During her theoretical training as an educational psychologist, the researcher was intrigued and fascinated by the expositions on the functioning of the self. With this study she pursued her goal to gain a clearer understanding of the formation and development of the self in a child, with the focus on the child in middle childhood (6 -12 years). In this study, she mainly focused on understanding the connection between the three crucial components of the self, self-concept and self-esteem. Her passion for art inspired her to be inventive and apply artistic creative methods of drawing, painting and clay human modelling as projective means to access the child’s unconscious mind, revealing pivotal experiences and emotions, revealing how the child relates to his or her self. According to this qualitative arts-based research study, the DAP (Draw a Person) and variations of PAP (Paint a Person) and CAP (Create a Person) with the use of appropriate DAP, PAP and CAP questionnaires, seem relevant therapeutic projective measures to assist in educational psychology in exploring the child’s self. / Further Teacher Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The phenomenon of aggression has been of interest to psychologists for many years, and has resulted in a variety of theories which-attempt to explain its existence in man. Aggression is prevalent in our primary schools today and it was this observation which initiated the research project. The Relationship Theory was applied in order to gain insight into the life-world of the aggressive child and to explore possible causes which may originate from changes in our society. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling (Psychology of Education)

Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The study investigated the effect of using projective narratives and drawings that depict diminished fear, on the anxiety levels of a group of children living in children’s homes, by means of a mixed methodology. The sample consisted of 30 middle childhood children (mean age = 9.60 years, SD = 1.13) from three children’s homes in the Western Cape. Drawings were used to elicit content of fear or anxiety (anxiety evoking drawing/bangmaaktekening) and proposed coping (anxiety lessening drawing/bangwegvattekening). After completing the anxiety provoking drawing, participants in the experimental group were asked to tell a story to other children with a similar fear to lessen/take that fear away (projective narrative). The Spence Childhood Anxiety Scale (SCAS) was completed after each drawing, and drawings evaluated through the use of anxiety scales, to measure changes in anxiety levels according to the concept of triangulation. The categories ghosts, snakes, and people were found to be the most prevalent content of fear from anxiety provoking drawings, and undifferentiated fears were also common within this population. Control of anxiety from anxiety lessening drawings indicated a definite prevalence of emotion focused (secondary) coping strategies, specifically religious solace. The content of projective narratives echoed this finding, although proposed solutions were more differentiated. Ownership of projections also occurred. The experimental effect was not significant, although mean anxiety levels were considerably lower in the drawings in comparison with that of the SCAS. Drawings are thus seen as an effective, nonthreatening technique to study anxiety phenomena. A comparison of the mean item scores of the SCAS subscales indicated that symptoms of separation anxiety, generalised anxiety disorder, and obsessivecompulsive anxiety disorder were prevalent among this group of children in children’s homes. A clear distinction was found between markers of state- and trait-anxiety through the qualitative analysis of the drawings, with anxiety lessening drawings showing definite diminished state-anxiety, although more established markers of trait-anxiety did not necessarily change. There are also indications that transference of activated negative emotional stimuli occurred on an unconscious level between the two drawings. Introducing the combination of projective narratives in the intervention stage of the study appeared to facilitate learning or the experience of observed positive affect in anxiety lessened drawings. Future research would benefit from including a normative group to establish more clear markers of state- and trait-anxiety in drawings, and by the use of a bigger sample to investigate factor loadings of the SCAS among children in children’s homes. The high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in this population emphasises their status as a vulnerable population, and the need for possible group intervention – specifically the psycho-education of effective coping strategies for anxiety.

Actuellement les comportements décrits chez les nouvelles générations inquiètent les entreprises. Ces incompréhensions vont au-delà de difficultés de communication entre les générations : la révolution des NTIC, l’évolution du rapport au travail, à l’autorité, aux réseaux sociaux, à l’international sont autant de caractéristiques présentées comme spécifiques de la génération Y.Ce travail étudie l’engagement envers l’entreprise des cadres trentas considérés comme les aînés de la génération Y et les termes du contrat psychologique valorisés par cette population. A été mobilisé le double cadre théorique de l’échange social et du contrat psychologique d’une part, et de l’engagement organisationnel d’autre part.La démarche de recherche est qualitative de nature exploratoire. Une technique projective détournée, la« lettre à un ami » a été proposée pour cerner les dimensions émergentes, partagées et valorisées du rapport à l’entreprise. Cette lettre a été rédigée par 547 cadres français et étrangers de 30/32 ans de tous les métiers et secteurs d’une TGE française, dans le cadre privilégié d’une formation.Les résultats qualitatifs sont de trois ordres :− les cadres trentas manifestent une grande homogénéité de réponses indépendamment de leurs caractéristiques individuelles. Leurs principales préoccupations concernent le travail, la carrière et le réseau. L’analyse fine de leurs représentations permet de les considérer comme représentatifs des aînés des Y ;− leur engagement vis-à-vis de l’entreprise est lié à la perception d’un échange satisfaisant et réciproque. Les termes de l’échange concernent ce qu’offre l’entreprise et ce qu’elle attend d’eux ;− l’identification des termes de l’échange permet de préciser comment l’entreprise et le management peuvent évoluer pour rencontrer leurs attentes et favoriser leur engagement vis-à-vis de l’entreprise.En conclusion, des recommandations aux entreprises sont proposées en matière de gestion des générations montantes / At present, companies are worried about the demonstrated behaviors of the new generation. Their lack ofunderstanding goes beyond problems of communication between the generations: it now includes the ITrevolution, the evolution of individuals’ relationships with their work, authority issues, social networks andglobalization are characteristics presented as specific to generation Y.The purpose of this work is to study the commitment of thirty-year-old executives, considered as the elders ofgeneration Y, towards their companies, and to enlighten the terms of the psychological contract developed bythis population. The double theoretical frame of the social exchange and the psychological contract has beenutilized on one hand, and the organizational commitment on the other hand.This research is a qualitative one with an exploratory nature. A diverted projective technique, the "letter to afriend", has been used to define the emergent, shared and enhanced dimensions of the relationship with thecompany. This letter has been written by 547 French and foreign executives approximately around 30-32years old, from any kind of job or area of a large French company, within the dedicated frame of training.The qualitative results are of the following three natures:− The thirty-year-old executives show a distinct homogeneity in their answers independent of their personalcharacteristics. Their main concerns are about work, career and network. Through, he detailed analysis oftheir composition, they can be considered as representative of the elders of generation Y;− Their commitment towards the company is bound to the perception of a satisfying and mutual exchange. Theterms of the exchange concern what the company offers and expects from them;− The identification of the terms of the exchange helps to specify how the company and the management canevolve to meet their expectations and encourage their commitment towards the company.As a conclusion, recommendations are made to HR and managers concerning the new generation

This thesis deals with the development of defense mechanisms of children in younger school age. The theoretical part discusses the history and development of the concept of defense mechanisms, provides an overview of the diagnostic methods, which are useful to identify defense mechanisms in children and reports on the current state of research of defense mechanisms and their development in children and adolescents. At the end of the theoretical part, the concepts of "defense" based mostly on gestalt psychotherapy perspective are discussed. In the practical part, the children of the research group in younger school age were tested with The Fairy Tale Test and The Thematic Apperception Test. The results are discussed with regard to age, sex, inteligence and also considering the results of other research methods. Data based on psychoanalytical concepts are compared with results of the questionnaire based on gestalt psychoterapy theories of contact cycle and contact styles. Two parents (or the closest adults) evaluated their children by the questionnaire and inventory of typical contact styles. The results suggest the existence of certain connections, these research methods also complement each other and serves together as more comprehensive view of the child's personality, a way of its interacting...

Les fonctions de F_q dans lui-même sont des objets étudiés dans de divers domaines tels que la cryptographie, la théorie des codes correcteurs d'erreurs, la géométrie finie ainsi que la géométrie algébrique. Il est bien connu que ces fonctions sont en correspondance exacte avec les polynômes en une variable à coefficients dans F_q. Nous étudierons trois classes de polynômes particulières: les polynômes Presque Parfaitement Non linéaires (Almost Perfect Nonlinear (APN)), les polynômes planaires ou parfaitement non linéaire (PN) et les o-polynômes.Les fonctions APN sont principalement étudiées pour leurs applications en cryptographie. En effet, ces fonctions sont celles qui offre la meilleure résistance contre la cryptanalyse différentielle.Les polynômes PN et les o-polynômes sont eux liés à des problèmes célèbres de géométrie finie. Les premiers décrivent des plans projectifs et les seconds sont en correspondance directe avec les ovales et hyperovales de P^2(F_q). Néanmoins, leurs champ d'application a été récemment étendu à la cryptographie symétrique et à la théorie des codes correcteurs d'erreurs.L'un des moyens utilisé pour compléter la classification est de considérer les polynômes présentant l'une des propriétés recherchées sur une infinité d'extension de F_q. Ces fonctions sont appelées fonction APN (respectivement PN ou o-polynômes) exceptionnelles.Nous étendrons la classification des polynômes APN et PN exceptionnels et nous donneront une description complète des o-polynômes exceptionnels. Les techniques employées sont basées principalement sur la borne de Lang-Weil et sur des méthodes élémentaires. / Functions from F_q to itself are interesting objects arising in various domains such as cryptography, coding theory, finite geometry or algebraic geometry. It is well known that these functions admit a univariate polynomial representation. There exists many interesting classes of such polynomials with plenty of applications in pure or applied maths. We are interested in three of them: Almost Perfect Nonlinear (APN) polynomials, Planar (PN) polynomials and o-polynomials. APN polynomials are mostly used in cryptography to provide S-boxes with the best resistance to differential cryptanalysis and in coding theory to construct double error-correcting codes. PN polynomials and o-polynomials first appeared in finite geometry. They give rise respectively to projective planes and ovals in P^2(F_q). Also, their field of applications was recently extended to symmetric cryptography and error-correcting codes.A complete classification of APN, PN and o-polynomials is an interesting open problem that has been widely studied by many authors. A first approach toward the classification was to consider only power functions and the studies were recently extended to polynomial functions.One way to face the problem of the classification is to consider the polynomials that are APN, PN or o-polynomials over infinitely many extensions of F_q, namely, the exceptional APN, PN or o-polynomials.We improve the partial classification of exceptional APN and PN polynomials and give a full classification of exceptional o-polynomials. The proof technique is based on the Lang-Weil bound for the number of rational points in algebraic varieties together with elementary methods.

Les changements sociaux mettent aujourd’hui en question les identités individuelles et collectives, le rapport à soi-même et aux autres. À partir d’une méthodologie croisée, ce travail interroge la construction de l’identité en fonction du lien social, en comparant les dessins d’enfants québécois et ivoiriens (méthode projective de quatre dessins : libre, bonhomme, famille, famille idéale). Huit études de cas, de même qu’une comparaison statistique avec des données internationales (France, Russie, Vietnam), mettent en lumière des différences culturelles. La primauté de la représentation de soi-même, spécifique au Québec, et l’absence du sujet dans le dessin, particulière à la Côte d’Ivoire, font l’objet d’un examen particulier. Le dessin témoignant des identifications à l’interface subjective et sociale, la synthèse des résultats révèle la possibilité d’un lien entre le sujet solipsiste moderne et une organisation identificatoire privilégiant des figures du Même ou du semblable, qui implique des aspects régressifs. L’identification (secondaire) à des figures de l’Autre, nécessaire à la construction d’idéaux et d’une identité qui puisse se projeter dans l’avenir, paraît facilitée dans un lien social où une tradition symbolique fonctionne. De manière générale, l’identité est à penser comme un équilibre entre mêmeté et altérité, dont le lien social viendra faire varier la configuration. / Today, social changes question individual and collective identities, or the sense we have of our selves and our relation to others. Based on a crossed methodology, this thesis thinks the problem of identity construction depending on the social link, by comparing the drawings of children from Quebec and Ivory Cost (four drawings projective method: free drawing, human figure, family and ideal family). Eight cases studies, and a statistical comparison with international data (France, Russia, Vietnam), bring to light cultural differences. Priority of self-representation,specific to Quebec, and the subject’s absence in the drawing, particular to Ivory Cost, are studied more precisely. Since drawings testify of identifications at the subjective and social junction, the results synthesis reveals the possibility of a relation between the modern solipsist subject and identification to Same figures, or similar figures, involving regressive aspects. Identification (secondary identification) to Other figures, necessary for the construction of ideals and for an identity that can be projected in the future, seems facilitated in a social link where a symbolic tradition works. In general, we can think identity as an equilibrium between sameness and otherness,witch is influenced by the social link.

Este trabalho propõe um método transdisciplinar de pesquisa para servir como modelo para estudos, investigações e pesquisas transdisciplinares, utilizando um critério denominado: estatístico-matemático-filosófico. Este método transdisciplinar, denominado método das intersecções foi aplicado: na reconstrução de alguns conceitos tabacológicos; na revisão de pressupostos da tabacologia; em descobertas que trazem novas hipóteses sobre a origem do tabaco e de sua utilização; na investigação sobre a utilização saudável e sobre o uso patológico do tabaco; nos diagnósticos, prognósticos e tratamentos bioecopsicosocioespirituais do tabagismo; na construção do Teste Projetivo e Transdisciplinar de Tabagismo (TPTT) e na prétestagem formal deste instrumento. Algumas conclusões destes estudos podem ser sintetizadas das seguintes formas: 1ª) Algumas descobertas científicas apontam para a origem do tabaco, e de sua utilização, a partir de, pelo menos, 3.200 anos atrás, na civilização egípcia; 2ª) Além da utilização patológica, denominada tabagismo, existem formas saudáveis de consumo do tabaco; 3ª) Os diagnósticos, prognósticos e formas de tratamento do tabagismo podem ser realizados de acordo com o modelo bioecopsicosocioespiritual, que considera as perspectivas: biológica, ecológica, psicológica, sociológica e espiritualista, ampliando a observação e a atuação diante deste problema. 4ª) A pré-testagem formal do Teste Projetivo e Transdisciplinar de Tabagismo (TPTT) demonstrou a possibilidade deste instrumento se constituir em ferramenta útil para se descobrir o índice geral de tabagismo, bem como para se encontrar as perspectivas preponderantes para tal compulsão ou consumo exagerado, e também as motivações que levam à tal utilização do tabaco / This dissertation suggest a transdisciplinary method of research in order to serve as a model in transdisciplinary studies, investigations and researches, utilizing a criterion called: statistics-mathematics-philosophical. This transdisciplinary method called intersections method was applied: in the reconstruction of some concepts of tabacology; in the revision of some assumptions in tabacology; in discoveries that brings new hypothesis about the origin of tobacco and its uses; in the investigation about the healthy and pathologic use of tobacco; in the bioecopsychosocialspiritual diagnostics, forecasts and treatments of tabagism; in the construction of the Projective and Transdisciplinary Test of Tabagism (PTTT) and in the formal pre-testing of this instrument. Some conclusions of these researches can be summarized as follows: 1ª)Some scientific discoveries indicates an origin of tobacco and its uses from 3.200 years ago, at least, in egyptian civilization. 2ª) Besides of the pathologic use called tabagism there are healthy ways of consumption of tobacco. 3ª) The diagnostics, forecasts and treatments of tabagism can be done following the bioecopsychosocialspiritual model that consider the perspectives: biological, ecological, psychological, sociological e spiritualistic, extending the observation and acting over this problem. 4ª) The formal pre-testing of the Projective and Transdisciplinary Test of Tabagism (PTTT) show the possibility of this instrument became a useful tool to find out the general index of tabagism and to achieve the prevalent perspective of this compulsion or overdose and the motivations in order to use tobacco in this way

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Hermann Jung.pdf: 481950 bytes, checksum: 7e24eb7943f247010bcfceab2e43264f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-16 / The present study has accomplished a qualitative phenomenological-existential reading of the animal and human content responses given by 8 children who were victims of sexual abuse, subject to the Rorschach Psychodiagnosis blots. We sought to understand how these children percieve human element in themselves and in interpersonal exchange; and detect whether there were psychic damage to their capacity of relating interpersonally. Such reading has revealed the need to tune the human and animal content codes to the experiences which were being told by the children, which motivated us to propose of questioning the current codes. The results showed that most of the group responses (46%) were regarding scary and aggressive characters. Offended characters or characters in physically or psychically painful situations accounted for 30% of the responses. Contents expressing positive and constructive views of the character were the least frequent reaching only 24%. Overall, 62% of the children reflected in the test the relation offender-victim. We conclude that most of the times the human and the relationships are most times embedded in negative connotations associated to violence and pain, confirming the presence of psychic harm; and that the Rorschach diagnosis is able to stimulate a projective speech in which the subject reveals symbolically real facts from his life story. / Este estudo realizou uma leitura qualitativa, fenomenológica-existencial, das respostas de conteúdo animal e humano fornecidas por 8 crianças vítimas de abuso sexual, submetidas aos estímulos das manchas do Psicodiagnóstico Rorschach. Buscou-se compreender como estas crianças percebem o humano em si e na convivência interpessoal; e detectar se havia danos psíquicos associados à capacidade de se relacionar interpessoalmente. Esta leitura revelou a necessidade de sintonizar a codificação destes conteúdos às experiências que estavam sendo comunicadas, o que nos motivou a propor um questionamento dos atuais códigos. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria das respostas do grupo (46%) se referiu à percepções de personagens agressivos e amedrontadores; personagens agredidos ou em situações de sofrimento físico ou psíquico representaram 30% das respostas; conteúdos que expressavam percepções positivas e construtivas dos personagens foram os menos freqüentes (24%); e 62% das crianças projetaram no teste a relação agressor-vítima. Concluiu-se que o humano e os relacionamentos são, em sua maioria, imbuídos de conotações negativas, relacionadas à violência e dor, confirmando a presença de dano psíquico; e que o Rorschach é capaz de estimular um discurso projetivo no qual o sujeito revela, simbolicamente, fatos reais de uma história de vida.

Ce travail montre l\'unité de l\'oeuvre de Pascal dans ce qui concerne la « comparabilité des incomparables » : la comparaison, langagière ou mathématique, qui se fait entre des choses qui ne pourraient pas en principe être rapprochées. Il s\'agit de faire une approche historique et linguistique pour poser des questions philosophiques par rapport à la comparaison, notamment sur le rôle de principe que l\'infini y joue selon Pascal. Nous identifions la comparaison des incomparables sous trois formes. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à formuler une forme rhétorique d\'analogie que nous nommons l\'« analogie de disproportion » (nous inspirant de Secretan 1998). Si l\'analogie est généralement dite faire une comparaison entre deux rapports, chacun desquels existe entre des choses homogènes, l\'analogie de disproportion permet en revanche de montrer une ressemblance entre des rapports d\'hétérogénéité, entre des disproportions ou entre des distances infinies : deux choses sont aussi différentes entre elles que deux autres. Pascal étant un auteur qui souligne surtout les disproportions, nous montrons qu\'il compare ces disproportions, notamment pour délimiter à l\'homme ce qu\'il ne peut pas connaître parfaitement. La deuxième partie analyse la pratique mathématique de Pascal « en poids, nombre et mesure » : il s\'agit de montrer que dans la méthode des indivisibles des Lettres de A. Dettonville, dans le Traité du triangle arithmétique et dans la comparaison du courbe et du droit, toujours l\'infini (ou plutôt l\'indéfini) intervient comme un facteur qui permet la comparabilité de ce qui semblait être incomparable. La troisième partie fait une discussion proprement philosophique sur l\'infiniment petit et l\'infiniment grand, prenant en compte la pratique mathématique de Pascal analysée dans la deuxième partie. Il est question de discuter sur la nature des « indivisibles », des « différences » et des « distances infinies ». Nous proposons que l\'« infini » dans la pratique mathématique de Pascal relève plutôt de l\'« indéfini », reliant cela à une distinction entre le sens absolu et le sens relatif des mots. Une exception dans la pratique mathématique de Pascal est la géométrie projective, où il faut accepter des éléments à distance infinie. La « rencontre » des deux infinis, finalement, permet de montrer la réciprocité de l\'infini de grandeur et de l\'infini de petitesse. Une discussion est faite à ce propos, reliant la proportion inverse entre les deux infinis à la grandeur et la petitesse de l\'homme et au caractère paradoxal de certaines vérités selon Pascal, lesquelles sont résolues dans la personne du Christ. On conclut que Pascal propose non pas une connaissance directe de l\'infini, mais plutôt une approche à la relation que l\'homme, être fini, possède avec l\'infini. / Este trabalho mostra a unidade da obra de Pascal no que diz respeito à comparabilidade dos incomparáveis : a comparação, linguística ou matemática, que é feita entre coisas que não poderiam, em princípio, ser aproximadas. Trata-se de fazer uma abordagem histórica e linguística para colocar questões filosóficas sobre a comparação, em particular sobre o papel fundamental que o infinito desempenha de acordo com Pascal. Identificamos a comparação de incomparáveis sob três formas. A primeira parte deste trabalho é dedicada à formulação de uma forma de analogia retórica que chamamos de analogia de desproporção (inspirada por Secretan 1998). Se geralmente se diz que a analogia faz uma comparação entre duas relações, cada uma das quais existe entre coisas homogêneas, a analogia da desproporção torna possível, por outro lado, mostrar uma semelhança entre relações de heterogeneidade, entre desproporções ou entre distâncias infinitas : duas coisas são tão diferentes entre si quanto duas outras. Pascal sendo um autor que enfatiza as desproporções acima de tudo, mostramos que ele compara as desproporções, em especial para delimitar o que o homem não conhece perfeitamente. A segunda parte analisa a prática matemática de Pascal em peso, número e medida : trata-se de mostrar que no método dos indivisíveis das Cartas de A. Dettonville, no Tratado do triângulo aritmético e na comparação das linhas curvas e retas, sempre o infinito (ou melhor, o indefinido) intervém como um fator que permite a comparabilidade do que parecia incomparável. A terceira parte faz uma discussão filosófica sobre o infinitamente pequeno e o infinitamente grande, levando em consideração a prática matemática de Pascal analisada na segunda parte. Discutimos a natureza dos indivisíveis, diferenças e distâncias infinitas. Propomos que o infinito na prática matemática de Pascal é melhor compreendido como um indefinido, ligando-o a uma distinção entre o significado absoluto e o significado relativo das palavras. Uma exceção na prática matemática de Pascal é a geometria projetiva, onde devemos aceitar elementos a distância infinita. O encontro dos dois infinitos, finalmente, permite mostrar a reciprocidade do infinito de grandeza e do infinito de pequenez. Uma discussão é feita sobre este assunto, ligando a proporção inversa entre os dois infinitos à grandeza e à pequenez do homem, e ao caráter paradoxal de certas verdades de acordo com Pascal, as quais são resolvidas na pessoa de Jesus Cristo. Concluímos que Pascal traz do infinito não um conhecimento direto, mas uma abordagem da relação que o homem, ser finito, tem com o infinito.