senses are implicated in walking from specific analyses. Indeed, from senses to meaningful context through object of experience, we adopt different ways in order to understand sensitive experience. A methodological reflection relies both on the impact of survey protocol and on the relationship between researcher and the interviewed people. We suggest to consider the notion of « sudden appearance » in order to reveal dynamic caracteristics of sensitive experience in public spaces. In addition, a theoritical discussion emerges from this notion and we assume that « sudden appearance » could be a way of thinking in urban planning. Facing the standardization and normalization of public spaces, « sudden appearance » is a way to resist and to be politically engaged. Based on phenomenological and pragmatical approaches and being concerned with urban planning, our work contributes to the investigation of urban ambiances.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-22T12:44:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1513669 bytes, checksum: ab71df79901baeff48a0ee7baf3617fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T12:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1513669 bytes, checksum: ab71df79901baeff48a0ee7baf3617fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Language is a dialogical activity in its constitution, and this is the most important Bakhtin’s concept. When using the language, one dives into a universal symposium where his or her voice always meet the voice of the other, and together, they create the speech. For this reason, in the discursive role, we never find a single voice, but a diversity of people's voices. We need to interact with all these voices and we creat our own among these voices. However, according to Bakhtin, in some areas of human activity the dialogue with the other’s word is restricted, and this is the case of religious speech, where the word has a special weight and does not allow it to be used in vain, it is compact and inert, and one should accept it or reject it. So, how can we authoring our voice in the middle of words that require passivity and obedience? Based on Bakhtin's conception, we tried to investigate the speech’s authorship in religious preaching. Our aim in this research is to understand how the process of speech’s authorship is constituted in neo-Pentecostal preaching. For this reason, we also aim to identify, describe and explain how function the different voices inside the speech of the author-preacher. It develops, depending on the object of study, a qualitative research responsive character, through a documentary research. Our research corpus consists of five speeches of preaching, and one of these sample is analyzed. To perform the analysis, transcripts were made from what was said in the worship speeches, than after , different voices found in it were selected. We are based on theoretical and methodological Bakhtin studies of language, from where we take the analytical categories that constitute what we call ‘authorship’s architeture’ and we are also based on the ways of transmission of another's speech. The results show us that authoring into this specific genre of speech means to accept an axiological position that reflects and refracts values through a complex process of selection, organization and distribution of other's voices. This process is marked more for the appropriation and simulation of other’s voice than through the passive obedience to religious authoritarian word. / A linguagem é uma atividade constitutivamente dialógica, este é o grande preceito bakhtiniano. Ao utilizá-la o homem mergulha num simpósio universal onde sua voz encontra sempre a voz do outro e juntas constroem o discurso. Por esse motivo, no fio do jogo discursivo nunca encontramos uma única voz, mas uma heterogeneidade de vozes alheias, com as quais o sujeito necessita interagir e em meio as quais se constitui autor de seu dizer. No entanto, para Bakhtin, em alguns campos de atividade humana o diálogo com a palavra do outro é restringido, é o caso do discurso religioso, onde a palavra tem um peso especial e não admite que seja utilizada em vão, ela é compacta e inerte, deve-se aceitá-la ou rejeitá-la. Então, como autorar em meio a palavras que requerem passividade e obediência? Com base na concepção bakhtiniana, buscamos investigar a autoria na pregação religiosa. Nosso objetivo nessa pesquisa é compreender como se dá o processo de constituição da autoria na pregação religiosa neopentecostal. Por esse motivo, objetivamos de forma específica identificar, descrever e explicar o funcionamento das diferentes vozes presentes no enunciado do autor-pregador. Desenvolve-se, em função do objeto de estudo, uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter responsivo, através de uma pesquisa documental. Nosso corpus é composto por cinco pregações, sendo uma delas a amostra analisada. Para realização da análise, foram feitas transcrições dos enunciados proferidos em cultos e selecionadas as diferentes vozes neles encontradas. Apoiamo-nos teórica e metodologicamente nos Estudos bakhtinianos da linguagem, nos quais buscamos as categorias analíticas que constituem o que chamamos de arquitetônica da autoria e nas formas de transmissão do discurso de outrem. Os resultados obtidos mostram que autorar nesse gênero do discurso é assumir uma posição axiológica que reflete e refrata valores por meio de um complexo processo de seleção, organização e distribuição da voz alheia, constituindo-se mais pela apropriação e simulação da voz de outrem que pela obediência passiva à palavra autoritária religiosa.

Stereotypa bilder och ideal om vad som är manligt och kvinnligt syns idag tydligt i samhället även inom idrottssammanhang. Idrott har historiskt sett utmanat roller för vad som är manligt respektive kvinnligt. För kvinnor har utövandet av idrott inte alltid varit en självklarhet. Problem kan uppstå när det för kvinnor finns en motstridig bild mellan samhällsnormer och den skapade idrottskroppen. Syftet med denna fenomenologisk studie är att undersöka elitidrottande kvinnors kroppsuppfattning i relation till idrotten och samhällets kroppsideal. Det teoretiska ramverket består av symbolisk interaktionism med fokus på begreppet generaliserade andre. Även teorin sociala jämförelser och begreppen genus och kroppsuppfattning. Studien använder en kvalitativ ansats där det empiriska materialet består av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av elitidrottande kvinnor i åldrarna 18-30 år, aktiva inom icke-estetiska idrotter. Resultatet visar att idrott och gemenskapen den utgör uppfattas bidra till en mer positiv kroppsuppfattning hos elitidrottande kvinnor. Kroppens funktion och prestation inom idrotten gör att den negativa påverkan yttre faktorer kan ha på kroppsuppfattning får mindre utrymme. Istället väger idrottens krav på kroppen tyngre än samhällets kroppsideal, vilket bidrog till en mer positiv kroppsuppfattning. / Stereotype images and ideals of masculinity and femininity are visible in today´s society, including sports. Sport has historically challenged the roles of what is masculine and feminine and women haven´t always been able to take the practice of sport for granted. A problem can arise when the social norms contradict the psychical body women create in sport. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore body perception of elite sportswomen in relation to sport demands and social body ideal. The theoretical framework consists of symbolic interactionism, focusing on the concept of generalized others and furthermore, the theory of social comparison and the concepts of gender and body perception. The study uses a qualitative approach where the empirical material consists of ten semi-structured interviews. The sample consists of elite sportswomen in the age group 18-30 years, all active in aesthetic sports. The result shows that sport and its positive communion is perceived to contribute to a positive body perception among elite sportswomen. Function of the body and its performance is the most important factor and it can decrease the negative impact external factors may have on body perception. Physical requirements are of greater importance than the body ideal. The result of this study is that all women found it common that their sport was of greater importance than body ideals, which contributed to a positive body perception.

Esta dissertação versa sobre a incomunicabilidade humana. A pergunta problematizadora que temos como objetivo aprofundar é: o ser humano é, ontologicamente, um ser capaz de se comunicar? ou de outra forma: é possível a existência da comunicação? A hermenêutica imanente dos textos de natureza filosófica, seguida da reflexão analítica, nos aproxima da problemática sobre a incomunicabilidade humana, iluminando os enfoques chave do estado instaurado de incomunicação radical e generalizada, por outro lado a possibilidade do ser de relacionar-se e abrir a comunicação para sua existência. A possibilidade do ser humano de relacionar-se é mínima no sistema planetário de comunicação, o que nos faz concluir que vivemos na era da incomunicabilidade humana, por primeiro da incomunicabilidade entre eu e o outro. / This dissertation deals with human incommunicability. We intend to further study the following problematizing issue: Ontologically speaking, is the human being capable of communicating? In other words: can communication exist? The immanent hermeneutics of philosophical texts, followed by analytical reflection, leads us to the problem of human incommunicability, throws light on key approaches to the state of radical and generalized incommunication, and, on the other hand, the possibility for human beings to establish relationships and open lines of communication for their survival. The planets communication system allows for minimal possibilities of human beings establishing relationships; we have, therefore, to conclude that we live in an era of human incommunicability, starting with the incommunicability between the self and others.

Author: Amanda Hedberg & Julia Rindhagen   Title: “If we come to Sweden ...Will they welcome us?” A qualitative studie of how the representation of refugees have changed over time in the genre reportage in the newspaper Aftonbladet. Location: Linnaeus University  Language: Swedish  Number of pages: 41 The aim of this study was to examine if there were any differences in how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet represented refugees over time. The main question examined was: How do the newspaper Aftonbladet represent refugees in the genre reportage over time? We added three more questions in order to get a more precise result. The questions were: Which discourses were found in the years 1995, 2005 and 2015, were there any differences or similarities? Have the representations of the actors of the text changed?  How can the texts contribute to stereotypes of refugees in order of the postcolonial theory with focus of “us” and “them”?  We made a critical discourse analysis of 15 reportages over time. Five reportages of three different years; 1995, 2005 and 2015. The result showed that Aftonbladets representation of the refugees over time in the genre reportage had an up going curve in the focus area of “us” and “them”. Through all the examined years, the refugees were described as victims. In 2005 Aftonbladet started to represent the refugees as “the others” and in 2015 the refugees started to be described as “a threat”.

The post-conflict nature of the Kosovo society and economy led to an urgent need to address educational policy, specifically to raise the quality of the reconstituted formal schooling system. To address this priority major foreign aid and government subsidies were targeted at both the demand (students) and supply (school) side. One of the major contributors, the World Bank, aimed to improve the supply side by allocating development grants to schools in order to improve student performance. In this thesis the following four research questions are addressed: how appropriate are current evaluation strategies of education policy initiatives in developing countries, what has been the impact of school development grants on student dropout, attendance and student attainment, what are determinants of pupil dropout, attendance and attainment and what are the implications of the answers to the above questions for the reform of education policies in developing economies and the evaluation of policy initiatives. This is the first study that critically reviews previous attempts at evaluating educational initiatives in Kosovo and then employs econometric methods to measure the impact of school development grants on educational outcomes. A quasi experimental approach is utilised and comparisons made between schools with treatment and schools without treatment. A similar study for Cambodia serves as a reference for our research, though we have extensively refined the approach taken in that study. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis suggests at best only a marginal positive impact of these policy initiatives on educational outcomes. More specifically there is some evidence of reduced dropout but no effect is found on student attendance and attainment. These findings are consistent with the results of recent reviews of the literature on this type of policy initiative. This study seeks to act as an example of best practice which can be followed in future evaluations of policy initiatives in countries like Kosovo. It draws important conclusions about the need at the policy design stage to formulate appropriate evaluation strategy and to address related issues about data quality, collection and analysis.

Othering is central in the rhetoric of both Abu Bakr Naji and Anders Breivik throughout their works. Both authors use it as a device to drive a psychological wedge between the groups of ‘us’ and ‘them’. In the case of Naji, the in group is made up of violence oriented takfiris such as Al Qaeda, but Breivik hoped to appeal to other violence oriented far right groups and individuals, disillusioned with what he perceived to be a slow erosion of ‘traditional’ European life by the far left, feminism and other forces. My research question will revolve around how a use of othering by the authors can reveal what they regard as the major threat to their groups. Superficially, there seem to be many similarities in how each author uses othering to alienate and dehumanise different groups. However, closer inspection reveals entirely different priorities and different methods of othering in play. By examining how othering is used throughout the works, it is possible to see which outside groups are perceived to present the biggest threat to the inside groups and the results are perhaps surprising. Given that The Management of Savagery has been seen as the ISIS strategic manual and the key message throughout the work is try and bring the USA and her allies into a catastrophic war of attrition from which the violence oriented takfiris would rise, I had assumed that the USA, or the ‘Far’ enemy would take the brunt of Naji’s othering drive. Instead, the Shia and all Muslims who are unaligned with Al Qaeda, plus those Muslims closely aligned with the West or Western ideals are the key target for Naji. Likewise, I had expected most of the vitriol from Breivik’s right wing ‘manifesto’ to be directed at Muslim immigrants to Europe. However, his key concern, as evidenced by the othering used throughout his work, is in fact with what he terms ‘cultural Marxists’ – left leaning groups and political parties, which he sees as weakening Europe and allowing outsiders to take over.

No description available.

The main goal of this disertation is to update knowledge about common activities of parents and adolescents in the context of family education (Gillern, 2009), which could help current counseling practices and expansion of knowledge about educational interactions in the family. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the effects of common realized interests of parents and adolescents, and to find out under what conditions and circumstances they occur. The theoretical part of this thesis consists of three chapters. First chapter deals with important adults during adolescence, the second chapter focuses on family upbringing while the third chapter deals with common activities during free time. The research part presents the results of quantitative research, supplemented by semi- structured interviews with several students. Adolescents were asked what activities they do in their free time, with whom they perform them, and how the actual implementation differs from their wishes. Current parenting styles according to the nine-field model were also examined. At the end of the work, the results of the research part are discussed and the findings of the research survey are summarized. Keywords Significant others, adolescents, parenting styles, common activities, free time