The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, resulted in dramatic legal changes in the U.S. As part of its investigation into the attacks, the U.S. Government detained approximately 5,000 "aliens" from predominantly Muslim countries. These detentions were characterized by minimal, and sometimes non-existent, habeas corpus and due-process protections. During times of crisis, care should be taken that panic not be allowed to prevail over long-cherished constitutional values. This thesis examines Government actions in light of constitutional principles to examine the larger question of whether the War on Terror detention practices have permanently undermined the rule of law in the U.S. / The factual and legal scenarios in this area have been changing at a rapid rate, and they will certainly continue to change. Those constant changes have presented a special challenge in writing this thesis. The facts and legal scenarios described herein, therefore, are current as of January 31, 2005.

As a mode of intervention in which the UN assumed direct authority over disrupted states, transitional administrations represent unique examples of ambitious state-building projects. This thesis investigates the apparent failure of transitional administrations to establish the rule of law in Cambodia, Kosovo and East Timor. It identifies nine explanatory factors which are tested against each case study. In addition, it seeks to enhance conceptual understandings of the UN???s state-building agenda and to add to empirical studies regarding attempts by external actors to establish the rule of law in disrupted states. Three findings emerge. First, in each case, UN transitional administrations failed in each of the following ways: to make the best use of their mandate; to establish effective state justice institutions; to build local commitment to the rule of law as a value system; to promote social relationships supportive of the rule of law; to ensure sufficient state capacity post-intervention; to maintain adequate levels of security; to address the existence of informal justice structures; to deal with the legacies of the past; and to ensure an adequate level of mission performance. Of these, establishing effective state justice institutions, building local commitment and addressing informal justice structures proved most crucial. Second, the state-based ???enforcement??? approach adopted by transitional administrations proved ineffective. Enacting laws and establishing coercive state structures such as judicial, police and prison services were critical to, but could not be equated with the rule of law. This approach did not account sufficiently for the importance of entrenched informal justice institutions, of the voluntary consent of local actors, or of appropriate institutional design choices. As a result, it did not offer real solutions to real problems faced by local actors. Finally, the UN failed to consider fully how to create an enabling ???space??? in which internal processes of change could occur, to engage appropriately with local actors, to overcome the tyrannies of truncated deployment, or to address these issues at the ???front-end??? of the mission. This ???entry without strategy??? approach to state-building seriously undermined the UN???s ability to establish the rule of law, as the self-declared touchstone of its state-building agenda.

Access to basic water and sanitation services, the local public health goods, is a human right and a public health necessity. Provision of these services is typically devolved to Local Governments to ensure they correspond to the local needs. In rural India, such a correspondence is sub-optimal, with high local needs and poor provision by the Local Governments (Panchayats). The citizen participation in Panchayat's public deliberative meetings (Grama Sabha) is weak. The community context is characterised by social fragmentation and high socio-economic inequality. This research examined, whether and how better deliberative participation in Panchayat meetings was associated with better provision of these services by the Panchayats. The research used a three-staged systematic sampling method. Using correlational field survey design it gathered primary data from 99 panchayats in Karnataka State, and from 99 villages and 396 individuals within these Panchayats. Factor analytic and multivariate regression techniques were used to analyse the data in the statistical software, Stata® v.13. Results suggest, better Grama Sabha meetings (that were convened more frequently, attended by a higher number of people with better representativeness, where discussions approximate to the deliberative norms: reciprocal, pro-social and accountable; and decisions taken have a common good orientation) were associated with better provision of water and sanitation services by the Panchayat. Further analysis suggested two possible explanations for this association: First, the individuals who participated more frequently in deliberative meetings of the Panchayat and where discussions approximated to the deliberative norms; were associated with: • Better information on availability and accessibility to services; • Better external political efficacy, a perception of greater responsiveness of the Panchayat to their needs and their efforts to influence it; and hence engage evenly in discussions; • Better sense of community, a greater willingness to cooperate and coordinate, to find mutual needs and seek convergence when they are heterogeneous. Above findings suggest, in a participatory setting, these individuals can be associated with better capability to collectively engage; to articulate, communicate and identify the mostii common of their service needs and frame it as a collective demand, through policy objective, for provision by the Panchayats. Second, better Grama Sabha meetings were associated with better rule of law in policy administration at the Panchayat level. This suggests, rule-bound conversion of policy objectives into actual service outputs; a reflection of responsiveness and accountability of the bureaucratic action in achieving administrative commitment to the legislative goals. In conclusion, better deliberative participation can be associated with better capability of the individuals to engage in collective action. This can improve the correspondence between the needs and the provision; by strengthening individuals' collective demand for the services and by improving the responsiveness of the Panchayat in the supply of these services.

O presente trabalho analisa como o economista austríaco Friedrich August von Hayek estrutura sua teoria da justiça, identificando a realização do ideal de justiça numa sociedade livre com a vigência do Estado de Direito, ou seja, do governo das normas gerais de conduta justa, que deverão ser aplicadas sempre visando a igualdade formal (isonomia). Ainda, discute os motivos pelos quais o autor considera que a liberdade individual só poderá efetivamente florescer em uma ordem espontânea, que funciona baseada na concorrência, a qual só poderá se manter onde vigore o Estado de Direito e, portanto, haja justiça formal. / The present paper analyzes how the economist Friedrich August von Hayek structures his theory of justice, identifying the accomplishment of the ideal of justice in a free society with the Rule of Law, that is to say, in the government of rules of just conduct, which must be applied always aiming at the equality before the law (isonomia). Besides, this paper discusses the reasons why the author considers that liberty can effectively flourish only in a spontaneous order that performs based on competition, which will be maintained where the Rule of Law stands and, therefore, the formal justice is present.

No description available.

The present article analyses the problems that occur in the contemporary world about the access to employment for persons with disabilities. Thus, beginning with the definition of disability and describing the support that has the Peruvian State to assume a social role, the article advances to describe the main ways of promotion of this kind of employment and the measures implemented in this matter. / El presente artículo hace un análisis sobre los problemas que se presentan en el mundo contemporáneo respecto a la promoción de acceso al empleo para personas con discapacidad. Así, partiendo de definir el concepto de discapacidad y describiendo el sustento que tiene el estado peruano para sumir el rol social, el artículo pasa a describir las principales formas de promoción de dicho empleo y las medidas que han sido implementadas por el estado peruano en esta materia.

In late 2007, President of Mexico Felipe Calderon Hinojosa implemented a policy of direct confrontation with crime organizations, this decision generated a climate of widespread insecurity and increased high-impact crimes such as arbitrary executions, torture and forced disappearan- ces. In this context of violence some groups of society hired paramilitaries in San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León and created self-defenses in some cities of Michoacán to protect their rights. This problem exhibited the incapacity of the State to provide public security and the situation of some territories formally under the rule of law but materially controlled by the organized crime. / A finales de 2007, el presidente de México, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, implementó una política de confrontación directa con la delincuencia organizada. Esta decisión propició un clima de inseguridad generalizada y se incrementaron los delitos de alto impacto como las ejecuciones arbitrarias, la tortura y la desaparición forzada. En este contexto de violencia, algunos grupos de la sociedad recurrieron a la seguridad privada a través de la contratación de paramilitares en San Pedro Garza García, en Nuevo León, y la formación de autodefensas en algunos municipios de Michoacán.  Este problema exhibió la incapacidad del Estado para proveer seguridad pública y la situación de algunos territorios que formalmente estaban gobernados por los poderes constituidos, pero materialmente estaban subyugados en un orden normativo paralelo contrario a laconstitución y, en algunas ocasiones, controlados totalmente por el crimen organizado.

Les droits français et allemand ont, par des dispositions constitutionnelles ou des lois d’exception, contribué à l’avènement des régimes autoritaires des années 30 et 40. Et l’on sait qu’à la suite de la seconde guerre mondiale, les attaques se sont multipliées contre la doctrine positiviste, accusée d’avoir favorisé une attitude de passivité à l’égard de l’instrumentalisation du droit par les forces antidémocratiques. C’est pourquoi,à l’encontre de la neutralité des théories juridiques et politiques de l’avant-guerre, il est assez généralement admis depuis que les valeurs de la démocratie méritent d’être défendues, en particulier en distinguant l’état d’exception (légal ou non) démocratique et de l’état d’exception antidémocratique. Or, loin de naître après la seconde guerre mondiale, l’idée d’après laquelle le formalisme juridique rendrait les constitutions démocratiques impuissantes à se préserver de leurs ennemis émerge dès l’entre-deux guerres chez le sulfureux juriste allemand Carl Schmitt. C’est la genèse du déplacement qui conduit à faire de l’état d’exception une question proprement démocratique et substitue à la question du respect de la légalité celle de la préservation de la démocratiequi fait l’objet de notre travail de doctorat. Nous examinons d’abord comment les conflits qui scindent la réflexion juridique portant sur les pouvoirs de crise répondent en France à la crise du parlementarisme en prenant appui sur les travaux de Hauriou, Duguit et Carré de Malberg ; nous montrons ensuite qu’elle correspond en Allemagne à de véritables alternatives opposants des conceptions antinomiques de la démocratie en prenant appui sur les travaux de Schmitt, que nous éclairons par l’étude des auteurs auxquels le juriste fait référence – en particulier Kelsen. / French and German law contributed, through constitutional provisions or laws of exception, to the rise of the authoritarian regimes of the 1930 and 1940s.Following the Second World War, positivist doctrine increasingly came under attack for having induced passivity when law was used to serve antidemocratic purposes.Accordingly, the interwar vision of legal and political theories as neutral gave way to the view that the values of democracy must be defended, particularly by distinguishing between the democratic state of exception (legal or not) and the antidemocratic state of exception.But interestingly, the idea that legal formalism rendered democratic constitutions powerless to protect themselves from enemies was first formulated not after the Second World War, but during the interwar period,by controversial German jurist Carl Schmitt. The genesis of a shift that turned the state of exception into a democratic issue, substituting respect for legality with conservation of democracy, is the object of this work. Drawing on Hauriou, Duguit and Carré de Malberg, we first examine how conflicts over the emergency powers that opposed legal theorists emerged as a solution to the crisis of parliamentary government in France. We then show how in Germany the theory constituted a real alternative to conflicting conceptions of democracy. The works of Schmitt are examined in the light of other authors, particularly Kelsen, to whom he referred.

Submitted by Daniel Zugman (zugman@outlook.com) on 2014-05-07T02:14:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Versão protocolo - fichada.pdf: 1035158 bytes, checksum: 73a4311b332bbb4e49e13208a4733d9b (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Daniel, O correto na dissertação. FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE DIREITO DE SÃO PAULO Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2014-05-07T11:52:17Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniel Zugman (zugman@outlook.com) on 2014-05-08T01:00:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Versão protocolo - fichada.pdf: 1035167 bytes, checksum: f092eb2de76d5ea9ebafc99067cff08d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2014-05-08T12:59:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Versão protocolo - fichada.pdf: 1035167 bytes, checksum: f092eb2de76d5ea9ebafc99067cff08d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-08T13:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Versão protocolo - fichada.pdf: 1035167 bytes, checksum: f092eb2de76d5ea9ebafc99067cff08d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-09 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o processo de concretização normativa do art. 198 do Código Tributário Nacional. Tal dispositivo veda a divulgação, por parte da Fazenda Pública ou de seus servidores, de informação obtida em razão do ofício sobre a situação econômica ou financeira do sujeito passivo ou de terceiros e sobre a natureza e o estado de seus negócios ou atividades. Trata-se do chamado 'sigilo fiscal', hipótese infraconstitucional de proteção de dados pessoais no âmbito tributário que visa dar efetividade ao direito fundamental à privacidade. Inicialmente, adota-se como pressuposto o conceito de Estado de Direito, que se fundamenta na previsibilidade conferida pelas normas e procedimentos estabelecidos previamente a respeito das consequências jurídicas das condutas praticadas por cada indivíduo. Também se utiliza o conceito de zona de autarquia para demonstrar que, mesmo em sociedades democráticas, há decisões jurídicas que são tomadas de modo puramente arbitrário, sem se preocupar em demonstrar os raciocínios dogmáticos que pautam a tomada de decisão. Tais conceitos, aplicados em pesquisa empírica que analisa os argumentos propugnados em atos de interpretação e aplicação da norma do sigilo fiscal, aliados ao histórico de pesquisas do Núcleo de Estudos Fiscais da DireitoGV, demonstram que há um déficit de informações tributárias no Brasil. Ademais, permitem apontar uma série de contradições e incoerências na interpretação atualmente predominante do 'conceito' de sigilo fiscal. Tendo em vista as mencionadas incoerências, e com o objetivo de incrementar a conformidade ao ideal político do Estado de Direito, apresentam-se parâmetros interpretativos que permitem conciliar a necessidade de sigilo e proteção a informações tributárias, de um lado, e de publicidade de atos de aplicação da legislação tributária, de outro. Basicamente, defende-se que a publicidade dos atos de aplicação do direito pode contribuir para o aumento de shared sensibilities (expectativas compartilhadas) entre contribuintes e instituições fiscais, tornando mais segura a aplicação das normas tributárias. / This work intends to analyze the process of normative enforcement of Article 198 of the Brazilian Tax Code. Such Article prohibits the disclosure, by the Tax Administration or its servers, of information obtained by virtue of the tax audits and other kinds of services on the economic or financial condition of the taxpayer or a third party and the nature and condition of its business or activities. It constitutes the so-called "tax secrecy", legal hypothesis of protection of personal data in the tax framework that aims to give effect to the right to privacy. Initially, we adopt the concept of rule of law which is based on predictability enabled by rules and procedures regarding the legal consequences of behaviors practiced by individuals. We also use the concept of zone of authority, which demonstrates that even in democratic societies, there are legal decisions taken in a purely arbitrary way, without bothering to demonstrate the dogmatic reasoning that guide the decision-making. Such concepts, applied in the empirical research that examines the arguments developed in documents and decisions which apply the tax secrecy rule, combined with the historical of researches of the Center for Fiscal Studies of DireitoGV, demonstrate that there is a shortfall of tax information in Brazil. Furthermore, it enables to indicate contradictions and inconsistencies in the currently prevailing interpretation of the "concept " of tax secrecy . Given the inconsistencies mentioned, and with the aim of increasing conformity to the political ideal of the rule of law, we present interpretative parameters for reconciling the need for secrecy and protection of tax information, on one hand, and disclosure of decisions applying tax law, on the other. Basically, it is argued that disclosing decisions which apply tax legislation may contribute to the increase of shared sensibilities between taxpayers and tax authorities, making the application of tax rules more certain.

Tendo como premissas a conformação constitucional do Estado de Direito e das garantias processuais, este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à dicsussão acerca da utilização da prova pericial, sua admissibilidade, valoração controle, no sistema processual brasileiro. O Estado Democrático de Direito impõe aos seus agentes a motivação, não somente das decisões judiciais, mas de todos os atos que tenham cunho decisório, e imponham alguma restrição, por menor que seja, à liberdade do indivíduo. Por sua vez, o contraditório, expressão do princípio político da participação democrática, afirma a necessidade de possibilitar a participação do indivíduo na formação de uma decisão que afete sua esfera de interesses. A orientação do processo como instrumento a serviço da realização da justiça, e da construção de decisões justas, pressupõe o correto acertamento da verdade fática. Isto impõe que seja adotada uma concepção do fenômeno probatório que a compreenda como um instrumento demonstrativo e epistemológico. Nessa perspectiva, a utilização da prova pericial, especialmente aquelas que se revestem de cunho científico, se mostra um eficaz meio da obtenção da verdade no processo, desde que, tais provas sejam relevantes e confiáveis, demonstrando a necessidade de seu controle. / Taking as premises the conformation of the constitutional rule of law and procedural safeguards, this study is a contribution to the dicsussion about the use of expert evidence, its admissibility, and valuation control, at the Brazilian procedural system. The Democratic State imposes on its agents the motivation, not only of judgments, but of all the acts that have decision-making matrix, and impose some restrictions, however small, in the freedom of the individual. In turn, the contradictory, expression of political principle of democratic participation, says the need to enable participation of the individual in forming a decision that affects their area of interest. The orientation of the process as a tool in the service of achieving justice, and the construction of fair decisions, presupposes a correct assertion of factual truth. This requires that adopted a conception of the phenomenon that the evidence as a tool to understand and epistemological statement. From this perspective, the use of expert testimony, especially those which are of a scientific nature, proves an effective means of obtaining the truth in the process, provided that such evidence is relevant and reliable, demonstrating the need for its control.