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Terapie met die junior-primêre kind wat skeidingsangs ervaarHefer, Elizabeth 02 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Skeidingsangs is 'n angsversteuring by kinders weens die onvermoe om van die
moeder te skei. Skeidingsangs is by die meeste jong kinders 'n realiteit wanneer
hulle van hul moeders geskei word. Die intensiteit van die angservaring van die
kind by skeiding word meestal onderskat.
Skeidingsangs manifesteer by skooltoetrede. Dit is die kind se eerste formele
toetrede tot die leefwereld waar eise aan horn gestel word. Skeidingsangs het
'n negatiewe invloed op die kind se totale leefwereld, sy relasies, skolastiese funksionering
en sosiale verhoudinge.
Vir die doel van hierdie navorsing word daar gefokus op die junior-primere leerling
(Sub A tot Standerd een). Daar is geen differensiasie ten opsigte van geslag
nie. 'n Diagnoseringslys, die idiografiese navorsings- en diagnoseringsmodel en
pedoterapieprogram (Jacobs: 1980, 1981) is gebruik vir diagnose en terapie van
skeidingsangs. Die effektiwiteit en bruikbaarheid van die terapeutiese tegnieke
en riglyne vir die ko-terapeute is empiries getoets vanuit 'n sielkundig opvoedkundige
perspektief. / Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder in children as a result of their inability to
separate from their mothers. The intensity of the anxiety experience in the child
is generally underestimated.
Separation anxiety manifests itself when the child enters school. This experience
presents in the child's formal entry into the field of experience where personal individual
demands are made. Separation anxiety presents a negative influence on
the total field of experience, his relations to it, encompassing scholastic
functioning and social relationships.
The research is focused on the junior primary pupil (Sub A up to Stan de rd 1).
There is no differentiation regarding sex. A list of diagnosis, the idiographic research
and diagnostic model, and the pedotherapy programme (Jacobs: 1980, ·
1981) are all used, to diagnose separation anxiety and for the treatment of this
condition. The effectiveness and usefulness of these therapeutic techniques and
guidelines for the co-therapists were empirically tested from a psychological educational
point of view. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)
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Terapie met die junior-primêre kind wat skeidingsangs ervaarHefer, Elizabeth 02 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Skeidingsangs is 'n angsversteuring by kinders weens die onvermoe om van die
moeder te skei. Skeidingsangs is by die meeste jong kinders 'n realiteit wanneer
hulle van hul moeders geskei word. Die intensiteit van die angservaring van die
kind by skeiding word meestal onderskat.
Skeidingsangs manifesteer by skooltoetrede. Dit is die kind se eerste formele
toetrede tot die leefwereld waar eise aan horn gestel word. Skeidingsangs het
'n negatiewe invloed op die kind se totale leefwereld, sy relasies, skolastiese funksionering
en sosiale verhoudinge.
Vir die doel van hierdie navorsing word daar gefokus op die junior-primere leerling
(Sub A tot Standerd een). Daar is geen differensiasie ten opsigte van geslag
nie. 'n Diagnoseringslys, die idiografiese navorsings- en diagnoseringsmodel en
pedoterapieprogram (Jacobs: 1980, 1981) is gebruik vir diagnose en terapie van
skeidingsangs. Die effektiwiteit en bruikbaarheid van die terapeutiese tegnieke
en riglyne vir die ko-terapeute is empiries getoets vanuit 'n sielkundig opvoedkundige
perspektief. / Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder in children as a result of their inability to
separate from their mothers. The intensity of the anxiety experience in the child
is generally underestimated.
Separation anxiety manifests itself when the child enters school. This experience
presents in the child's formal entry into the field of experience where personal individual
demands are made. Separation anxiety presents a negative influence on
the total field of experience, his relations to it, encompassing scholastic
functioning and social relationships.
The research is focused on the junior primary pupil (Sub A up to Stan de rd 1).
There is no differentiation regarding sex. A list of diagnosis, the idiographic research
and diagnostic model, and the pedotherapy programme (Jacobs: 1980, ·
1981) are all used, to diagnose separation anxiety and for the treatment of this
condition. The effectiveness and usefulness of these therapeutic techniques and
guidelines for the co-therapists were empirically tested from a psychological educational
point of view. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)
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The role of fearful spells as risk factors for panic pathology and other mental disordersAsselmann, Eva 15 January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Background. Previous research suggests that individuals experiencing DSM-IV panic attacks (PA) are at increased risk for various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders. However, little is known regarding whether the sole occurrence of fearful spells (FS-only; distressing spells of anxiety with less than four panic symptoms and/or lacking crescendo in symptom onset) similarly elevates the risk for subsequent psychopathology and could therefore be promising to identify high-risk groups for targeted preventive interventions. Thus, the current dissertation thesis aims to examine (a) whether FS-only predict incident mental disorders in addition to full-blown PA and whether their associations with subsequent psychopathology differ from those obtained for PA, (b) whether FS-only, PA, and panic disorder (PD) share similar etiologies, (c) which characteristics of initial FS/PA and other risk factors predict a progression to more severe panic pathology and other mental disorders, and (d) whether help-seeking/potential treatment in individuals with panic alters the risk for subsequent psychopathology.
Methods. A representative community sample of adolescents and young adults (N=3021, aged 14-24 at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to three assessment waves over a time period of up to 10 years. FS-only, PA, PD, and other mental disorders were assessed at each assessment wave using the DSM-IV-M-CIDI. Additional modules/questionnaires were used to assess characteristics of initial FS/PA (T1/T2), potential risk factors, and help-seeking/potential treatment. Logistic regressions were applied to test associations (Odds Ratios, OR) of FS-only and PA at baseline with incident mental disorders at follow-up as well as respective interactive effects with help-seeking at baseline. Associations (Hazard Ratios, HR) of putative risk factors with the onset of panic pathology (FS-only, PA, and PD) or the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders in those with panic pathology (aggregated data across assessment waves) were estimated with Cox regressions. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test associations of initial FS/PA characteristics (aggregated from T1 and T2) with PA and PD (lifetime incidences aggregated across assessment waves).
Results.
FS-only at baseline predicted incident anxiety and depressive disorders at follow-up (OR 1.59-4.36), while PA at baseline predicted incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders at follow-up (OR 2.08-8.75; reference group: No FS/PA). Merely any anxiety disorder (OR=3.26) and alcohol abuse/dependence (OR=2.26) were significantly more strongly associated with PA than with FS-only. Female sex, parental anxiety disorders, parental depressive disorders, behavioral inhibition, harm avoidance, lower coping efficacy, and parental rejection predicted FS-only, PA, and PD (HR 1.2-3.0), whereas the associations with other risk factors partially differed for FS-only, PA, and PD and tended to be more pronounced for PA and PD than for FS-only.
Alcohol consumption, use of drugs/medication, and physical illness as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA were associated with the occurrence of full-blown PA (without PD, OR 2.46-5.44), while feelings of anxiety/depression and having always been anxious/nervous as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA, appraising the initial FS/PA as terrible and long-term irritating/burdensome, subsequent feelings of depression, avoidance of situations/places, and consumption of medication, alcohol, or drugs were associated with the development of PD (OR 2.64-4.15). A longer duration until “feeling okay again” was associated with both PA and PD (OR 1.29-1.63 per category). Moreover, partially different risk constellations in subjects with panic pathology (FS/PA/PD) predicted the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders. Panic pathology (FS/PA) and help-seeking/potential treatment at baseline interacted on predicting incident PD (OR=0.09) and depression (OR=0.22) at follow-up in a way that panic pathology only predicted these disorders in individuals not seeking help at baseline.
Conclusions. Findings suggest that individuals with FS-only are at similar risk of developing subsequent psychopathology compared to individuals with full-blown PA. Specific initial FS/PA characteristics and additional risk factors may be used to identify sub-groups of individuals with panic pathology, which are at particular risk of progressing to more severe panic pathology or other mental disorders and might therefore profit from supplemental outcome-related preventive interventions in addition to panic-specific treatment. Future research may replicate the current findings and test the efficacy of targeted preventive interventions in panickers at elevated risk for PD and other forms of psychopathology. / Theoretischer Hintergrund. Auf Grundlage früherer Forschungsbefunde ist anzunehmen, dass Personen mit DSM-IV-Panikattacken (PA) ein erhöhtes Risiko für zahlreiche psychische Störungen, einschließlich Angst-, depressiver und Substanzstörungen, aufweisen. Unklar ist jedoch, ob das alleinige Auftreten von Fearful Spells (FS-only, Angstanfälle mit weniger als vier Paniksymptomen und/oder fehlendem Crescendo in der Symptomentwicklung) das Risiko für Psychopathologie in ähnlicher Weise erhöht und hilfreich sein könnte, um Hochrisikogruppen für Präventivinterventionen zu identifizieren. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Dissertation wird daher untersucht, (a) ob FS-only zusätzlich zu PA inzidente psychische Störungen vorhersagen und ob sich Unterschiede in den Assoziationen von FS-only vs. PA mit nachfolgender Psychopathologie ergeben, (b) ob FS-only, PA und Panikstörung (PS) ähnliche Ätiologien teilen, (c) welche Merkmale initialer FS/PA und welche anderen Risikofaktoren die Entwicklung schwerer Panikpathologie und weiterer psychischer Störungen vorhersagen und (d) ob Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung bei Personen mit Panik das Risiko für nachfolgende Psychopathologie verändert.
Methodik. Eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsstichprobe Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener (N=3021, 14-24 Jahre zur Baseline-Erhebung) wurde in bis zu drei Erhebungswellen über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 10 Jahren untersucht. FS-only, PA, PS und andere psychische Störungen wurden zu jeder Erhebungswelle mithilfe des DSM-IV-M-CIDI erfasst. Merkmale initialer FS/PA (T1/T2), mögliche Risikofaktoren sowie Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung wurden mit weiteren Modulen und Fragebögen erhoben. Mithilfe logistischer Regressionen wurden Assoziationen (Odds Ratios, OR) von FS-only und PA zu Baseline mit inzidenten psychischen Störungen zum Follow-Up sowie diesbezügliche Interaktionen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline getestet.
Zusammenhänge zwischen möglichen Risikofaktoren und dem Auftreten von Panikpathologie (FS-only, PA und PS) bzw. nachfolgender Angst-/depressiver und Substanzstörungen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (Verwendung von über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierter Daten) wurden mithilfe von Cox-Regressionen geschätzt. Multinomiale logistische Regressionen wurden genutzt, um Assoziationen von Merkmalen initialer FS/PA (aggregiert über T1 und T2) mit PA und PS (über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierte Lebenszeitinzidenzen) zu erfassen.
Ergebnisse. FS-only zu Baseline sagten inzidente Angst- und depressive Störungen zum Follow-Up vorher (OR 1.59-4.36), wohingegen PA zu Baseline inzidente Angst-, depressive und Substanzstörungen zum Follow-Up vorhersagten (OR 2.08-8.75; Referenzkategorie: Keine FS/PA). Lediglich irgendeine Angststörung (OR=3.26) und Alkoholmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit (OR=2.26) waren signifikant stärker mit PA als mit FS-only assoziiert. Weibliches Geschlecht, elterliche Angst- und depressive Störungen, Verhaltenshemmung, Schadensvermeidung, geringere Coping-Erwartung und elterliche Zurückweisung sagten FS-only, PA und PS vorher (HR 1.2-3.0), während sich teils unterschiedliche Assoziationen anderer Risikofaktoren mit FS-only, PA und PS ergaben, die tendenziell stärker für PA und PS als für FS-only waren.
Alkoholkonsum, Drogen-/Medikamentengebrauch und körperliche Erkrankungen als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA waren mit dem Auftreten vollständiger PA assoziiert (ohne PS; OR 2.46-5.44), während Gefühle von Angst/Depression und die Einschätzung schon immer ängstlich/nervös gewesen zu sein als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA, die Bewertung der initialen FS/PA als schrecklich und langfristig verunsichernd/belastend, nachfolgende Gefühle von Niedergeschlagenheit, Vermeidung von Situationen/Orten und Konsum von Medikamenten, Alkohol oder Drogen mit der Entwicklung von PS assoziiert waren (OR 2.64-4.15).
Eine längere Dauer bis sich die betroffene Person wieder vollständig in Ordnung fühlte war sowohl mit PA als auch mit PS assoziiert (OR 1.29-1.63 pro Kategorie). Weiterhin sagten teils unterschiedliche Risikokonstellationen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (FS/PA/PS) die nachfolgende Entstehung von Angst-/depressiven und Substanzstörungen vorher. Panikpathologie (FS/PA) und Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung zu Baseline interagierten bei der Vorhersage von inzidenter PS (OR=0.09) und Depression (OR=0.22) zum Follow-Up; d.h. das Vorhandensein von Panikpathologie sagte diese Störungen nur bei Personen ohne, nicht aber bei Personen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline vorher.
Schlussfolgerungen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Personen mit FS-only im Vergleich zu Personen mit vollständigen PA ein ähnliches Risiko für die Entwicklung nachfolgender Psychopathologie aufweisen. Spezifische Merkmale initialer FS/PA und zusätzliche Risikofaktoren könnten zur Identifikation von Sub-Gruppen von Personen mit Panik genutzt werden, die sich durch ein besonderes Risiko für schwergradige Panikpathologie und andere psychische Störungen auszeichnen und demzufolge von Outcome-bezogenen Präventionen (ergänzend zu Panik-spezifischer Intervention) profitieren könnten. Zukünftige Studien sollten die vorliegenden Befunde replizieren und die Effektivität gezielter Präventivinterventionen bei Personen mit erhöhtem Risiko für PS und andere psychische Störungen testen.
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Discussão psicanalítica sobre o transtorno e pânico, com estudo de caso / Psychoanalytical discussion about panic disorder with case studyOliveira, Paulo Cezar de 30 September 2016 (has links)
O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi discorrer sobre o lugar do transtorno pânico na metapsicologia psicanalítica freudiana e pós-freudiana. Inicialmente, ele foi apresentado segundo a psiquiatria. Em seguida, tendo em vista as associações desse transtorno com as construções freudianas sobre a neurose de angústia, discorreu-se acerca das teorias da angústia de Freud a partir de textos freudianos e de Laplanche. Este autor, ao fazer importantes críticas à segunda teoria da angústia do pai da psicanálise, aponta para uma possível terceira teoria da angústia como reflexo da implicação direta do conceito de pulsão de morte sobre as duas primeiras. Nesse sentido, ocorreram discussões sobre as teorias da pulsão de Freud a partir de textos freudianos e dos escritos de Garcia-Roza e de Laplanche. Buscando derivar essa terceira teoria da angústia, destacou-se a ênfase laplanchiana marcante sobre a sexualidade como pedra angular da psicanálise, que somada a reformulação da teoria do apoio freudiana, levou ao conceito original da teoria de sedução generalizada. Nesse processo, conceitos como masoquismo e autoagressão originários, implicados sobre a obra kleiniana, permitiram a Laplanche renomear a pulsão de morte como pulsão sexual de morte. Com isso, a teorização freudiana da neurose de angústia, como consequência de um ataque pulsional sexual, foi reformulada ao equivaler esse sexual à sexualidade demoníaca citada por Freud, que é vista como aquela que excita, desliga e transborda, sendo portanto a parte da sexualidade dominada pela pulsão sexual de morte. Em seguida, foram apresentadas considerações específicas sobre o transtorno de pânico de autores psicanalíticos pós-freudianos nacionais e internacionais. No sentido da produção de dados como base de realidade para a articulação das teorias psicanalíticas sobre o transtorno de pânico com as reformulações das teorias da angústia advinda da discussão metapsicológica de Laplanche, apresenta-se pesquisa qualitativa conforme a concepção de Turato. Essa foi desenvolvida através de um estudo de caso único, sistematizado, por conveniência da pesquisa, em um processo de diagnóstico compreensivo seguido de psicoterapia. O psicodiagnóstico se dá através de duas entrevistas psicológicas semidirigidas, com posterior aplicação do Procedimento de Desenho-Estória; já a psicoterapia de orientação psicanalítica teve seus relatos de sessão submetidos a supervisões no grupo de pesquisa. Os dados coletados com esses procedimentos foram analisados tendo em vista a análise de conteúdo proposta por Turato e os estudos de referência do Procedimento Desenho-Estória de Tardivo. Nessa análise, conceitos e ferramentas psicanalíticas foram tomados como referência: manifestações do inconsciente, manejo da angústia, transferência, contratransferência, interpretação e acolhimento. Finalmente, foi feita a articulação dos dados com a teoria, evidenciando, como destaca Sigal, a importância das colocações laplanchianas sobre as diferentes consequências da introdução e da intromissão dos significantes enigmáticos. Melhor entendendo assim, a instalação e manutenção do transtorno de pânico. Por fim, discutiu-se sobre os manejos específicos no enfrentamento dos núcleos psicóticos formados pelos restos intrometidos, que são marcas de falha no recalque primário, comum também em pacientes que manifestam o transtorno de pânico / The main objective of this work is to discuss the place of panic disorder in Freud\'s and post-Freudian psychoanalytic metapsychology. Initially, the panic disorder is presented here under the psychiatric perspective. Afterwards, having its disorder associations with Freud´s constructions about anxiety neurosis in sight, Freud´s anxiety theories will be spoken about having his and Laplanche´s texts as basis. Laplanche, as he criticizes the second anxiety theory of the psychoanalysis father, points out to a possible third anxiety theory as a reflex of the direct implication of the death instinct concept on the first two. Therefore, there are some discussion about Freud´s instinct theories based on Freud´s texts and Garcia-Roza´s and Laplanche´s writings. In this exercise of creating this third anxiety theory there is a strong Laplanche based emphasis on sexuality as a psychoanalysis turning point and a reconstruction of Freud´s supporting theory, leading to a new concept: the generalized seduction. In this process, Klein´s work seeing under concepts such as original masochism and auto-aggression, allowed Laplanche, as he created his seduction theory, to rename the death instinct as sexual death instinct. Thus, Freud´s idea of the anxiety neurosis as consequence of a sexual instinct attack is reformulated by this sexual specification, as Freud´s demoniac sexuality. This part of sexuality is dominated by the sexual death instinct and is the one that excites, turns off and overflows. Subsequently, there will be presented some specific considerations on panic disorder made by national and international post Freudian psychoanalytical authors. A qualitative research based on Turato will be shown in order to produce reality based data to be articulated with psychoanalytical theories on panic disorder and the anxiety neurosis theories raised by Laplanche´s metapsychological discussion. This research consists of a unique case study systematized in a comprehensive diagnosis process, followed by psychotherapy. The psych diagnosis occurs in two semi guided interviews, followed by a Desenho-estoria procedure. The psychoanalytical psychotherapy sessions´ reports were discussed in group supervision. The collected data are analyzed based on Turato´s content analysis perspective and the referenced studies on Desenho-Estoria procedure, specially emphasizing Tardivo´s. In this analysis, psychoanalytical concepts and tools such as unconscious manifestations, anxiety handle, transference, countertransference, interpretation and holding are used as references. At last, the data is articulated with the theory, as highlighted by Sigal, pointing out to Laplanches consideration about the implantation and intromission of the enigmatic signifier. Therefore, creating and understanding about the panic disorders installation. There are also some discussion about specific management in order to confront psychotic spots formed by unassimilated remains, which the primal repression fail marks, common in patients that manifest panic disorder
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Avaliação da resposta ao acréscimo de estratégias de coping e resiliência na terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo para paciente com transtorno de pânico / Assessment of response to additional coping and resilience strategies in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for patients with panic disorder / Evaluación de respuesta a la adición de estrategias de coping y resiliencia en la terapia cognitivo-conductual en grupo para pacientes con trastorno de pánicoViana, Ana Cristina Wesner January 2018 (has links)
O transtorno de pânico (TP) é uma condição crônica e recorrente, acompanhada por sintomas físicos e cognitivos que causam prejuízos à qualidade de vida e ao funcionamento psicossocial dos pacientes. Apesar do tratamento eficaz com medicamentos e terapia cognitivocomportamental (TCC), a recaída dos sintomas é frequente. A falha de enfrentamento ou coping de eventos estressores tem sido apontada como um gatilho desse desfecho. O protocolo atual de 12 sessões de TCC em grupo (TCCG) é específico para sintomas do TP, não abordando estratégias cognitivas de coping e de resiliência. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar a resposta em curto prazo ao acréscimo de estratégias de coping e de resiliência ao protocolo padrão de TCCG para o TP. Trata-se de um estudo de método misto, desenvolvido em duas etapas: primeiramente foi realizada uma pesquisa metodológica para o desenvolvimento e a avaliação da clareza de um protocolo com quatro sessões de TCCG, organizadas em um manual; a segunda etapa consistiu em um ensaio clínico controlado com pacientes com TP alocados aleatoriamente no grupo intervenção (TCCG padrão mais o acréscimo de quatro sessões de intervenções com técnicas cognitivas de estratégias de coping e resiliência) ou para o grupo controle (TCCG padrão). A gravidade dos sintomas do TP foi mensurada antes e depois da TCCG. Para identificar as estratégias de coping e de resiliência, foram aplicados o Inventário de Estratégias de Coping (IEC) e a Escala de Resiliência, respectivamente A qualidade de vida (QV) foi avaliada pela WHOQOL-bref. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa de Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (nº 140379). Após a elaboração do manual, um grupo-piloto de sete pacientes avaliou as quatro sessões e contribuiu com sugestões para a versão final. Na sequência, realizou-se o ensaio clínico com 100 pacientes selecionados e alocados 50 para cada grupo. Um total de 36 (72%) do grupo intervenção e 29 (58%) do controle concluiu as sessões de TCCG. Observou-se que ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significativa dos sintomas do TP ao longo do tempo em todas as medidas de desfecho, porém sem interação tempo*grupo. Após a TCCG, os sintomas de ansiedade (pgrupo=0,016), depressão (pgrupo=0,025) e uso de benzodiazepínicos (ptempo*grupo<0,001) foram significativamente menores no grupo intervenção do que no grupo controle. Houve mudança significativa positiva nas estratégias de coping mais adaptativas e em todos os domínios da qualidade de vida (ptempo<0,001), embora sem diferença entre os grupos. Exceto para o domínio meio ambiente o aumento foi significativo considerando-se a interação tempo*grupo (ptempo*grupo=0,027). A resiliência apresentou um aumento significativo após a TCCG no grupo intervenção (pgrupo=0,041), com interação tempo*grupo (ptempo*grupo=0,027). Portanto, confirmou-se a efetividade da TCCG para melhora dos sintomas do TP, e adicionar as sessões ao protocolo padrão de TCCG mostrou-se uma medida viável e efetiva para melhorar a capacidade de resiliência e de aspectos da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com TP. Contudo, são necessários estudos de seguimentos para que se verifique os efeitos da intervenção em desfechos do TP como recaída. / Panic disorder (PD) is a chronic, recurrent condition characterized by physical and cognitive symptoms that are harmful to patients' quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial functioning. Despite the efficacy of drug treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), symptom relapse is common. Failure to cope with stressful events has been reported as a trigger for this outcome. The protocol with 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) currently used for PD symptoms does not include coping and resilience strategies. This study aimed to assess short-term response to the addition of coping and resilience strategies to the standard CBGT protocol for PD. This mixed methods research was conducted in two phases: first, a methodological research was performed to develop and assess the clarity of a protocol with four CBGT sessions, organized in a handbook; second, a controlled trial was performed, in which patients with PD were randomly allocated to an intervention group (standard CBGT plus four sessions using cognitive techniques for coping and resilience) or a control group (standard CBGT). PD symptom severity was measured before and after CBGT. The Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Resilience Scale were used to identify coping and resilience strategies, respectively. QOL was assessed using the WHOQOL-bref. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (protocol no. 140379) After the handbook was prepared, a pilot group of seven patients evaluated the four additional sessions and contributed with suggestions for the final version. The clinical trial was then conducted with 100 selected patients (50 patients in each group). Thirty-six (72%) patients in the intervention group and 29 (58%) controls completed the CBGT sessions. Both groups showed a significant improvement in PD symptoms in all outcome measures over time, but with no time*group interaction. After the CBGT sessions, anxiety symptoms (pgroup=0.016), depression (pgroup=0.025), and use of benzodiazepines (ptime*group<0.001) significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group. There was a significant positive change in the more adaptive coping strategies and in all QOL domains (ptime<0.001), but with no between-group difference. Except for the environment domain, there was a significant increase considering time*group interaction (ptime*group=0.027). Resilience showed a significant increase after CBGT in the intervention group (pgroup=0.041), with time*group interaction (ptime*group=0.027). Therefore, the effectiveness of CBGT in improving PD symptoms was confirmed, and adding sessions to the standard CBGT protocol proved to be a feasible and effective measure to improve resilience and QOL aspects in patients with PD. However, follow-up studies are required to assess the effects of the intervention on PD outcomes such as relapse. / El trastorno de pánico (TP) es una condición crónica y recurrente, acompañada de síntomas físicos y cognitivos que perjudican la calidad de vida y el funcionamiento psicosocial del paciente. Pese al tratamiento eficaz con medicamentos y terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC), la recurrencia de los síntomas es frecuente. La falla de afrontamiento o coping de eventos estresores ha sido apuntada como un disparador de este desenlace. El protocolo actual de 12 sesiones de TCC en grupo (TCCG) es específico para síntomas de TP y no trata de estrategias cognitivas de coping y de resiliencia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta a corto plazo a la adición de estrategias de coping y de resiliencia al protocolo estándar de TCCG para TP. Se trata de un estudio con método mixto, desarrollado en dos etapas: primeramente, se realizó una investigación metodológica para el desarrollo y la evaluación da clareza de un protocolo con cuatro sesiones de TCCG, organizadas en un manual; la segunda etapa consistió en un ensayo clínico controlado con pacientes con TP asignados aleatoriamente al grupo intervención (TCCG estándar más cuatro sesiones de intervención con estrategias cognitivas de coping y resiliencia) o al grupo control (TCCG estándar). Se mensuró la gravedad de los síntomas de TP antes y después de la TCCG. Para identificar las estrategias de coping y de resiliencia, se aplicó el Inventario de Estrategias de Coping (IEC) e la Escala de Resiliencia, respectivamente. La calidad de vida (CV) se evaluó por la WHOQOL-bref. El estudio ha sido aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (no. 140379) Tras la elaboración del manual, un grupopiloto de siete pacientes evaluó las cuatro sesiones y contribuyó con sugerencias para la versión final. A continuación, se realizó el ensayo clínico con 100 pacientes seleccionados y asignados en número de 50 para cada grupo. Un total de 36 (72%) pacientes del grupo intervención y 29 (58%) del grupo control concluyeron las sesiones de TCCG. Se observó que ambos grupos tuvieron una mejora significativa de los síntomas de TP a lo longo del tiempo en todas las medidas de desenlace, pero sin interacción tiempo vs. grupo. Tras la TCCG, los síntomas de ansiedad (pgrupo=0,016), depresión (pgrupo=0,025) y uso de benzodiazepínicos (ptiempo*grupo<0,001) fueron significativamente menores en el grupo intervención que en el grupo control. Hubo un cambio significativo positivo en las estrategias de coping más adaptativas y en todos los dominios de CV (ptiempo<0,001), pero sin diferencia entre los grupos. Excepto para el dominio medio ambiente, el aumento fue significativo, considerándose la interacción tiempo vs. grupo (ptiempo vs. grupo=0,027). La resiliencia presentó un aumento significativo tras la TCCG en el grupo intervención (pgrupo=0,041), con interacción tiempo vs. grupo (ptiempo vs. grupo=0,027). Así, se confirmó la efectividad de la TCCG para mejora de los síntomas de TP, y añadir las sesiones al protocolo estándar de TCCG se mostró una medida viable y efectiva para mejorar la capacidad de resiliencia y de aspectos de CV de los pacientes con TP. Sin embargo, son necesarios estudios de seguimiento para que se verifiquen los efectos de la intervención en desenlaces de TP como recurrencia.
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Composite International Diagnostic Interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disordersKessler, Ronald C., Calabrese, Joseph R., Farley, P. A., Gruber, Michael J., Jewell, Mark A., Katon, Wayne, Keck Jr., Paul E., Nierenberg, Andrew A., Sampson, Nancy A., Shear, M. K., Shillington, Alicia C., Stein, Murray B., Thase, Michael Edward, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 26 November 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Background Lack of coordination between screening studies for common mental disorders in primary care and community epidemiological samples impedes progress in clinical epidemiology. Short screening scales based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the diagnostic interview used in community epidemiological surveys throughout the world, were developed to address this problem.
Method Expert reviews and cognitive interviews generated CIDI screening scale (CIDI-SC) item pools for 30-day DSM-IV-TR major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD) and bipolar disorder (BPD). These items were administered to 3058 unselected patients in 29 US primary care offices. Blinded SCID clinical reinterviews were administered to 206 of these patients, oversampling screened positives.
Results Stepwise regression selected optimal screening items to predict clinical diagnoses. Excellent concordance [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)] was found between continuous CIDI-SC and DSM-IV/SCID diagnoses of 30-day MDE (0.93), GAD (0.88), PD (0.90) and BPD (0.97), with only 9–38 questions needed to administer all scales. CIDI-SC versus SCID prevalence differences are insignificant at the optimal CIDI-SC diagnostic thresholds (χ2 1 = 0.0–2.9, p = 0.09–0.94). Individual-level diagnostic concordance at these thresholds is substantial (AUC 0.81–0.86, sensitivity 68.0–80.2%, specificity 90.1–98.8%). Likelihood ratio positive (LR+) exceeds 10 and LR− is 0.1 or less at informative thresholds for all diagnoses.
Conclusions CIDI-SC operating characteristics are equivalent (MDE, GAD) or superior (PD, BPD) to those of the best alternative screening scales. CIDI-SC results can be compared directly to general population CIDI survey results or used to target and streamline second-stage CIDIs.
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Depression Does Not Affect the Treatment Outcome of CBT for Panic and Agoraphobia: Results from a Multicenter Randomized TrialEmmrich, Angela, Beesdo-Baum, Katja, Gloster, Andrew T., Knappe, Susanne, Höfler, Michael, Arolt, Volker, Deckert, Jürgen, Gerlach, Alexander L., Hamm, Alfons, Kircher, Tilo, Lang, Thomas, Richter, Jan, Ströhle, Andreas, Zwanzger, Peter, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 13 February 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Background: Controversy surrounds the questions whether co-occurring depression has negative effects on cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes in patients with panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) and whether treatment for PD and AG (PD/AG) also reduces depressive symptomatology.
Methods: Post-hoc analyses of randomized clinical trial data of 369 outpatients with primary PD/AG (DSM-IV-TR criteria) treated with a 12-session manualized CBT (n = 301) and a waitlist control group (n = 68). Patients with comorbid depression (DSM-IV-TR major depression, dysthymia, or both: 43.2% CBT, 42.7% controls) were compared to patients without depression regarding anxiety and depression outcomes (Clinical Global Impression Scale [CGI], Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A], number of panic attacks, Mobility Inventory [MI], Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory) at post-treatment and follow-up (categorical). Further, the role of severity of depressive symptoms on anxiety/depression outcome measures was examined (dimensional).
Results: Comorbid depression did not have a significant overall effect on anxiety outcomes at post-treatment and follow-up, except for slightly diminished post-treatment effect sizes for clinician-rated CGI (p = 0.03) and HAM-A (p = 0.008) when adjusting for baseline anxiety severity. In the dimensional model, higher baseline depression scores were associated with lower effect sizes at post-treatment (except for MI), but not at follow-up (except for HAM-A). Depressive symptoms improved irrespective of the presence of depression.
Conclusions: Exposure-based CBT for primary PD/AG effectively reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms, irrespective of comorbid depression or depressive symptomatology. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Die Stellung der Agoraphobie in modernen diagnostischen Klassifikationssystemen: Beitrag zu einer nosologischen Kontroverse / The position of agoraphobia in modern diagnostic classification systems: Contribution to a nosological controverseNocon, Agnes 22 July 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Hintergrund:
Seit Einführung des DSM-III-R wird die Frage, ob Agoraphobie eine Komplikation der Panikstörung ist oder eine eigenständige Diagnose darstellt, und deshalb gleichberechtigt mit der Sozialen und Spezifischen Phobie der Gruppe der Phobien zugeordnet werden sollte, kontrovers diskutiert. Die zwei Positionen in dieser Kontroverse finden ihren Ausdruck im unterschiedlichen Gebrauch hierarchischer Regeln in den gegenwärtig gebräuchlichen Klassifikationssystemen für psychische Störungen, dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) und der International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Die empirischen Belege für die Validität solcher hierarchischer Regeln sind allerdings bisher unbefriedigend. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es deshalb, ohne Berücksichtigung der gültigen Hierarchieregeln das natürliche Auftreten von Agoraphobie und Panikstörung zu untersuchen und damit einen Beitrag zum Fortschritt in der oben genannten Kontroverse zu leisten.
Methoden:
Die Analysen der vorliegenden Arbeit beruhen auf Daten der Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) Studie. Bei der EDSP handelt es sich um eine prospektiv-longitudinale Studie an einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Kohorte von 3021 Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen im Alter von 14 bis 24 Jahren aus München und Umgebung. Die Studienteilnehmer wurden in einem 10-Jahres-Follow-up mit bis zu vier Erhebungszeitpunkten mit der computerisierten Version des Münchener Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DIA-X/M-CIDI) untersucht. Das M-CIDI gestattet es, Panik- und Agoraphobiesyndrome unabhängig von hierarchischen Regeln zu erheben. Risiko- und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren wurden anhand von Fragebögen erhoben. Die Studie umfasst darüber hinaus zwei familiengenetische Untersuchungen, in deren Rahmen auch die Eltern der Studienprobanden interviewt wurden. Die direkten Elterninterviews wurden durch Informationen der Studienprobanden über ihre Eltern ergänzt.
Ergebnisse:
Studie 1: Agoraphobia and Panic: Prospective-longitudinal Relations Suggest a Rethinking of Diagnostic Concepts
Die Lifetimeinzidenz bis zum Alter von 34 Jahren betrug 9.4% für Panikattacken, 3.4% für Panikstörung (mit und ohne Agoraphobie) und 5.3% für Agoraphobie. Unter den Personen mit Agoraphobie berichteten 51% keine lifetime Panikattacken. Die Inzidenzmuster der drei Syndrome unterschieden sich bezüglich Erstauftrittsalter, Risikoverlauf und Geschlechtseffekten. Zeitlich vorausgehende Panikattacken und Panikstörung waren assoziiert mit einem Risiko für zeitlich nachfolgende Agoraphobie (Panikattacken: OR=26.7, 95% KI=17.2-41.4; Panikstörung: OR=62.5, 95% KI=38.5-101.2). In streng prospektiven Analysen waren Panikattacken/Panikstörung zur Baseline mit Panikattacken/Panikstörung im Follow-up assoziiert und Agoraphobie zur Baseline mit Agoraphobie im Follow-up. Panikattacken, Panikstörung und Agoraphobie zur Baseline hatten niedrige Remissionsraten (0-23%). Alle diagnostischer Gruppen waren bis auf Panikstörung ohne Agoraphobie mit anderen Angststörungen im Follow-up assoziiert. Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie und Agoraphobie mit Panikattacken zur Baseline zeigten höhere Assoziationen mit Komplikationen wie Beeinträchtigung, Komorbidität und Hilfesuchverhalten als Panikstörung ohne Agoraphobie und Agoraphobie ohne Panikattacken. Personen mit Panikattacken/Panikstörung suchten häufiger ärztliche Hilfe als Personen mit Agoraphobie ohne Panikattacken. Besonders ausgeprägt war Hilfesuchverhalten bei Personen mit Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie.
Studie 2: Differential Familial Liability of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Panikattacken, Panikstörung und Agoraphobie der Eltern waren assoziiert mit denselben Syndromen der Kinder. Bei separater Untersuchung der Störungen wurde für Agoraphobie ohne Panikstörung keine Assoziation zwischen Eltern und Kindern beobachtet. Elterliche Panikstörung ohne Agoraphobie war nicht mit Panikstörung ohne Agoraphobie bei den Kindern, aber mit Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie (OR=3.9; 95% KI=1.6-9.4) assoziiert. Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie der Eltern war mit Agoraphobie ohne Panikstörung (OR=3.3; 95% KI=1.01-11.1) und mit Panikstörung ohne/mit Agoraphobie bei den Kindern assoziiert (ohne Agoraphobie: OR=4.2; 95% KI=1.2-13.7; mit Agoraphobie: OR=4.9; 95% KI=1.8-12.5). Bei Kontrolle nach anderen Angststörungen blieb nur die Assoziation von Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie bei Eltern und Kindern stabil. Es fanden sich keine Hinweise auf Assoziationen zwischen Panikstörung oder Agoraphobie der Eltern mit einem früheren Erstauftrittsalter der kindlichen Störung.
Studie 3: Pathways into panic and phobias
Der Komorbidität von Panikstörung, Agoraphobie und Spezifischen Phobien lag eine Vier-Klassen-Struktur zugrunde. Die Klassen konnten beschrieben werden als „sehr niedriges Risiko für Angststörungen“, „niedriges Risiko für Spezifische Phobien“, „moderates Risiko für Agoraphobie und Panikstörung“ und „hohes Risiko für Angststörungen“. Die letztgenannte Klasse zeichnete sich vor allem durch das Vorliegen von Agoraphobie und dem Situativen Subtypus der Spezifischen Phobie aus. Die drei letztgenannten Risikoklassen waren assoziiert mit weiblichem Geschlecht, Behavioral Inhibition, Harm Avoidance, überbehütendem und abweisendem Elternverhalten, elterlichen Angst- und depressiven Störungen, sowie Trennungs- und traumatischen Erlebnissen in der Kindheit. Die Klasse „hohes Risiko für Angststörungen“ war assoziiert mit elterlicher Spezifischer Phobie (OR=5.0, 95% KI=1.9-12.8) und postnatalen Komplikationen (OR=7.4; 95% KI=2.4-22.9). Sie unterschied sich darin von allen anderen Risikogruppen. Die Klasse „moderates Risiko für Agoraphobie und Panikstörung“ war assoziiert mit Trennungsangst in der Kindheit (OR=6.3; 95% KI=2.0-19.8), einem emotional kühlen elterlichen Erziehungsstil (OR=0.7; 95% KI=0.6-0.9) und einer geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit für postnatale Komplikationen (OR=0.3; 95% KI=0.1-0.9).
Schlussfolgerungen:
Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Inzidenzmusters, des Verlaufs und der Korrelate zwischen Panik- und Agoraphobiesyndromen zeigen, dass Agoraphobie getrennt von Paniksyndromen existiert und eine klinisch relevante Störung darstellt. Dabei hatte die Hälfte der Personen mit Agoraphobie keine Panikattacke erlebt und bliebe gemäß DSM-Kriterien undiagnostiziert. Ergebnisse der Familienstudie zeigen, dass Befunde zur familiären Aggregation von Panikstörung und Agoraphobie bisher von angewandten hierarchischen Diagnoseregeln abhängig waren. Ohne Anwendung hierarchischer Kriterien aggregiert Agoraphobie ohne Panikstörung nicht in Familien und die familiäre Aggregation von Panikstörung hängt davon ab, ob bei den Kindern komorbide Agoraphobie oder andere Angststörungen vorliegen. Die Ergebnisse der Latent Class Analysen lassen vermuten, dass Panikstörung, Agoraphobie und Spezifische Phobien sich im Rahmen von Vulnerabilitätsklassen entwickeln, auf zwei pathogene Mechanismen der Agoraphobie hinweisen: Agoraphobie kann sich entweder in naher Verwandtschaft zur Panikstörung, oder zum Situativen Subtypus der Spezifischen Phobie entwickeln. Spezifische Zusammenhänge dieser Risikoklassen mit untersuchten Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren stützen die Hypothese einer unterschiedlichen Ätiopathogenese der Agoraphobie. Zusammenfassend zeigen die vorliegenden Daten, dass Panikattacken und Panikstörung weder eine notwendige noch eine hinreichende Bedingung für Agoraphobie sind, und die derzeit gültige Klassifikation die Untersuchung der Agoraphobie behindert. Die aktuell in Arbeit befindliche Revision des DSM sollte im Sinne einer beschreibenden, durch empirische Daten gestützten Diagnostik das Konzept der Agoraphobie überarbeiten und von einer Diagnostik im Sinne einer nosologischen Kontroverse abrücken.
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L’impact d’une interaction sociale centrée sur le trauma sur la réactivité physiologique d’individus avec un état de stress post-traumatique, en fonction de leurs symptômes et de leur soutien socialNachar, Nadim 06 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Estudo da influência da cafeína sobre o efeito antidepressivo da privação de sono em pacientes deprimidosSchwartzhaupt, Alexandre Willi January 2008 (has links)
Introdução: A privação de sono (PdS) tem sido utilizada como um estratégia alternativa para o tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM), contudo sua eficácia e efetividade carecem de estudos homogêneos e de bom delinemento para dar um grau de evidência científica para seu uso na prática diária. Assim sendo, desde a primeira publicação, em 1971, num relato de caso de um paciente com TDM grave tipo melancólico, por Plug e Tölle, o mesmo estava assintomático no dia seguinte à privação total de sono. Contudo, na noite seguinte de sono seus sintomas depressivos retornaram. Nestes quase 40 anos desde esta publicação houve dezenas de estudos em sua maioria relatos de caso, série de casos ou até estudos abertos só que misturando pacientes com TDM com Depressão Bipolar sem mesmo distinguir se tipo I ou II. A cafeína com seu efeito estimulador poderia ser uma alternativa para facilitar a privação de sono. No entanto, não há dados sobre o sua potencial influência no efeito antidepressivo da PdS. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da cafeína na PdS em pacientes deprimidos unipolares moderados a graves não psicóticos. Métodos: Ensaio Clínico randomizado, duplo cego, cruzado, comparando cafeína contra placebo em pacientes deprimidos moderados a graves submetidos à privação total de sono (PdS). Os pacientes foram avaliados por itens da escala de Lader, HAMD- 6 itens, CGI Severidade e Melhora Global. Resultados: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes. Os pacientes que usaram cafeína mantiveram o mesmo escore de energia pré e pós-privação de sono (item energético-letárgico da escala de Lader) enquanto os do grupo placebo diminuíram o escore de energia pós-privação de sono. (p = 0,0045). Não houve diferença entre o grupo cafeína e placebo nos demais itens da escala de Lader. Conclusão: O uso combinado de cafeína e PdS pode ser uma estratégia útil para manter os pacientes mais acordados sem o prejuízo do cansaço da PdS em pacientes ambulatoriais deprimidos. Contudo, mais estudos envolvendo pacientes que tenham 10 respondido à PdS são necessários para verificar se a cafeína também não interfere nos resultados deste grupo. / Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD) has been used as an alternative approach to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), however the efficacy and the effectiveness needs studies with homogeneity and better delineament to strengthen the evidence based medicine to the use in the practical daily use. Besides, since the 1° puplication in 1971 of a case report, by Plug and Tölle, in that one patient with severe melancholic depressive disorder achieved remission in the next day after a total sleep deprivation. However his depressive sintomtology was back after the next night of sleep. Since this almost 40 years, a lot of papers were puplished, and the majority where case report, case reports and open trials with patients with MDD, bipolar depression without make difference between tipe I or II. Caffeine, due to its stimulating effect, could be an alternative to promote sleep deprivation. However, there are no data about its potential influence on the antidepressive effect of SD. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of caffeine on SD in non-psychotic patients with moderate to severe unipolar depression. Methods: Randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial comparing caffeine and placebo in moderate to severe depressed patients who underwent total sleep deprivation (SD). The patients were assessed with items of the Bond-Lader Scale, the 6-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-6), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-Severity/Improvement. Results: Twenty patients participated in this study. The patients who consumed caffeine presented the same score of energy before and after sleep deprivation (lethargicenergetic item of the Bond-Lader scale), while the patients in the placebo group had a reduced score of energy after sleep deprivation (p = 0.0045). There was no difference between the caffeine and placebo groups in the other items of the Bond-Lader scale. Conclusion: The combined use of caffeine and SD can be a useful strategy to keep the 12 patient awake without impairing the effect of SD on depressed outpatients. However, further studies involving patients who have responded to SD are needed in order to verify if caffeine also does not interfere with the results in this group.
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