Entre les actes chirurgicaux et l'état métabolique il existe des nombreuses interactions. D'un côté, la réponse catabolique majeure induite par la chirurgie viscérale peut être contrôlée par une supplémentation nutritionnelle précoce, ce qui diminuerait la morbidité et la mortalité postopératoire et aussi les durées d'hospitalisation. L'albuminémie préopératoire est un bon facteur prédictif de l'état nutritionnel postopératoire, corrélée avec un pronostic postopératoire inférieure. La préalbumine reflète de façon plus sensible l'évolution de l'état nutritionnel. Principale hormone orexigène, la ghréline présente une cinétique perturbée lors des périodes postopératoires avec une augmentation de sa sécrétion au moment de la reprise de la nutrition entérale et des concentrations postopératoires moyennes inférieures à celles normales. Ces observations posent la question de l'utilité d'un traitement par analogues de la ghréline. De l'autre côté, la chirurgie bariatrique peut corriger les perturbations métaboliques corrélées à l'obésité, mais son efficacité n'est pas absolue. Par contre, en utilisant certains critères clinique (âge, IMC, présence d'un diabète sucré) et biologiques (insulino-résistance, taux d'IGF1), cette efficacité devient prédictible pour les interventions d'insertion d'anneau gastrique / Surgical interventions can have several effects on the metabolic status. On one hand, the important catabolic response caused by major digestive surgery can be controlled through an early nutritional support, which could reduce the mortality, morbidity and also the duration of hospitalization. The preoperative albumin level is a reliable predictive factor of the postoperative nutritional status and correlates to a worse postoperative prognosis. The prealbumin reflects in the most sensitive manner the evolution of the nutritional status. As the main orexigen hormone, ghrelin has a disturbed cynetics in the postoperative period with an augmentation of its secretion corresponding to the reintroduction of the enteral nutrition and mean postoperative concentrations that are lower than normal. These observations raise the question of the utility o a ghreline analogues’ treatment. On the other hand, bariatric surgery could correct the metabolic disturbances associated to obesity, but its efficacy is not absolute. However, by using certain clinical (age, BMI, presence of a diabetes mellitus) and biological (insulin-resistance, IGF1 level criteria, this efficac can be redictable in the case of gastric banding

The purpose of the present study was to examine general loneliness, hospital loneliness, and the patient-physician relationship in regards to their associations with Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) recovery outcome variables (days until engraftment and quality of life). Fifteen (66.7% female, 33.3% male; 93.3% white, 6.7% Black/African American; average age 61.73) individuals who had an allogeneic or autologous BMT at The Mayo Clinic of Jacksonville completed the FACT-BMT, UCLA-Loneliness Scale Version 3, the CARE Measure, and provided disease and treatment information at the 6 month posttransplant date (+/- 30 days). Patients recovering from BMT indicated significantly higher scores of hospital loneliness in comparison to their general loneliness scores. This increase is believed to represent the outcome of experiencing hospital isolation during the post-transplant recovery process. Increases in hospital loneliness were marginally significant in predicting decreases in the patients overall quality of life. The patient physician consultational relationship was found to have a significant relationship with the number of days until engraftment, however the direction of the relationship was opposite the hypothesized direction. This may suggest that engraftment influences the quality of the relationship instead of vice versa. These results imply that there is a relationship between hospital isolation and increases in the amount of loneliness experienced during recovery from a BMT. Loneliness has been found to have a negative relationship with a number of physiological and quality of life outcomes. The present study also elucidates possible correlates with the patient-physician relationship.

A avaliação perioperatória é uma etapa importante antes de encaminhar o paciente para a realização de uma operação. Algoritmos e escores podem ajudar durante este processo de estratificação de risco e na tomada de decisões. Entretanto, a maior parte deles foram descritos e desenvolvidos em um contexto diferente que pode não representar a realidade médico atual. O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) é capaz de quantificar o risco cardiovascular na população em geral. É um método barato e passível de ser realizado ambulatorialmente e poderia ser útil antes da realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos. O trabalho atual é um estudo observacional e prospectivo que avaliou pacientes de risco cardiovascular perioperatório intermediário a alto antes de serem submetidos a cirurgias não cardíacas. O ITB foi aferido em todos os pacientes. Um valor <=0,9 foi considerado alterado, definindo o grupo portador de doença arterial periférica. Os demais pacientes constituíram o grupo controle. Traçados eletrocardiográficos e dosagem sérica de troponina foram obtidos em todos os pacientes nas primeiras 72 horas após o procedimento. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos por um período de 30 dias, sendo o desfecho primário um combinado de eventos cardiovasculares (mortalidade cardiovascular, síndrome coronariana aguda, elevação isolada de troponina, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, choque cardiogênico, arritmias instáveis, parada cardíaca não fatal, edema agudo de pulmão, acidente vascular cerebral e doença arterial periférica descompensada). Foram avaliados 132 pacientes (61,3% do sexo masculino; idade média 65,4 anos). Durante o período de acompanhamento especificado 57,9% dos pacientes com ITB <= 0,9 apresentaram o desfecho primário vs 25,7% no grupo controle (p=0,011). Após análise multivariada por regressão logística, o odds ratio (OR) para a ocorrência desta complicação foi de 7,4 (IC 95% 2,2-25,0, p=0,001) e o valor de P para o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi de 0,626. A elevação isolada de troponina foi o principal evento encontrado (78,9%). Análise de desfecho secundário mostrou um OR de 13,4 para a ocorrência de elevação isolada de troponina após regressão logística (IC 95% 3,0-59,9, p=0,001) com o valor de P do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow de 0,922. Concluímos então que, no período perioperatório, a presença de ITB anormal está associado a pior prognóstico cardiovascular, principalmente devido à elevação isolada de troponina / Perioperative evaluation is an important step before referring a patient to surgery. Scores and algorithms can help during this process. However, most of them were developed in different context that may not represent the actual medical scenario. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) can quantify cardiovascular risk in general population. It is inexpensive and easy to perform in office care and could be useful before surgery. This is a prospective and observational study that evaluated intermediate to high cardiovascular risk patients referred for general surgery. ABI were performed in all patients before surgery. A value <= 0.9 was considered abnormal and defined the peripheral artery disease group, and the remaining patients constituted the control group. Troponin-I and electrocardiogram were provided in the first 72 hours. All patients were followed for 30 days and primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular mortality, acute coronary syndrome, isolated troponin elevation, decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, unstable arrhythmias, non fatal cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, stroke and peripheral artery disease decompensation). We evaluated 132 patients (61.3% male; mean age 65.4 years). During the specified period 57.9% of patients with ABI <= 0.9 had a cardiovascular event vs 25.7% in the control group (p=0.011). After logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) was 7.4 (CI 95% 2.2-25.0, p=0.001) and Hosmer-Lemeshow P=0.626. Isolated troponin elevation was the main event (78.9%). Secondary analysis revealed an OR of 13.4 for the occurrence of secondary endpoint after logistic regression (CI 95% 3.0-59.9, p=0.001) and Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.922. In conclusion, in the perioperative setting, an abnormal ankle-brachial index is associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis, especially due to isolated troponin elevation

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar dos avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas e cuidados intensivos, o infarto do miocárdio perioperatório (IMPO) ainda é uma complicação da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), de difícil diagnóstico. Nessa situação, os parâmetros clínicos habitualmente utilizados para o seu reconhecimento têm limitações, podendo estar alterados pelo trauma cirúrgico. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular (RMC), por sua vez, detém alta acurácia para a detecção de necrose miocárdica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a detecção de IMPO pela RMC, comparando-a com os critérios de diagnóstico clínico (DC) e com a cintilografia miocárdica, com pirofosfato de tecnécio-99m (SPECT), assim como investigar a repercussão das áreas de IMPO visualizadas à RMC sobre a função sistólica ventricular esquerda. MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 2003 e março de 2006, foram estudados 24 pacientes adultos, portadores de doença arterial coronária crônica, com indicação de CRM. Eles foram submetidos a RMC, com técnicas de cine-ressonância e realce tardio, antes e depois da cirurgia, analisando-se o surgimento de novas áreas de necrose miocárdica (IMPO) e/ou disfunção contrátil ventricular esquerda. Também foram realizados: eletrocardiogramas (ECG) seriados, visando detectar o surgimento de novas ondas Q patológicas, depois da cirurgia; dosagens seriadas de marcadores bioquímicos de lesão miocárdica (CKMB e troponina I), para determinar o pico de sua elevação, depois da cirurgia; e SPECT, pré e pós-operatória, analisando-se a presença de novas áreas de hipercaptação do radiofármaco. O DC foi feito com base nos achados de ECG, contração segmentar do ventrículo esquerdo e níveis séricos dos marcadores bioquímicos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por, pelo menos, 6 meses, depois da cirurgia e submetidos a uma terceira RMC, ao final deste período, para reavaliação da função ventricular. RESULTADOS: A RMC detectou IMPO em significativamente mais pacientes do que o DC (8 [33%] x 1 [4%], p=0,016). Em sua maioria, as áreas de necrose miocárdica visualizadas à RMC foram de pequena extensão (massa média de 5,7±10,2g) e padrão focal. Apesar disto, nos pacientes com IMPO à RMC, houve significativa redução pós-operatória da fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (de 50±18 para 43±18%, p=0,044), que se manteve após 6 meses, e elevação maior do que 10 vezes o nível sérico normal dos marcadores bioquímicos, após a CRM, o que não ocorreu no grupo sem IMPO. Houve moderada correlação entre a massa de IMPO, medida pela RMC e o pico de elevação sérica dos marcadores bioquímicos (CKMB: r=0,705, p<0,001; troponina I: r=0,625, p=0,003). Observou-se moderada concordância diagnóstica entre a RMC e a SPECT para a detecção de necrose miocárdica perioperatória (Kappa=0,46). As características clínicas e cirúrgicas foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos, com exceção do perfil lipídico e a dose média de estatina (sinvastatina), em uso pelos pacientes, antes da cirurgia (significativamente menor no grupo com IMPO à RMC). CONCLUSÕES: A RMC revelou-se um método útil para o diagnóstico de IMPO, que foi subestimado pelo DC. O achado de necrose perioperatória à RMC associou-se a significativa diminuição da função sistólica ventricular esquerda e grande elevação sérica dos marcadores bioquímicos de lesão miocárdica. / INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in surgical technique and intensive care, perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) remains a complication of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) with a challenging diagnosis. In this condition, clinical parameters usually utilized in the detection of POMI have limitations, since they can be affected by surgical trauma. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), on the other hand, provides highly accurate detection of myocardial necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate POMI findings on CMRI and compare them to clinical diagnosis (CD) and technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams (SPECT), as well as investigate the impact of POMI areas detected by CMRI on left ventricular systolic function. METHODS: Between August 2003 and March 2006, 24 adult patients with stable coronary artery disease, referred for CABG surgery, were studied. CMRI with cine and delayed-enhancement techniques was performed, before and after surgery, in order to evaluate the occurence of new areas of myocardial necrosis (POMI) and/or left ventricular systolic disfunction. Additional procedures included: serial electrocardiograms (ECG), to assess the appearance of new pathologic Q waves after surgery; serial measurements of biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I), to determine their peak serum levels after surgery; and SPECT, before and after surgery, in order to analyse the occurence of new areas of radionuclide increased uptake. CD was based on ECG findings, left ventricle regional contraction results and serum levels of biochemical markers. Patients were followed for, at least, 6 months after surgery, and a third CMRI scan was then repeated, in order to reassess ventricular function. RESULTS: CMRI revealed POMI in significantly more patients than CD (8 [33%] x 1 [4%], p=0.016). In most cases, areas of myocardial necrosis detected by CMRI were small (mean mass of 5.7±10.2g) and had focal distribution. Notwithstanding, patients who presented with POMI on CMRI had a significant decrease in postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (from 50±18 to 43±18%, p=0.044), which persisted after 6 months, and a more than ten-fold increase in serum levels of biochemical markers after CABG. There was a moderate correlation between POMI mass measured by CMRI and peak serum levels of biochemical markers (CKMB: r=0.705, p<0.001; troponin I: r=0.625, p=0.003). Also, there was a moderate diagnostic agreement between CMRI and SPECT for the detection of perioperative myocardial necrosis (Kappa=0.46). Patient clinical and surgical characteristics were similar between groups, except for plasma lipid profile and mean statin (simvastatin) dosage before surgery (which was significantly lower in the group with POMI on CMRI). CONCLUSIONS: CMRI was found to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of POMI, which was underestimated by CD. Detection of perioperative myocardial necrosis by CMRI was associated with a significant decrease in left ventricular systolic function and high serum levels of biochemical markers of myocardial injury.

Bakgrund: Anestesi och operation är en stor händelse för många patienter och kan leda till rädsla och oro där höga krav ställs på anestesisjuksköterskans förmåga att kommunicera och bemöta patienterna professionellt. Patienterna överlämnar sig själva och sin kropp i någon annans händer, detta kan skapa känslor av maktlöshet och utsatthet. Oro är något alla människor erfar någon gång och är en del av livet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av oro perioperativt. Metod: En litteraturstudie där urval skett med inklusions- och exklusionskriterier och datainsamling har utförts genom systematisk sökning. Resultatet består av elva kvalitativa artiklar som har granskats och analyserats enligt Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys (2016) riktlinjer. Resultat: Resultaten presenteras i tre huvudkategorier. Förlorad autonomi, Rädsla för operationen och dess resultat samt Ovisshet inför framtid. Resultatet visar att i upplevelsen av oro finns vissa återkommande mönster som kan gestalta sig i känslor av att förlora kontrollen över sig själv och sin kropp, av sårbarhet och utsatthet, av rädsla för operationen exempelvis att vakna och att dö under anestesin och operationen. En osäkerhet beskrevs i väntan på operation där behovet av att få information varierade. Patienterna beskrev även en osäkerhet över sin rehabilitering samt hur livskvaliteten skulle vara efter operation. Slutsats: Alla känslor som skapar oro i samband med en operation kan skapa ett lidande för patienten. En viktig del som framkommer i studiens resultat är att dessa olika känslor ofta uppstår på grund av att patienterna inte vet vad som ska hända. Detta visar att tydlig information är viktigt för att kunna lindra patientens oro och lidande perioperativt. Där spelar anestesisjuksköterskor en stor roll i att ge denna information och skapa ett förtroende hos patienten. Genom att lindra patientens oro preoperativt kan patienternas mående postoperativt påverkas. / Background: Anesthesia and surgery are a major event for many patients that can lead to fear and anxiety where high demands are placed on the anesthesia nurse's ability to communicate and respond to patients professionally. Patients surrender themselves and their bodies in someone else's hands, this can create feelings of powerlessness and vulnerability. Anxiety is a part of life and something everyone experience. Aim: The purpose was to describe patients´ experiences of perioperative anxiety.   Method: A literature study where selection with inclusion and exclusion criteria and data collection have been carried out through systematic searches. The result consists of eleven qualitative articles that have been analyzed according to Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry's (2016) recommendations.   Results: The results are presented in three main categories. Lost autonomy, Fear of the operation and its results, and Uncertainty for the future. The result shows that in the experience of anxiety there are certain recurring patterns that can manifest themselves in feelings of losing control of oneself and one's body, of vulnerability and of being exposed, of fear of the operation, for example, of waking up and of dying during anesthesia and surgery. An uncertainty was described while waiting for surgery where the need to obtain information varied between patients. Patients also described uncertainty about their rehabilitation as well as what the quality of life would be after surgery.   Conclusion: All feelings that create anxiety in connection with an operation can create a suffering for the patient. An important part that is evident in the study's results is that these different emotions often arise because patients do not know what is going to happen. This shows that distinct information is important in order to relieve the patient's anxiety and suffering perioperatively. Anesthesia nurses play a major role in providing this information and creating patient confidence. By alleviating the patient's concerns preoperatively, the patients' well-being can be affected postoperatively.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar på att mellan 32–90% av patienter som genomgått någon form av kirurgi utvecklar oavsiktlig hypotermi perioperativt. Ofta har patienterna redan mild hypotermi vid ankomst till operationssalen. De perioperativt verksamma specialistsjuksköterskorna har ett gemensamt ansvar att förhindra samt åtgärda oavsiktlig nedkylning av patienten perioperativt. Trots mycket forskning om hypotermi och dess konsekvenser visar studier på att det finns kunskapsluckor inom ämnet hos specialistsjuksköterskor som ingår i operationsteamet. Vidare finns det för närvarande inga svenska nationella riktlinjer för värmebevarande åtgärder under kirurgi utan mer övergripande rekommendationer om vikten av att upprätthålla patientens temperatur.  Syfte: Att beskriva hur specialistsjuksköterskor inom dagkirurgi arbetar för att bibehålla normotermi hos patienten.  Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tio specialistsjuksköterskor på två operationsavdelningar med dagkirurgisk verksamhet. Datan analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre kategorier: beslut om värmebevarande åtgärder, förutsättningar för att förebygga perioperativ hypotermi och viljan att göra gott. Kategorierna hade sammanlagt åtta tillhörande subkategorier.   Slutsats: Specialistsjuksköterskans arbete för att bibehålla normotermi hos patienten var komplext där många olika faktorer spelade in. Det fanns goda kunskaper om perioperativ hypotermi och värmebevarande åtgärder i operationsteamet. Resultatet synliggjorde dock att arbetet i att förebygga perioperativ hypotermi inte alltid baserades på evidens och att det inte fanns tillräckligt med beslutsunderstöd för värmebevarande åtgärder. / Background: Previous research shows that 32–90% of patients who have undergone some sort of surgery develop accidental perioperative hypothermia. Often, patients already have mild hypothermia upon arrival at the operating room. The perioperative specialist nurses have a shared responsibility to prevent and treat unintended cooling of the patient. Despite a lot of research on hypothermia and its consequences, studies show that there are knowledge gaps within the subject in specialist nurses who are part of the surgical team. Furthermore, there are currently no Swedish national guidelines for perioperative heat conservation measures during surgery, but more general recommendations on the importance of maintaining the patient’s temperature. Aim: To describe how specialist nurses in ambulatory surgery work to maintain normothermia in the patient. Method: Qualitative interview with inductive approach. Semi-structured interviews with ten specialist nurses at two ambulatory surgery departments. The data were analyzed with manifest content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.  Results: The results revealed three categories: decisions on heat conservation measures, conditions for preventing perioperative hypothermia and a desire to do good. The categories had a total of eight associated subcategories.  Conclusion: The specialist nurse’s work to maintain normothermia in the patient was complex in which many different factors came into play. There was a good knowledge of perioperative hypothermia and heat conservation measures in the surgical team. However, the results showed that the work in preventing perioperative hypothermia was not always based on evidence and that there was not enough basis for decision for perioperative heat conservation measures.

Introduktion: Operationssjuksköterskor har många uppgifter perioperativt att kontrollera samtidigt som det finns ett krav på effektivitet. Tidigare studier visar att effektivitet kan orsaka stress hos operationssjuksköterskor samt att de oroar sig för att pressen kan utgöra ett hot mot patientsäkerheten. Studier visar även att operationssjuksköterskor kan känna sig tillfredsställda av effektivitet i sitt arbete. Det är således viktigt att belysa hur effektivitet påverkar patient­-säkerheten och hur den kan förbättras. Syfte: Beskriva operations­sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hur effektivitet påverkar patientsäkerheten perioperativt. Metod: Kvalitativ metoddesign med individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer samt kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två kategorier: att effektivitet kan ha en gynnsam inverkan på patientsäkerhet och även att effektivitet kan påverka patientsäkerhet ogynnsamt. Operations­sjuksköterskor beskrev att effektivitet kan bidra till snabbare vårdförlopp och undvika inställda operationer, minska tid för generell anestesi samt att effektivitet i form av kontinuitet bidrar till bättre patientsäkerhet. Det beskrevs också att effektivisering orsakar brister inom perioperativa förberedelser, patientsäker positionering, intraoperativ omvårdnad och kontroller, samt kan leda till negativa upplevelser för patienten. Slutsats: Deltagarna i studien skildrade generellt fler negativa erfarenheter än positiva. Att medvetandegöra fenomenet, förbättra kommunikationen i teamet, utföra organisatoriska förändringar kan möjliggöra att operationssjuksköterskor följer patienten under hela perioperativa förloppet vilket ingår i kompetensbeskrivningen. Samt öka villigheten att rapportera avvikelser kan vara tänkbara vägar till förbättring.

Bakgrund: Under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp är patienten många gånger sövd och täckt av draperingsmaterial. Operationssjuksköterskan har spetskompetens gällande omvårdnaden kring patienten i samband med kirurgiska ingrepp. I den högteknologiska operationsmiljön blir operationssjuksköterskans arbete fokuserat till det kirurgiska såret under operationen. I denna situation riskerar patienten att uppfattas som ett objekt och inte som en unik människa. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans förhållningssätt till hela människan under arbetet i operationssåret. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats och elva operationssjuksköterskor från två olika sjukhus i södra Sverige intervjuades med semistrukturerade intervjufrågor. Datamaterialet analyserades med latent innehållsanalys i enlighet med Erlingsson och Brysiewicz (2017). Resultat: Det genomgående temat i resultatet var Se människan under draperingen.Operationssjuksköterskorna beskrev att noggrant förarbete och förtroendefullt samarbete med kollegor var en förutsättning för att utföra sitt arbete i operationssåret. De var ständigt vaksamma på förändringar kring patienten och försvarade patienten och den utsatta kroppen under operationen. Även under arbetet i operationssåret var operationssjuksköterskorna medvetna om hela människan som låg under draperingen och operationssjuksköterskans fokus i operationssåret tar avstamp i intresse för patienten och det bästa operationsresultatet. Slutsats: Operationssjuksköterskorna är ständigt medvetna om hela patienten under arbetet i operationssåret. Deras patientfokus och drivkraft att göra det bästa för patienten, även i situationer då de måste ägna operationssåret all uppmärksamhet, genererar en god vård för patienten i samband med operation och ger en positiv bild av operationssjuksköterskans yrke. / Background: During a surgical procedure, the patient is often anesthetized and covered with draping material. The operating theatre nurse has expertise regarding the care of the patient in connection to surgical procedures. In the technological environment, the operating theatre nurse's work is focused on the surgical wound, during the operation. In this situation, there is a risk that the view of the patient will change from being a person into an object, and will not be seen as a human being. Objective:This study aims to investigate the operating theatre nurse’s attitude towards the whole picture of the human being during the work in the surgical wound. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative interview method with an inductive approach, and eleven operating theatre nurses from two different hospitals in southern Sweden were interviewed with semi-structured interview questions. The data material was analyzed with latent content analysis in accordance with Erlingsson and Brysiewicz (2017). Result: The recurring theme in the result was See the human being beneath the draping. The operating theatre nurses described that careful preparation and trust in colleagues were a prerequisite in performing their work in the surgical wound. They were constantly alert to changes around the patient, and guarded the patient and the exposed body during the operation. Even during the work in the surgical wound, the operating theatre nurses were aware of the patient who was beneath the draping and the focus in the surgical wound was due to the concern of the patient, and the best surgical result. Conclusion: The operating theatre nurses are constantly aware of the whole person when they focus during the work in the surgical wound. Their patient focus is to do what is best for the patient. Even in situations when attention must be paid to the work in the wound, it is always due to the concern of the patient and gives a positive image of the profession of the operating theatre nurse.

Bakgrund: Operationssjuksköterskan har ett avgörande ansvar gällande patientsäkerheten eftersom arbetet fokuserar på aseptik, samt att förebygga postoperativa infektioner och tryckskador. Den omvårdande yrkesrollen upplevs åsidosatt på grund av mer avancerad teknik. Hinder som tidsbrist, bristande respekt och kommunikation kan försvåra samarbetet på operationssalen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård uppfattar sin omvårdande yrkesroll vid omhändertagandet av patienter perioperativt.  Metod: En kvalitativ studie bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med 11 operationssjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige. Dataanalysen genomfördes med en fenomenografisk forskningsansats. Resultat: Genom den fenomenografiska textanalysen framkom fem uppfattningar om operationssjuksköterskans omvårdande yrkesroll. Uppfattningarna var: skydda patienten från vårdskador, övervaka andra personers agerande, ett fungerande interprofessionellt samarbete, en kritisk granskning av utförda omvårdnadsåtgärder, samt hinder som skapar en otillräcklig omvårdnad. De fyra första uppfattningarna var påbyggande kategorier utifrån kompetens och erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap, medan den femte kategorin innefattar olika faktorer som hindrar utförandet av en god perioperativ omvårdnad.  Slutsats: Studien visade att operationssjuksköterskorna främst uppfattade sin omvårdande yrkesroll som patientens beskyddare. Ansvaret kring att upprätthålla steriliteten och övervaka operationssalen var en väsentlig funktion. Även det interprofessionella samarbetet var betydelsefullt för patientens omvårdnad. Yrkeskunnandet utvecklades genom en utvärdering av omvårdnadsåtgärderna. Olika hinder kunde dock orsaka att kvaliteten på omvårdnaden varierade. / Background: The operating theatre nurse (OTN) has a crucial responsibility regarding patient safety, since the work centers around aseptics, and to prevent postoperative infections and pressure injuries. The OTN might experience that nursing care has to be put aside in order to prioritise operating technical equipment. Other hindrances to an optimal collaboration include time pressure, intercollegial disrespectfulness and a lack of communication. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe OTNs’ perceptions of perioperative caring as part of their profession. Method: The study had a qualitative approach consisting of semi-structured interviews with 11 OTNs at a hospital in central Sweden. The data analysis was carried out using a phenomenographic approach. Results: The phenomenographic text analysis resulted in five perceptions. These perceptions were: to prevent adverse events, to oversee the actions of other people, a working interprofessional collaboration, a critical examination of carried out nursing care and obstacles which create an inadequate care. The first four perceptions were expanding categories building on competence and experience-based knowledge, whilst the fifth category included factors which are a hindrance in the carrying out of good perioperative care.  Conclusion: OTNs perceived their caring role as protecting the patient undergoing surgery. In addition, responsibility for maintaining a sterile environment and monitoring of the operating theatre were seen as important. The interprofessional teamwork was significant for patient care. Part of the caring role was to evaluate nursing care and develop professionally. Several hindrances could result in reduced quality of care.

Eine etablierte Therapieoption zur Behandlung des Prostatakarzinoms stellt die (roboter-assistierte) laparoskopische, radikale Prostatektomie dar. Dabei erfolgen unter anderem die spezielle Lagerung des Patienten nach Trendelenburg sowie die intraoperative Applikation eines Kapnoperitoneums, um optimale Operationsbedingungen zu schaffen. Dies hat jedoch einen negativen Einfluss auf die perioperative maschinelle Ventilation des Patienten, vor allem aufgrund von Atelektasenbildung und Abnahme der pulmonalen Compliance. Um diesen Effekten entgegenzuwirken, hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Anwendung eines positiven end-exspiratorischen Druckes (PEEP) etabliert. Die Bestimmung und die Höhe des optimalen PEEP-Wertes je nach individuellem Operationssetting sind Forschungsgegenstand zahlreicher Studien. Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des individuellen PEEP, auch bestPEEP genannt, ist die PEEP-Titration mit Hilfe der Elektrischen Impedanztomographie (EIT). Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass sich der bestPEEP über die Bestimmung des regionalen EIT-Indizes Regional Ventilation Delay Index (RVDI) anhand einer absteigenden PEEP-Titration der Lunge ermitteln lässt und dies zu einer insgesamt homogeneren Ventilation führt. In unserer Studie wurden 40 männliche Patienten eingeschlossen, die sich einer laparoskopischen, radikalen Prostatektomie unterzogen. Per Randomisierung erfolgte eine Aufteilung in 2 Studienarme. In der Kontrollgruppe wurde durchweg ein PEEP von 5 cmH2O appliziert, die Interventionsgruppe erhielt ihren bestPEEP nach absteigender PEEP-Titration individuell mit zusätzlichen Rekrutierungsmanövern. Perioperativ erfolgte ein Monitoring mittels EIT unter Bestimmung verschiedener Parameter. Es zeigte sich, dass die Bestimmung eines individuellen PEEP-Niveaus anhand des RVDI unter Einsatz der EIT zu plausiblen Ergebnissen führt. Zudem wurde in der Interventionsgruppe ein im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe signifikant höheres PEEP-Niveau mit im Durchschnitt 14,7 cmH2O ermittelt. Dies resultierte unter anderem in einer deutlich homogeneren Ventilationsverteilung, was sich anhand der EIT-Indizes Global Inhomogeneity Index (GI), Centre of Ventilation (CoV) und Tidalvolumen der nicht-abhängigen Lunge beschreiben ließ. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Ermittlung des bestPEEP anhand des EIT-Indizes RVDI auch bei einem normalgewichtigen Patientenkollektiv möglich ist. Die homogenere pulmonale Ventilation kann mit einer Reduktion der ventilator-assoziierten Lungenschädigung und einem besseren Outcome des Patienten verbunden sein.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einführung 1.1 Prostatektomie bei Prostatakarzinom und ihr perioperatives Management 1.2 Applikation eines positiven end-exspiratorischen Druckes unter maschineller Beatmung 1.3 Die Elektrische Impedanztomographie 2. Aufgabenstellung 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Patientenkollektiv 3.2 Anästhesie und intraoperative Beatmung 3.3 Studienprotokoll und Messmethoden 3.4 Randomisierung, Datenerfassung und Statistik 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Demographie, Risikoevaluierung und perioperative Beatmungsdauer 4.2 Perioperative pulmonale Compliance der PEEP-Gruppen 4.3 Vergleich individualisierter PEEP mittels RVDI und pulmonaler Compliance 4.4 Betrachtung EIT-Parameter während PEEP-Titration und individualisiertem PEEP 4.5 Perioperative EIT-Parameter der PEEP-Gruppen 5. Diskussion 5.1 Zusammenfassung wesentlicher Ergebnisse 5.2 Ermittlung des bestPEEP anhand des EIT-Parameters RVDI 5.3 Vergleich des PEEP-Niveaus in Kontroll- und Interventionsgruppe 5.4 Durchführung von Rekrutierungsmanövern 5.5 Auswirkung der individualisierten PEEP-Einstellung auf die Ventilationsverteilung 5.6 Neue Erkenntnisse 5.7 Limitationen der Arbeit 5.8 Schlussfolgerung / Ausblick 6. Zusammenfassung Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung Danksagung