La colonisation peut-elle être considérée comme un acte illicite du point de vue du droit international ? La réponse à cette question est différente selon la temporalité retenue. La colonisation a été par le passé justifiée par des considérations humaines et même humanistes. Puis, le fait colonial, qui avait été longtemps exalté, est devenu illicite,à partir de multiples résolutions dont celle de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies 1514(1960). Parlez des problèmes d’attribution..... La réparation des dommages résultant de la colonisation relève de la compétence des tribunaux internationaux. Cette réparation peut prendre la forme de l'indemnisation, de la restitution, de la satisfaction et de la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité. / Colonization may not be considered an illicit act from the standpoint of international law? The answer to this question is different depending on the temporal restraint. Colonization has been in the past, justified by human considerations and even humanists. Subsequently colonized territories, facing the evolution of international law on the one hand and various recommendations from other people, have acquired a certain autonomy, which has been recognized by international law. Thus, the settlement which had long been exalted became illegal, and many resolutions have been taken in this direction. We can cite for example the resolution of the UN General Assembly 1514 (1960). As compensation for damage resulting from the settlement under the juridiction of international tribunals. Such compensation may take the form of compensation, restitution and satisfaction and the implementation of the responsibility?

L'Investissement Socialement Responsable (ISR) est un mode d'investissement en pleine expansion. L'ontologie qui l'accompagne suggère que le caractère « socialement responsable » interpelle l'investisseur potentiel quant aux critères à retenir pour définir la recherche de performance. Celle-ci ne se mesure plus à travers un prisme exclusivement financier, mais s'ouvre à d'autres critères plus qualitatifs. La satisfaction de l'actionnaire bien que légitimement maximisée se trouve associée à la prise en compte d'intérêts des autres parties prenantes au processus de production. La Responsabilité Sociale de l'Entreprise (RSE) vérifie cette démarche validant ou invalidant ainsi l'éligibilité d'une entreprise à un processus d'investissement ISR. Cette thèse propose d'évaluer la performance d'un OPCVM ISR de manière multidimensionnelle en s'appuyant sur un possible triptyque de performance boursière, extra-financière et morale. Les conclusions de cette recherche soulignent la complexité de mise en œuvre d'une telle démarche tant les enjeux, les perceptions et les objectifs divergent d'une catégorie d'acteurs à l'autre. Enfin, la thèse souligne l'importance de la confiance des investisseurs à adhérer à la stratégie ISR d'un OPCVM conforme à leurs souhaits sans pour autant avoir la capacité de vérifier ou de contrôler de manière irréfutable la mise en œuvre de la démarche. / The Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) is a mode of rapidly growing investment. The ontology which accompanies it suggests that the "socially responsible" character calls questions to the potential investor as for the criteria to be retained to define the research for performance. This one does not confront any more through an exclusively financial prism, but opens in the other more qualitative criteria. The satisfaction of the shareholder well that legally maximized is associated with the consideration of interests of the other stakeholders in the process of production. The Corporate Social Responsability (CSR) verifies this validating approach initiative or so invalidating the eligibility of a company in a process of investment ISR. This thesis estimates the performance of an OPCVM ISR in a multidimensional way by leaning on a possible triptych of stock-exchange, extra-financial and moral performance. The conclusions of this research underline the complexity of implementation of such an approach so much the stakes, the perceptions collections and the objectives can diverge from a category of actors in the other one. Finally, the thesis underlines the importance of the confidence of the investors to adhere to the strategy ISR of an OPCVM in compliance with their wishes without having the capacity to verify or to control in a irrefutable way the implementation of the approach.

[pt] Fenômenos historicamente recentes como a crise do Estado Democrático de Direito e a globalização têm promovido mudanças importantes nas formas de participação da sociedade civil. Em que pese o declínio da confiança nos governos e instituições, o apoio aos ideais democráticos cresce, ensejando o surgimento de cidadãos dispostos a demandar maior responsabilização dos governantes, o que pode ser designado como accountability. Assim, ao lado dos mecanismos tradicionais de limitação do poder, como a representação e o sistema de freios e contrapesos, surge o controle social. Este, quando agregado ao monitoramento exercido por agências estatais de fiscalização, é classificado como accountability horizontal socialmente provocada, modalidade na qual cidadãos e instituições unem esforços para uma responsabilização mais efetiva de agentes públicos/políticos por eventuais condutas irregulares. Este fenômeno tem apresentado expansão crescente na América Latina e, particularmente, no Brasil, em especial a partir da democratização ocorrida no final do século XX e da promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Dentre os diversos mecanismos de accountability inaugurados pelo Texto Maior, destaca-se, no campo dos gastos públicos, a denúncia aos Tribunais de Contas por ilegalidades e irregularidades. A partir da criação do instituto, estas entidades vêm realizando um movimento crescente de abertura à sociedade civil, intensificado pela edição da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Entretanto, para a expansão da parceria entre estes atores, alguns desafios precisam ser vencidos: os Tribunais de Contas devem privilegiar a independência, a transparência, a agilidade e o enfoque educativo, enquanto a sociedade civil ainda necessita encarar a accountability como uma exigência central num país democrático e republicano. / [en] Historically recent phenomena such as the crisis of the Democratic State and globalization have promoted important changes in the forms of participation of civil society. Despite the decline in trust of governments and institutions, the support to democratic ideals has grown, allowing the emergence of citizens willing to demand more responsibility from governors, which can be designated as accountability. Therefore, along with the traditional mechanisms of power suppression, such as the system of checks and balances, social control arises. This, when used together with the monitoring exercised by public inspection agencies, is defined as horizontal accountability activated by civil society, in which citizens and institutions gather efforts in order to promote a more effective charge of responsibility from public agents and politicians in case of misconducts. This phenomenon has presented a growing expansion in Latin America and particularly in Brazil, especially after the process of democratization occurred in the end of the twentieth century and with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution in 1988. Among the several mechanisms of accountability created by the Main Text, one which can be pointed out in the area of public expenditure is the denunciation of illegalities and irregularities to the Courts of Account. Since the creation of the institute, these entities have performed a growing movement of opening to civil society, intensified by the Fiscal Responsibility Law. However, for the expansion of the partnership among these actors, some challenges must be overcome: the Courts of Account shall privilege independence, transparency, agility and educational approach, whereas civil society still needs to face accountability as a fundamental demand in a democratic republican country.

S'il ne fallait retenir qu'une chose de notre thèse, c'est la suivante : la responsabilité onusienne en matière des Droits de l'Homme nait sans fait attribuable, c'est une responsabilité indirecte : voici la ligne directrice de cette thèse.Tout au long des développements qui précèdent, nous nous sommes efforcés de faire le point sur la responsabilité onusienne en matière de la protection internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Après une analyse dont le but était à la fois de définir le contenu du concept de la responsabilité onusienne, le fondement juridique éventuel et sa mise en œuvre. / If you could take one thing from our thesis is the following: the responsibility of the UN in the protection of Human Rights was born without actually due, it is an indirect responsibility: Here are the director of this thesis online .Throughout the foregoing, we have tried to take on the UN responsibility for the international protection of human rights.The purpose of the analysis was both to define the content of the concept of UN responsibility, any legal basis and its implementation.

Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’examiner les modes d’action de l’État en termes de cadrage et de contrôle de la sphère économique et financière. Cette étude nous mène à étudier le concept de régulation à travers une approche épistémologique, juridique, économique et philosophique. En ce sens, l’analyse des fonctions de gouvernement s’avère essentielle dans la mesure où nous assistons à l’évolution de la praxis régulatrice de l’État au regard des doctrines économiques et de l’architecture juridique et opérationnelle des institutions de régulation. Les fonctions de sécurisation de la sphère économique mettent en avant l’importance de l’espace complexe situé entre le régulateur et l’entité régulée. Dans ce cadre, l’étude des enjeux éthiques et l’importance du concept de contextualisation en termes de moralisation des marchés financiers impliquent la confrontation de la praxis régulatrice avec les concepts-clés de gouvernementalité, de catégorisation et de performativité. Tour à tour, gardien, régulateur et stratège, l’État est inséré, aujourd’hui à l’ère digitale, dans un monde fragmenté et global. A cet égard, la compréhension des phénomènes de «co-régulation» et «d’inter-régulation» nécessite, tout d’abord, de remettre en perspective la notion de responsabilité et d’indépendance des acteurs et des institutions. Dans cette réflexion, l’appréhension du risque par les pouvoirs publics montre certaines limites à la fois des modèles de risque et des modèles de régulation. / We suggest in this thesis to examine the State’s modalities of action in terms of framing and control of the economic and financial sphere. This study leads us to study the concept of regulation through an epistemological, legal, economic and philosophical approach. De facto, the analysis of the functions of government proves to be essential insofar as we observe the evolution of the State’s regulatory praxis with regard to the economic doctrines and the legal and operational architecture of the institutions of regulation. The functions of securization of the economic sphere shed lights on the complex space between the regulator and the regulated entity. In this context, the study of ethical issues with the importance of the concept of contextualization in terms of the moralization of financial markets imply the confrontation of the regulatory praxis with key concepts as governmentality, categorization and performativity. Successively, guardian, regulator and strategist, the State is inserted, today in the digital age, in a fragmented and global world. Understanding the phenomenon of “co-regulation” and “inter-regulation” requires, first of all, putting into perspective the notion of responsibility and independence of actors and institutions. In this reflection, the apprehension of risk by public authorities underlines some limits both in risk models and in models of regulation.

[pt] A percepção da imensa exclusão existente no Brasil motivou o surgimento, dentro do Movimento dos Focolares, da Economia de Comunhão - a qual é uma proposta que visa amenizar a situação de necessidade e miséria enfrentada por certas parcelas da população de todo o mundo. A questão colocada nesta dissertação é se essa iniciativa é, de fato, capaz de contribuir para o enfrentamento da exclusão social, ainda que localmente. Para tentar respondê-la, estudou-se o caso do município de Vargem Grande Paulista, uma vez que ali nasceu a Economia de Comunhão. Foi, então, construído um quadro conceitual de referência, baseado, principalmente, na obra de Norbert Elias e John L. Scotson intitulada Os Estabelecidos e os Outsiders. Este foi utilizado para interpretar a realidade observada na comunidade e nas empresas de Economia de Comunhão. Aqueles autores demonstram que a exclusão, além da dimensão material, tem uma importante dimensão simbólica. A partir da observação tanto das intenções originais associadas à idéia de uma economia baseada na partilha quanto da conduta das pessoas envolvidas, conclui-se que a Economia de Comunhão tem potencial para enfrentar a dimensão simbólica da exclusão. Resta saber se tal projeto crescerá o suficiente para atingir uma massa crítica capaz de fazer com que os resultados se reflitam em indicadores macro- econômicos e sociais. / [en] The exclusion that exists in Brasil has motivated the emergence of the Economy of Communion from within Focolari Movement. That is a project that aims at relieving the situation of necessity and misery that certain parts of world population deal with. The question that is focused in this dissertation is if such project is capable of contributing to cope with social exclusion, even locally. In order to answer it, the case of Vargem Grande Paulista was studied, since it was the place where the Economy of Communion was born. Then, a conceptual framework was built based on the book of Norbert Elias e John L. Scotson: The Established and the Outsiders. It was used to interpret the reality observed at the community and among the Economy of Communion companies. Those authors show that exclusion has both a material and a symbolic dimension. Based on the original intentions associated with the idea of a economy of sharing and also on the observations on individual`s behavior, it is concluded that the Economy of Communion has potential to cope with the symbolic dimension of exclusion. However, another question remains to be answered: will it grow enough to a critical mass capable of making the results perceivable at macro economic and social indicators?

Le risque systémique est un risque qui peut mettre en danger la survie du système financier. En effet, le risque systémique désigne la propagation d’un risque de défaillance bancaire unique aux autres banques. Quels sont les mesures et les déterminants du risque systémique ? Ainsi pourrait-être résumée la question transversale qui anime les recherches présentées dans cette thèse. Un premier chapitre dresse un état des lieux des différentes mesures du risque systémique, en identifie les points communs et les différences et précise l’intérêt de chaque mesure. La question abordée est celle de la corrélation entre les résultats des stress tests et les différentes mesures du risque systémique. Un second chapitre étudie la notion d’« Asset Commonality » comme une nouvelle mesure de risque systémique. Le troisième chapitre examine le lien entre les différentes mesures du risque systémique et la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises. Les résultats empiriques révèlent que -1- les résultats des stress tests devraient être complétés par une évaluation des mesures du risque systémique, -2- l’« Asset Commonality » pourrait être considéré comme un outil complémentaire pour évaluer le risque systémique, -3- la responsabilité sociale des institutions financières est importante afin de réduire le risque systémique. / Systemic risk is a risk that can compromise the survival of the financial system. Systemic risk refers to the spread of a single bank failure to other banks. What are the measures and determinants of systemic risk? This thesis proposes an investigation of this transversal question through three chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of the various measures of systemic risk, identifies commonalities and differences and specifies the interest of each measure. The issue is the correlation between the stress test results and the various measures of systemic risk. The second chapter studies the concept of Asset Commonality as a new measure of systemic risk. The third chapter examines the relationship between different measures of systemic risk and corporate social responsibility. The empirical results show that -1- the stress test results should be supplemented by an evaluation of the systemic risk measures, -2- Asset Commonality could be considered as a complementary tool to assess the systemic risk, -3- the corporate social responsibility of financial institutions is important in order to reduce systemic risk.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Maria Pellegrini Baptista Dias.pdf: 938255 bytes, checksum: b7649106fa58c1ea7d8c424fa571921b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-22 / Economic globalization has caused a wide range of new relations and within it, new parties that act across borders. These relations generate, obligations, rights and sometimes, leave behind damages that need to be repaired. Among these new actors the transnational corporations have an important role. They have often reached substantial power in the global scenery in many cases superior to most developing countries. The economic strength held by these corporations in developing countries is one important aspect in this study. By analyzing previous cases, the study intends to demonstrate the possibility of direct international responsibility of transnational corporations. Through the definition of transnational corporation, this paper brings an historical approach of the International Law doctrine and sovereignty considering the evolution of these concepts. In an attempt to place the international responsibility currently, the work studies the correlation between globalization and the need for investments by developing countries without disregarding the problematic side of it, especially when human rights are in jeopardy. Finally, the types of responsibility are discussed and the convenience or inconvenience of establishing methods for these actors to be hold responsible is analyzed / A globalização econômica inaugurou uma gama de relações entre os vários Estados, ampliando as partes que atuam no plano internacional e gerando direitos e obrigações. Entretanto esta atuação é responsável, muitas vezes, por provocar danos passíveis de reparação. Dentre os novos atores que assumiram lugar de destaque no cenário atual, encontram-se as empresas transnacionais que alcançaram, nos últimos tempos, poderio econômico muitas vezes superior ao de países em desenvolvimento. A análise das relações empreendidas por estas empresas nos países é um dos pontos abordados por este estudo. Por meio da pesquisa de casos práticos pretende-se indagar sobre a possibilidade de responsabilização internacional das empresas transnacionais, quando agirem em desconformidade com os princípios protetores dos Direitos Humanos, causando danos aos indivíduos nos países em que atuam. A partir da definição do que seja uma empresa transnacional, o trabalho faz uma abordagem histórica do Direito Internacional Público e da soberania, analisando a evolução do conceito. Objetivando situar, na atual conjuntura, a responsabilidade internacional, procedemos a uma avaliação breve sobre a globalização e a busca incessante dos países em desenvolvimento por investimentos e divisas, apontando os malefícios que podem ser ocasionados por esta ânsia desenvolvimentista, especialmente no que tange aos Direitos Humanos. Finalizando, analisamos os tipos de responsabilização existentes e a conveniência ou não de se estabelecerem métodos para responsabilizar estes agentes bem como a viabilidade de criação de uma corte internacional com esta finalidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 admaking_condicoes_de_producao.pdf: 1180364 bytes, checksum: b97d7e78d5688ba302584a86fef6bfe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-16 / This study considers the production conditions in which environmental social responsibility advertising speech is produced, this research aims to analyze how such conditions can interfere on the final product, beyond the discrepancies already identified between the speech and the production models adopted by the organizations. The study of the institutional Petrobrás advertising has been taken as an object of analysis, focusing the environmental social responsibility. An "inspired model" was chosen for this matter, which are the studies on production of journalistic news, known as newsmaking, considering the existence of a possible production model for the advertising, here considered as admaking. Through this, we intend to highlight the roles of the professionals working on advertising agencies and their motivations, aiming to emphasize that this logic of speech construction increases the distance between the effort of brand communication and the organizations routine / Tendo como objeto de estudo as condições de produção do discurso publicitário da responsabilidade sócio-ambiental, esta pesquisa busca analisar em que medida tais condições de produção podem interferir no produto final de emissão, para além das discrepâncias já identificadas entre o discurso e os modos de produção e consumo das organizações. Foi estabelecido como recorte desta pesquisa o estudo da propaganda institucional da Petrobrás, com foco na temática da responsabilidade social, sócio-ambiental e sustentabilidade. Trabalhou-se com um modelo inspirador para esta questão, que são os estudos sobre produção de notícias jornalísticas, conhecidos como newsmaking, considerando a existência de um possível modelo de produção da propaganda, aqui proposto como admaking. Através dele, buscamos evidenciar os papéis e interferências dos profissionais da agência de publicidade e suas motivações, visando enfatizar que esta lógica de construção de discursos acaba por acentuar a distância entre o esforço de comunicação da marca e o cotidiano das organizações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:50:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO RAMOS ALVES.pdf: 6055902 bytes, checksum: 9c328d25a09a4ae28d557cd39ca5b65c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20 / This work analyses the Eco-efficiency as a concept and indicator of sustainability in construction. It brings together the diagnosis of its role in the companies following the principle of developmental sustainability and socioenviromental responsibility. Its usage approach as a strategy in banks is complemented as a case study in Banco do Brasil, where there is the support of several eco-efficient practices which are related to its qualitative and quantitative aspects from 2002 to 2009. Banco do Brasil supports actions, agreements, alliances, protocoles and principles since the 80s. They have recently culminated with the Enterprize 21 Agenda Project (Projeto Agenda 21 Empresarial). As a result, this reinforced the compromise with the environmental management. The eco-efficiency tool, which was created in 1992, has been used more and more by banks with the purpose of measuring productivity and competitiveness. It has, in fact, affected somehow the management and behaviour of what is produced, consumed and discarded. The sustainability strategy of Banco do Brasil predicts actions which go beyond its role as a bank. The actions also have to meet the needs of the federal government socioenviromental issues. Thus, its innovations, practices and eco-efficiency programs are strongly related to enterprises and communities which constantly assess their credit and investment policies for this area. Hence, By giving details about the environmental actions taken by Banco do Brasil, the research intends to show that even though it has developed in certain ways, there is a low level of efficiency and efficacy between objectives and results. It has been reported by the employees of the bank. The proof that there is desorganization of data, lack of control in the process, not enough trust among the actors, and lack of methodology, conscioussness, knowledge about the actions, may not be enough to justify. Indeed, it points out another issue concerning the effectiveness of this eco-efficiency. Irrespective of all this, the environment has brought new opportunities for banks. In regard to Banco do Brasil, the ability to join business to sustainability is renewed. / Este trabalho analisa a ecoeficiência como um conceito e um indicador de sustentabilidade em construção. E traz um diagnóstico de seu papel nas empresas dentro dos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e da responsabilidade socioambiental. A abordagem de seu uso como estratégia nos bancos é complementada com um estudo de caso no Banco do Brasil, que adota várias práticas ecoeficientes que são relacionadas sobre os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, no período de 2002 a 2009. O BB adota desde a década de 80, ações, acordos, pactos, protocolos e princípios que recentemente culminaram com o projeto de Agenda 21 Empresarial, o que reforçou seu compromisso com a gestão ambiental. A ferramenta da ecoeficiência, criada em 1992, tem sido utilizada cada vez mais pelos bancos para medir a produtividade e a competitividade, afetando a gestão e o comportamento do que se produz, se consome e se descarta. A estratégia de sustentabilidade do Banco do Brasil prevê ações que extrapolam o seu papel de banco e que precisam atender as demandas socioambientais do governo federal. Assim suas inovações, práticas e programas de Ecoeficiência têm uma relação forte com as organizações e várias comunidades que avaliam frequentemente suas políticas de crédito e investimento para esta área. A pesquisa ao detalhar as práticas ambientais do BB quer exemplificar que apesar dos avanços obtidos, ainda há uma baixa eficiência e eficácia entre metas e resultados, como afirmam os próprios funcionários. A confirmação de que há desorganização dos dados, descontrole nos processos, pouca confiança entre os atores e falta de metodologia e conhecimento das ações, pode não ser suficiente para justificar, mas aponta para um outro problema que seria o da efetividade desta ecoeficiência. Mesmo assim, o meio ambiente trouxe novas oportunidades aos bancos. E para o BB, renova-se sua capacidade de aliar negócios à sustentabilidade.