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Psykodynamisk psykoterapi med personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning / Psychodynamic psychotherapy with people with intellectual disabilitiesLindblad, Kristina January 2017 (has links)
Inledning: Personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning drabbas oftare än andra av psykisk ohälsa och hamnar lätt i destruktiva livsmönster. De upplever ofta att de har svårt att få adekvat och anpassad behandling. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka psykoterapeuters upplevelse av psykodynamisk psykoterapi med personer med lindrig till måttlig intellektuell funktionsnedsättning som lider av psykisk ohälsa. Frågeställningar: Hur beskriver psykodynamiskt inriktade psykoterapeuter den psykoterapeutiska processen i arbetet med personer med lindrig till måttlig intellektuell funktionsnedsättning? Vad beskriver terapeuterna som verksamt och hur ser de på behandlingsresultaten med målgruppen? Metod: Sex psykoterapeuter intervjuades utifrån en kvalitativ, deskriptiv ansats. Resultat: Vid analys av materialet framträdde ett antal teman. 1. Terapeuternas beskrivning av de olika faserna i den terapeutiska processen. 2. Yttre faktorer som kan påverka terapierna med målgruppen. 3. Den intellektuella funktionsnedsättningens betydelse. 4. Terapeutiska utmaningar i arbetet med målgruppen. 5. Det verksamma i terapierna. 6. Förutsättningarna runt terapeuten. Diskussion: Resultatet visar att de intervjuade terapeuterna upplever att psykodynamisk psykoterapi med lindrig-måttlig intellektuell funktionsnedsättning kan vara meningsfullt och verksamt. Vissa aspekter och behovet av att anpassa det terapeutiska arbetet beskrivs som centrala i arbetet med målgruppen. / Introduction: People with intellectual disabilities are affected more than others by mental illness and can easily fall into destructive patterns of life. They often feel that they have difficulty getting adequate and appropriate treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate psychotherapists experience of psychodynamic psychotherapy with individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities who suffer from mental illness. Issues:How do psychodynamic oriented psychotherapists describe the psychotherapeutic process in working with people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities? What do the therapists describe as active and helpful and how do they look at the results of treatment? Method: Six psychotherapists were interviewed based on a qualitative, descriptive approach. Results: When analyzing the material a number of themes appeared: 1. The therapist description of the phases of the therapeutic process. 2. External factors that can influence therapies with the target group. 3. The intellectual disabilities significance. 4. Therapeutic challenges in the work with the target group. 5. The active and helpful. 6. The conditions around the therapist. Discussion: The result shows that the interviewed therapists feel that psychodynamic psychotherapy with mild-moderate intellectual disabilities can be meaningful and effective. Some specific aspects and the need to adapt the therapeutic work is described as central in the work with the target group.
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Musikterapi i barncancersjukvård : en intervjustudie med tre musikterapeuterSandelin, Marie January 2016 (has links)
Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur musikterapeuters arbete fungerar inom barncancersjukvård. Hur kan musikterapi påverka cancersjuka barn och vilka resultat man kan se. Undersökningen genomfördes med intervjuer med tre verksamma musikterapeuter. I metoden tillämpades en hermeneutisk tolkningsansats med kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer och med en narrativ forskningsmetod. Musikterapi är evidensbaserad inom forskning, ett akademiskt ämne och ett professionellt yrke. Kan även definieras som en konstnärlig terapiform, som bygger på musikupplevelse, musikaliskt skapande och uttryck, kommunikation och samspel som erbjuds i relation mellan patient och terapeut. Resultatet belyser musikterapeuters uppdrag, vilket är ett mycket varierande och flexibelt arbete. Via musikens verktyg och redskap; skapa kontakt, bygga relation, utveckla kommunikation, icke-verbalt, improvisera, se och bekräfta, stärka och dela tillsammans. Musikterapi grundar sig på den psykodynamiska inriktningen inom utvecklingspsykologin, att observera och forska om ett barn i relation till dess omgivning. Musikterapiuppdraget fungerar som en kompletterande behandlingsform inom barncancersjukvård. Musikens förmåga och egenskaper kan bidra till att förstärka en patients egna personliga resurser, skapa utrymme och ge möjlighet till känslomässiga uttryck, hantering och bearbetning av ett barns svåra cancersjukdom och dess sjukhusvistelse. Utifrån intervjuerna av musikterapeuterna och deras berättelser har både signifikanta och positiva resultat har kunnat belysas i denna studie. / The purpose of this study was to examine how music therapists work with children who have cancer. How does music therapy affect the children, and what are the results. The study was made by interviewing three active music therapists. The method I used was a hermeneutic interpretation with qualitative research interviews and with a narrative method. Music therapy is evidence based in research, an academic major and profession. It can also be defined as an artistic form of therapy, where music is used as a mean for experience, creativity, expression and communication between patient and therapist. The result highlights the mission for the therapist, which is very flexible and varying, where flexibility and responsiveness is of great importance; by the tools of music create a sense of contact and communication, nonverbal, improvise, watch and confirm, strengthen and sharing. Music therapy is based on the psychodynamic alignment within developmental psychology, to observe and do research about a child relation to his or her environment. Music therapy also works as an addition to regular medical treatment within cancer care for children. The ability and characteristics of music contributes to strengthen a patient own resources, opens up ways for emotional expression in the process of working with a child with cancer disease and his or her hospitalization. Based on the interviews of the music therapists and their stories, both significant and positive results are illustrated in this study.
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In the mind of the mother : mental representation of the internal space of the mother, self and therapist in borderline statesCairns, Margaret Anne January 2014 (has links)
People with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have a particular difficulty in forming and maintaining close relationships. The Relational Affective Model (Mizen, 2014) proposes that intimate relationships activate claustro-agoraphobic anxieties as the person alternately seeks and flees emotional closeness. The therapeutic relationship is a specialised kind of intimate relationship in which claustro-agoraphobic anxieties are likely to be activated in a process which psychoanalysis understands as transference. The understanding and working through of this transference is the mutative factor proposed in psychodynamic therapies. This study explored participants' mental representation of the internal psychic space of the other. Ten people with a diagnosis of BPD were asked to describe themselves and significant others, including their therapist in order to understand more about (1) their mental representations of the internal space of the other; (2) their relationship with their therapist with reference to internal space. and (3) the implications for the Relational Affective Model and clinical understanding of BPD. Using a mixed qualitative methodology four broad but distinct ways of describing internal space states emerged: positive, negative, nondescript and merged, which I have termed Alpha, Omega, Non-Alpha and Merged. Case study analyses for the four participants who provided interviews at the beginning and end of their treatment were conducted to attempt to highlight any changes in the internal space states identified. A thematic analysis of therapist descriptions indicated participants were positively engaged with their therapist. Negative internal space (Omega) descriptions of self and mother did not transfer to the relationship with the therapist in the early stages of therapy. The implications for the Relational Affective Model are considered.
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The unconscious life of the child with obsessive-compulsive disorderEpstein, Tamarin Gwendolyn 19 May 2008 (has links)
This qualitative study explores the unconscious life of four children diagnosed
with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) specifically related to selfconcept,
personality, and psychopathology using a case study approach. A
review of literature on childhood OCD is presented and the study is located
within a psychodynamic theoretical framework. Findings indicate that the
children are emotionally maladjusted, with high levels of anxiety and
psychopathology. They have low self-esteem and poor body images, mostly
tending towards immaturity. Two of the children have personality disturbances
(neurotic, hysterical personalities). All the children have disturbed superegos
(harsh or neurotic).
Although their symptoms are currently mild, and some have ceased, analysis
suggests they have been repressed and continue to affect them. They are
sexually preoccupied and conflicted due to the unsuccessful resolution of the
Oedipus complex. They have poor impulse control and considerable anger
and aggression (mostly overt). They experience their environment as unstable
and frightening and have anxieties about physical injury and being watched.
The boys have regressed sex drives and homosexual tendencies, and have
not identified with their fathers. The girls have identified with their mothers but
experience masturbation guilt and blocked sexual drives, causing anxiety and
moodiness. The children are all highly defended and escape from feelings of
helplessness, inadequacy, and isolation, and discharge anxiety and
aggressive instincts by using the defenses of undoing, reaction formation,
acting-out, fantasy (sometimes violent), projection, displacement, and
intellectualisation. Their strong dependency needs suggest fixation in the oral
stage of psychosexual development. They tend towards self-directed
aggression and depression. Most have family histories of mood disorders
(particularly depression), and obsessions linked to fears of economic hardship
due to parental illness or death. Most have histories of anxiety disorders or
anxiety-related problems, and family histories of anxiety disorders
and/paternal OCD. They all experienced a personally traumatic event
precipitating the onset of OCD.
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A clínica no espaço público : vivência de atores envolvidos no processo de acompanhamento terapêutico (AT) /Macedo, Simone Pantaleão. - January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Carmen Maria Bueno Neme / Banca: Kleber Duarte Barretto / Banca: Ana Gracy Martins do Valle / Resumo: A literatura em Acompanhamento Terapêutico (AT) demonstra crescente número de estudos sobre as diversas variáveis que caracterizam esta modalidade clínica, revelando pouca exploração da natureza da participação dos acompanhados e dos familiares neste processo. O objetivo desta trabalho foi descrever e analisar cinco casos atendidos na modalidade do AT, identificando vivências, funções desempenhadas pelos acompanhantes terapêuticos (ats) e resultados do processo por meio do discurso desses sujeitos. Em cada caso, foram realizadas entrevistas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas com os participantes de cada processo de AT: ats, acompanhados e familiares. As entrevistas foram analisadas e os dados foram categorizados, de acordo com a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados foram organizados segundo as categorias obtidas, analisando-se e comparando-se as vivências dos atores envolvidos no processo de AT no processo de AT, com base nos pressupostos da teoria psicanalítica. As vivências dos pacientes apontam para o AT como um dispositivo terapêutico integrador e antisegregador, por se consolidar em um lugar de ancoragem para as mais diversas angústias, além de instrumento de valorização da subjetividade e reconstrução social. As ats trazem com vivência a preocupação quanto à constituição deste local de ancoragem, capaz de ser continente para o que nele necessita se contido, e referenciam o espaço da supervisão e a troca grupal com ponto de ancoragem para suas próprias angústias durante o processo. A figura materna é prevalente como participante familiar nos processos de AT estudados. Os dados das vivências maternas revelaram que, se por um lado, a figura do at representou acolhimento, companheirismo e proteção, por outro lado, ele aparece como eliciadora de invasão e desconfiança. Conclui-se que o processo de AT, além de auxiliar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The literature on Therapeutic Accompaniment (TA) shows an increasing number of studies about the several variables which characterize this clinic modality, reveling little exploration of the nature of the participation of the accompanied ones and their families in this process. The objective of this work was to describe and analyze five cases attended in this process. The objective of this work was to describe and analyze five cases attended in this modality of the TA, identifying experiences, functions performed by the therapeutic companions (TCs) and results of the process by means of the process by means of these individuals speeches. In each case, recorded interviews were done and they were later trasncribed with the participants of each process of TA: companions, accompained ones and family. The interviews were anlyzed and the data were categorized according to Bardin's content analysis technique. The results were organized according to the categories obtained, analyzing and comparing the experiences of the actors involved in the TA process, based on the psychoanalytic theory assumptions. The patients experiences indicate TA as a therapeutic, integrador and anti-segregating device, because it consolidates in a place of various agonies, besides being instrument of subjectivity appreciation and social reconstruction. The companions bring as experience the worry about the constitution of the place of anchorage, able to be continent to what needs to be kept in it, and cite the supervision space and the group exchange as an anchorage spot for their own agonies during the process. The mother figure is prevalent as a family participant in the TA processes studies. The data of maternal experiences reveated that, if on one hand, the companion figure represented reception, companionship and protection, on the otheir hand, it appears as invasion and distrust eliciting... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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Eficácia das psicoterapias breves psicodinâmicas pela internet, por meio de videoconferência, no tratamento de adultos com Transtorno Depressivo Maior: Revisão sistemática segundo modelo da Colaboração Cochrane / Online videoconferencing short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression in adults: a systematic review following the Cochrane CollaborationSiqueira, Claudia Catão Alves 02 December 2016 (has links)
CONTEXTO: O Transtorno Depressivo Maior é um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. No Brasil, 50% da população diagnosticada com esse transtorno não tem acesso a tratamento. As psicoterapias breves psicodinâmicas têm sua eficácia comprovada por revisões sistemáticas (RS) no tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo Maior e realizadas por meio de videoconferência, podem ampliar o acesso da população a essas psicoterapias baseadas em evidências. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia das psicoterapias breves psicodinâmicas realizadas pela internet, por meio de videoconferência, no tratamento de adultos com Transtorno Depressivo Maior. MÉTODO: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados realizada segundo a metodologia da Colaboração Cochrane (Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions). ESTRATÉGIA DE BUSCA: Os artigos foram recuperados em uma busca sensibilizada às bases de dados eletrônicas: BVS-Psi; Cochrane Library; EBSCO-CINAHL; EMBASE; LILACS; PsycNET (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, APABooks); Ovid MEDLINE; PubMED; Redalyc; SciELO; ScienceDirect; Scopus e Web of Science. Buscas adicionais foram realizadas no ClinicalTrials.gov e WHO (http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/), no Google Scholar e ResearchGate e na literatura cinzenta. As buscas foram realizadas em abril de 2016 e atualizadas até setembro de 2016. Não houve restrição a idiomas, datas e status de publicação. As listas de referências bibliográficas de RS e de artigos selecionados foram revisadas. Realizou-se contato com especialistas em busca de estudos em andamento. DESFECHO: Remissão sintomatológica por meio de escalas validadas e adesão ao tratamento. RESULTADOS: Dois revisores (CCAS e MNR) selecionaram de forma independente os artigos segundo os critérios de elegibilidade. Um terceiro revisor (KY) resolveu as discordâncias. Da busca inicial de 1163 artigos, 30 foram selecionados para avaliação do texto completo. Nenhum artigo contemplou os critérios de elegibilidade preconizados para esta revisão sistemática. CONCLUSÃO: Até o vii momento, não é possível afirmar se as psicoterapias breves psicodinâmicas realizadas pela internet, por meio de videoconferência, apresentam eficácia no tratamento da Depressão Maior em adultos devido à inexistência de ensaios clínicos randomizados / BACKGROUND: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a major world public health problem. In Brazil, 50% of diagnosed population don´t receive treatment properly. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies have efficacy proved by systematic reviews of Depressions treatment and applied through videoconferencing may improve the access of population to these evidence-based psychotherapies. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of online videoconferencing short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies on MDDs treatment in adults. METHOD: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials following the Cochrane Collaboration Methodology (Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions). SEARCH METHODS: Sensitive electronic searches were handled in the following databases: BVS-Psi; Cochrane Library; EBSCO-CINAHL; EMBASE; LILACS; PsycNET (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, APABooks); Ovid MEDLINE; PubMED; Redalyc; SciELO; ScienceDirect; Scopus and Web of Science. Additional searches were done in ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO (http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/), Google Scholar, ResearchGate and grey literature. Electronic searches were done in April 2016 and updated to September 2016. No restrictions on language, date and publication status were applied to the searches. References list of systematic reviews and potentially relevant papers retrieved were checked. A group of specialists was contacted in order to find ongoing studies. OUTCOME: Symptoms remission measured by validated scales and adherence to treatment. RESULTS: Two reviewers independently (CCAS e MNR) screened suitable articles according to eligibility criteria of this review. A third reviewer (KY) was consulted if two review authors could not reach consensus. From 1163 articles initially retrieved, 30 had assessed the full-text for eligibility. None article met the eligibility criteria of this systematic review. CONCLUSION: At this moment, is not possible to assure if online videoconferencing short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies are efficacious on MDDs treatment because of the absence of randomized clinical trials
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Att gå i psykoterapi efter pension : En kvalitativ studie av yngre äldre kvinnors behov avpsykoterapi / Attending psychotherapy after retirement : A qualitative study of young elderly women’s needs ofPsychotherapyAndersson Elmtoft, Natasja January 2018 (has links)
Äldres psykiska hälsa är ett åsidosatt område och Socialstyrelsen efterlyserbehandlingsalternativ till medicinering. Flera studier poängterar dock att detsaknas forskning inom området psykoterapi med äldre. Syftet med studien är attundersöka frågor och livsproblem bland pensionärer som går i psykoterapi samtvad de anser är hjälpsamt vid kontakt med en psykoterapeut. En kvalitativ studiemed intervjuer har genomförts med fem kvinnor som valt att gå i psykoterapiefter pension. Kvinnorna var mellan 64 och 73 år gamla när intervjuernagenomfördes. Resultatet visade att fyra av de fem intervjuade kvinnorna ficknågon form av kris i samband med pensioneringen, och att de sökt upp enpsykoterapeut men att detta har skett av olika anledningar och livsproblem. Deanser att psykoterapi är hjälpsamt efter pensionering men menar att terapinbehöver anpassas till den äldres behov, ett synsätt som stöds av forskningen. / Health psychology among elderly is a neglected topic and social authorities ask foralternative treatment methods to medication. Several studies conclude there is alack of research regarding psychotherapy with elderly. Due to this, the aim of thepresent study is to examine the specific issues and life-problems that concernpsychotherapy attending seniors today, and what they consider as helpful intherapy. A qualitative research design was used with interviews conducted withfive women, who had all chosen to attend psychotherapy after retirement. Thewomen were between 64 and 73 years old when the interviews took place. Theresults showed that four of the five women had gone through some kind ofpersonal crisis in connection with their retirement. The women had all soughtpsychotherapy during the life span, due to a variety of reasons and life-problems.The women in this study think that psychotherapy is helpful after retirement, butthat the psychotherapy should be adapted to the specific needs that elderly peopledo have., which is in line with earlier research.
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A systems psychodynamic exploration towards the development of a model of language use as manifestation of leadership anxiety dynamicsFlotman, Aden-Paul 09 1900 (has links)
Leaders bring unconscious information into their personal and working relationships. Some of this unconscious material is communicated through language use, and it is argued that one of the bridges between the unconscious and the conscious is language use. It is postulated that insight is possible into leaders’ understanding, meaning-making and leadership experience by exploring their language use, as the vehicle through which they make sense of the world. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore by developing and describing a systems psychodynamic model of language use as manifestation of leadership anxiety dynamics, to refine this theoretical model, and to explore the utility value of the theoretical model.
A qualitative and descriptive research method was selected towards reaching this aim. Hermeneutic phenomenology, using the systems psychodynamic perspective allowed for the description, analysis and interpretation of the experiences of participants. Data was collected through a purposive, convenient sample, in the form of three listening posts, which comprised systems psychodynamic practitioners, business leaders and post-modern discourse analysts. Data was analysed by means of critical discourse analysis and systems psychodynamically informed discourse analysis.
Manifesting themes were the language of titles, as potential space, and the language of silence versus non-silence; anxiety and its triggers, anxiety and leadership response, and anxiety and language use; the sources of anxiety, language as unconscious defence and offence and towards a language of vulnerability. The findings indicated that leaders use both conscious and unconscious expressions of language simultaneously. Language use manifested as the carrier of conscious messages (between sender and receiver) as well as the unconscious role of language, to attack (accessing the dark side of language use) or defend against anxieties, and to cover leadership vulnerabilities. Language use as container, as well as transitional phenomenon (a potential space) is a carrier of anxieties. Language use thus has the potential to be used for its defensive, regressive and relational value. In a world of uncertainty and increasing attack on and by leadership, the findings further indicated that the defended leaders should be aware of the conscious and unconscious impact and outcome of language. Language use is useful as a lens to explore, diagnose and raise awareness, because the unconscious reveals itself through language as speech and image, and through the language of relations and relatedness and the language of action and omission. Since leaders operate in a colliquated space, both at individual and systemic level (i.e. as collisions), leadership anxiety could be elevated, resulting in the access of the dark side of language use. However, when these collisions occur, leadership anxiety could be reduced when the leader enters the reflective or potential space by accessing the relational value of language use. The utility value of the systems psychodynamic model was subsequently also confirmed. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)
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Aspergers Syndrom och Psykodynamisk Psykoterapi / Asperger Syndrome and Psychodynamic PsychotherapyOlson, Margareta January 2012 (has links)
Att ha diagnosen Aspergers syndrom innebär bl a sociala problem och psykisk sårbarhet. Denna kvalitativa studie omfattar intervjuer med fyra psykoterapeuter och en psykolog, som har erfarenhet av att behandla personer med Aspergers syndrom. Syftet med studien är att undersöka psykoterapeuters syn på psykodynamisk psykoterapi med personer med Asperger syndrom. Frågeställningarna har varit: hur lägger man upp en terapeutisk behandling för personer med Aspergers syndrom? Vilka aspekter inom terapin med personer med Aspergers syndrom är viktiga för behandlingen? Studien visar att teraputerna arbetar utifrån olika psykodynamiska teorier. Terapeuten behöver också ha stora kunskaper om funktionshindret. Att terapeuten har kunskap om vilka effekter funktionshindret har på personer med Asperger syndrom medför att viktiga komponenter som bemötande och arbetsallians möjliggörs och som är grunden för ett fortsatt behandlingsarbete. Vidare anses det viktigt att ta hänsyn till den specifika livssituation och historia som personer med Aspergers syndrom har, eftersom tidigare erfarenheter har betydelse för hur patienten handlar, reagerar och förstår sina livsmönster i nuet. Samtliga terapeuter betonar att personer med Aspergers syndrom i behandlingen har förbättrat sitt sociala samspel. Dessutom tycks det som att det fordras mycket av terapeuten i behandlingen med denna målgrupp eftersom det är långa behandlingar och att det är känslomässigt påfrestande att arbeta med personer med Aspergers. / To be diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome involves among other social problems and psychological vulnerability. The sample consists of four psychotherapists and one psychologist, who have experience in treating people with Asperger syndrome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychotherapists’ view of psychodynamic psychotherapy with people with Asperger syndrome. Questions have been; How do you set up a therapeutic treatment for people with Asperger's syndrome? What aspects in therapy with people with Asperger syndrome are important to the treatment? The study shows that therapists work from various psychodynamic theories. The therapist must also have vast knowledge of the disability. The therapist’s knowledge of the effects disability has on people with Asperger syndrome causes the key components that touch and working alliance is made possible and is the basis for continuing treatment work. Furthermore, it is important to take into account the specific situation in life and history that people with Asperger syndrome have, because past experience is relevant to how the patient react and understand their patterns of life in the present. All therapists stress that people with Asperger syndrome in treatment have improved their social interaction. Moreover, it seems that it requires a lot of the therapist in the treatment with this audience, because it is long treatments and that it is emotionally stressful to work with people with Asperger's
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Effekt av psykodynamisk psykoterapi : - Analys av symptomförändringar från terapistart till avslutning. / Effect of psychodynamic psychotherapy : - Analyses of symptom changes from the start to the end of therapy.Cederlund, Lena January 2012 (has links)
Inledning: Syftet med denna studie är att, utifrån ett insamlat material vid S:t Lukas mottagningar i Stockholmsområdet, undersöka symptomförändring från start till avslutning i psykodynamiskt inriktade psykoterapier. Frågeställningar: Den övergripande frågeställningen är om patienter och terapeuter bedömer att terapierna haft någon effekt och i så fall vilken. Vidare om bakgrundsfaktorer och självbild påverkat symptombelastningen. Metod: Studien har genomförts med hjälp av självskattningsformulär som fyllts i före och efter behandling. Patienterna har fyllt i Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) och terapeuterna ett frågeformulär där de skattat patienternas besvär. Efter inomgruppsjämförelser har jämförelser gjorts med ett normerings-material. Resultat: Det sker en signifikant symptomlindring under terapierna. Störst är förändringen när det gäller depression, ångest och interpersonell sensitivitet samt i det sammantagna genomsnittsvärdet. Patienternas bakgrund påverkar inte utfallet nämnvärt. Studien visar att patienter med höga värden för självkritik och hat vid terapistart upplever störst symptomlindring. Diskussion: De positiva behandlingsresultaten går tyvärr inte att generalisera p.g.a. ett betydande bortfall. En angelägen utmaning för framtida studier är att begränsa och kontrollera bortfallet. En annan angelägen fråga att följa upp är om påvisad symptomlindring fortsätter efter avslutad terapi i överensstämmelse med andra jämförbara studier.
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