Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T20:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 23 / Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Tomando como referencial o campo dos Estudos Culturais, numa perspectiva pós-estruturalista, e fazendo aproximações com o pensamento foucaultiano, busco na presente dissertação, “Família na escola: olhando fotografias, lendo textos culturais”, problematizar como o conjunto de enunciados que circulam nas fotografias, registradas no espaço escolar, produzem discursos que instituem significados de família na escola e como isso circula no currículo escolar. Das 50 fotografias que me foram disponibilizadas pela Direção, atenta à recorrência de enunciados sobre família na escola, escolhi 10 para compor o corpus de pesquisa. Elas foram produzidas por professores de uma escola pública do município de Esteio/RS e trazem o registro da participação da família em atividades promovidas pela escola. Estas atividades, palestras sobre temas indicados pela família e pela escola, oficinas de artesanato e culinária, passeios com a participação da família e, dentre outras, as festividades em que a família era convidada a partici / Having as reference the Cultural Studies in a post-structuralist perspective and approaching Foucault's thinking, the present dissertation, “Family at school: looking at pictures, reading cultural texts”, aims at questioning the way the set of statements that circulate on the photographs, which were taken at the school space, produces discourses that create meanings for family at school and how it circulates on the school program. From the 50 photographs that were made available by the Headmaster's office, 10 met the criteria, which were the recurrent statements about family at school, and were chosen to be part of the research corpus. The pictures were taken by the teachers of a public school located in Esteio, a small town in Rio Grande do Sul, and record the participation of a large number of families in activities that were organized by the school. The activities, such as lectures on themes that had been previously appointed both by the families and the school, crafts and cooking workshops, field trips wi

Abstract Unfortunately, little or no time is spent on transitioning inmates back into society, especially those with physical and mental disabilities. One support service that is being taken into consideration is the Day Reporting Center. Day Reporting Centers are highly structured nonresidential programs. Parolees report to the center on a daily basis, submit to drug tests, and are enrolled in various counseling, education, or vocational classes. Whereas most centers have strict monitoring and surveillance of parolees, one center that stands out in its alternative approach of self-governance is the San Bernardino Day Reporting Center in San Bernardino, California. There, the parolees are allowed to contribute to the running and governance of the Center. The hypothesis asserts that the positive culture that surrounds the Center provides parolees the opportunity to reconsider, revise, challenge, and change their negative criminal identities, by viewing themselves in a constructive manner to successfully transition back into society. Eight assumptions were used to either support or nullify the hypothesis: spheres of civility; performative spaces; personal social space; weaving theory; opportunity theory; transformation theory; Freirian pedagogical approach; and pelindaba. The data was gathered using multiple sources, such as several interviews with staff and ex-parolees, and observations of daily procedures and classroom instruction and interaction. NVivo 8, a Qualitative Data Analysis software program (QDA), was used to transcribe, code, and organize the interviews into various themes. The comments by staff and parolees demonstrated that the implementation of these assumptions has resulted in a family like environment. This environment has allowed parolees to focus on their identity in a positive, transformative, and rehabilitative manner that is supported by everyone at the Center.

<p>The aim of this essay is to analyze how students are constituted as subjects in local curricula. The theoretical perspective is grounded in Michel Foucault’s notion of governmentality and power/knowledge and his critique of a sovereign subject. From this theoretical perspective I use Foucault’s concept of formation of objects and Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s idea of subject positioning as tools for a discourse analysis. The analyzed documents are local curricula from fourteen Swedish municipalities. The documents are divided in to two equally sized groups based on the political governing in the municipality.</p><p>The analysis presents five themes by which statements that constitute students as subjects can be categorized. These five themes are; lifelong learning, desire, essential traits, students responsibility and life and health. The differences between local curricula from political right wing and political left wing governed municipalities are rather small, but there can be seen differences in the technologies of liberal governing. The subject that is constituted in local curricula is primarily a self-governing subject who governs it self in relation to a expertise knowledge.</p>

The aim of this essay is to analyze how students are constituted as subjects in local curricula. The theoretical perspective is grounded in Michel Foucault’s notion of governmentality and power/knowledge and his critique of a sovereign subject. From this theoretical perspective I use Foucault’s concept of formation of objects and Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s idea of subject positioning as tools for a discourse analysis. The analyzed documents are local curricula from fourteen Swedish municipalities. The documents are divided in to two equally sized groups based on the political governing in the municipality. The analysis presents five themes by which statements that constitute students as subjects can be categorized. These five themes are; lifelong learning, desire, essential traits, students responsibility and life and health. The differences between local curricula from political right wing and political left wing governed municipalities are rather small, but there can be seen differences in the technologies of liberal governing. The subject that is constituted in local curricula is primarily a self-governing subject who governs it self in relation to a expertise knowledge.

Indigenous communities living in Arauca department, a region located on the Eastern Plains of Colombia, are at an imminent risk of physical and cultural extermination -according to the orders 004 and 382 from the Constitutional Court of Colombia- due to a double vulnerability which stems from a historic structural violence dating from the creation of the nation-state and direct violence as a consequence of armed conflict. The physical extermination refers to the high mortality rates that this population suffers either by violence or natural death, while the cultural extermination is a result of both an accelerated process of acculturation and a progressive loss of culture, territory and respect from traditional authorities. This study, by analyzing the local context and the actions that have done harm, addresses the best practices for humanitarian interventions over the role of territory, culture, governance and autonomy as key factors for empowering community members to overcome, face or diminish the consequences of these vulnerabilities.

De quelle manière l’urbanisme opérationnel se confronte-t-il aux les évolutions contemporaines des mouvements urbains de contestation et des rhétoriques politiques sur le développement durable et participatif ? Cette thèse part du constat d’un processus d’institutionnalisation en cours depuis les années 1970 de plusieurs mouvements sociaux et critiques de l’urbanisme promouvant la place des citadins dans la construction de la ville. Ce processus est analysé et situé à travers une ethnographie menée dans le contexte emblématique des transformations récentes du Nord-Est de la métropole parisienne. Le pari de ce travail est de mettre en place une observation de situations d’interaction entre groupes d’acteurs qui sont généralement regardés séparément : les associations impliquées dans des processus de concertation, les groupes engagés dans l’occupation d’espaces en friche, les décideurs et techniciens des grands projets d’aménagement urbain, les collectifs d’artistes et architectes promouvant l’art urbain et la participation. À travers l’analyse des justifications et des (més)ententes que ces acteurs mobilisent dans la négociation autour des projets en cours, ce qui se profile est la naissance de formes de contre-pouvoirs instituées. Ces dernières sont encadrées dans des dispositifs qui agissent sur la valorisation de l’incertitude dans les imaginaires urbains, sur l’affirmation ambiguë de la catégorie de l’« habitant » comme sujet-objet de la transformation et sur la construction de temporalités intercalaires et événementielles comme nouveaux paradigmes de la planification. Ce qui résulte de notre analyse est un questionnement autour des convergences entre autogestion libertaire et néolibéralisme urbain, et autour du rapport entre urbanisme technique et critique urbaine. / In which way is urbanism confronting both the evolution taking place in contemporary urban movements and the simultaneous growth of political rhetoric concerning sustainable, participatory development? The present thesis stems from the observation of an ongoing process of institutionalization, begun in the seventies, of social movements and critical theories that emphasize the role and importance of city residents in the construction of their city. This process is analyzed through an ethnography conducted in the Parisian northeastern metropolitan area, thus situating it in an illustrative context of significant recent transformation. The challenge of this work is in studying a number of situations in which actors who are generally considered separately, interact: organizations involved in the development of communal urban participation, groups actively occupying abandoned urban spaces, the technicians and decision-makers of large-scale renovation projects, collectives of artists and architects advocating urban art and participation. Through an analysis of the explanations and (mis)understandings these actors use and reach while discussing projects in progress, what appears is a specific form of control of social counter-powers. This process is framed by apparatus attributing value to the idea of uncertainty in the urban imagination, asserting the “inhabitant” as an ambiguous subject-object of urban transformation, conceiving the intermittent progression of events and temporalities as a new paradigm of urban planning. What follows from this analysis is a questioning into where libertarian self-governance and urban neoliberalism converge, and into the evolving relationship between technical and critical urbanism.

人民公社制度解體後，村民自治組織成為基層管理的替代組織。村民自治對中國的民主政治建設產生了積極而又深遠的影響，但是村民自治組織在實際運作過程中，鄉鎮政府的管理和基層黨支部的直接領導機制依然在發揮重要作用，甚至在有些方面居於主導地位，不可避免引起權力間的衝突，影響基層選舉的品質。本文探討九○年代以來鄉鎮企業產權改革與九○年代末逐漸成熟的農村基層民主之間的互動關係，提出對中國農村經濟發展與政治民主之間的看法。 / Villagers' self-governing organizations, which are substitutes for the people's communes that were disintegrated, constitute the important means for governing rural areas in contemporary China. But in the operation of villagers self-governing organizations, the administration of village and town government and direct leadership mechanism of party branches at the grassroots’ level are still playing an important role, or even a leading role in some aspects, which causes unavoidable power conflicts. The paper discusses the interaction between the changes in the property rights of village enterprises in the late 1990’s and the development of grassroots democracy-villager self government and elections.

從實務面來看，總額支付制度（global budget）的施行絕非僅止於管制成本的手段，還必須觀照該管理的制度設計。畢竟制度不但能夠彙集各種資源，同時也成為資源使用的指標，影響行動者間的策略選項。另外，針對政策實施後的監控與評估檢討，也是修正制度與提升品質的反饋歷程。然而，學界與實務界在總額支付制度設計原則的研究卻十分有限，究其原因，重要的是主要集中於制度在實際的應用與效果，缺乏以一套適用的「方法」（methodology）來審視。誠如Elinor Ostrom所言，「政策分析家的工具箱有各式各樣的工具，但還缺乏一種具體明確的集體行動理論。」，共有資源管理的例子到處都有，但是分析家卻沒有很好的在理論上總結他們。他藉由制度分析與經驗實例，衍生出來的「制度設計原則」（Design principles），研究各種共有資源管理的問題：從不同類型的資源系統如灌溉系統、捕魚等自然資源或網路資源、財政預算等、到公共財制度研究等，都已經獲得豐碩的成果。本文的主要目標，就是在既有的理論基礎上，討論應用制度設計原則來進行「總額預算評估」的可能內容，並提出政策建議與後續研究的可能內容提出建議。 本文主要分為：（一）導論（二）文獻回顧與理論基礎（三）研究設計（四）中醫總額支付制度的演變（伍）中醫總額的自主管理（六）結論。希冀對學界或實務界在健保改革評估未來的發展，能有所啟發與助益。 / From the practice, global budget is not just the means to control cost, must also take the design of management into consideration. The institution not only can gather various kinds of resources, but also become the indexes, and influence the tactics among the persons who take action to select. Since a global budget married to fee-for-service payments directly analogous to a common-pool resources, we use a framework of design principles to explore the difference of outcomes of management, and to discuss the policy implications about institutional design and financial Incentives. Sincere as what Elinor Ostrom said, ' the policy analyst's box has many kinds of tools , but still lack a kind of concrete and clear collective action theory. ', example there are resource management in common everywhere, but it is the getting better to summarize they in theory. In addition, the “self-governing institutions” designed by each local medical association must be flexibly adapted to the context in which it is applied. To foster the cooperation among physicians, the medical associations of local level should also play the role to provide the institutional setting for collective participatory decision making. The medical associations of national level ought to change the financial incentives facing the physicians to induce the rational patterns of medical behavior so that the allocate efficiency of medical resource and effectiveness of global- budget management can be improved.

2010年12月25日在臺灣的地方自治史上產生了前所未有的重大變革，也就是五大直轄市的形成，同時也使馬英九總統在2008年總統大選期間，所提出的「三都十五縣」的政見破局。但這樣的結果，對改制前的臺北縣而言，可說是完成追逐了30年，但卻仍遙不可及的夢想，也結束了長期淪為次等公民的不平等待遇。 升格後的新北市與臺北市在地方自治的體制上雖可說已是並駕齊驅，但是就兩者的發展歷史而言，新北市目前仍處於初始的立基階段，尤其是新北市的29個行政區，起源於改制前臺北縣29個鄉鎮市的自治體。在改制之初29個行政區，除了在人口密度、土地面積上有相當大的差異之外，最主要的是地理環境的先天條件，使得29個行政區呈現不同的城鄉風貌。 新北市首要面臨的課題，就是進行29個行政區的重整工作，在過去臺北縣發展一鄉一特色的基礎上，各行政區原具有社區產業的發展條件，但在過去鄉鎮市自治時期，難免因為各自政治立場的不同而分立，形成政治地理，以致造成政府當局資源整合不易。再者，原有的行政區疆界雖因為都市開發，產生地域疆界不明的現況，但在過去鄉鎮市自治時代，行政區域調整容易引發藩籬割據的疑慮，所以新北市行政區歷經了40年未曾調整。 升格後的新北市在五都之中，是人口最多的直轄市，在區域經濟崛起及國際城市競爭的氛圍中，各直轄市無不致力發展各自潛能，期以提升國際能見度。然而城市發展首重基礎的建設，行政區劃是新北市行政資源分配的基礎，各行政區發展皆屬新北市政府全權統籌規劃，如何以最適的行政區劃調整藍圖，勾勒未來新北市發展的願景與區域發展特色，是市政府重要的課題。行政區劃調整工作需有妥善完整的規劃與配套，應考量民意的趨勢，要有一次劃定，革除行政區界劃定不明的決心。 本研究指出根據公共選擇理論，以及區域治理、公共服務及廣域行政的概念，新北市應以現有公務機關服務轄區分布現況、市議員及立委選舉區劃分、生活圈、歷史、地理環境等現況來研擬未來新北市行政區藍圖，並探索最適的行政區劃藍圖，供市政府做為行政區劃時的參考，更有助於新北市行政區劃調整共識的形成。 / A revolutionary change of local self-governance in Taiwan history has occurred since December 25, 2010; that is the formation of five municipalities. This formation broke President Ma Ying-Jeou’s policy of “three cities fifteen counties” raised in Presidential Election of 2008. However, to pre-reformed Taipei County, the formation made its reachless dream which had been pursued for thirty years realized. The formation also ended the long-term unfair treatment of being the second-grade citizens. Upgraded New Taipei City is running neck to neck with Taipei City in terms of local self-governance. Regarding the histories of the two, however, the former is still under the fundamental stage, especially the 29 administrative areas of New Taipei City, which used to be 29 regional municipalities of the townships of pre-reformed Taipei County. In the beginning of the reformation for the 29 administrative areas, it was the precondition of geography that made them have different countryside landscapes in addition to a big difference of population density and land area. The first lesson New Taipei City will undergo is the work of administrative area adjustment for the 29 administrative areas. Upon “one township one feature” policy on which pre-formed Taipei County had made an effort, each administrative area had its own strength of developing community industry. During the past self-governance period of the townships, nonetheless, it was inevitable to see the area separation due to political diversity. Political geography had thus occurred and made it more difficult for the government to make resource integration. Furthermore, although there was boundary ambiguity in the original boundaries of the administrative areas on account of urban development, to avoid the problem of opposition to the splittism against administrative area adjustment, the administrative areas of New Taipei City had not been adjusted for forty years during the past self-governance period of the townships. Upgraded New Taipei City is the one with the highest population among the five municipalities. Affected by the rise of regional economic and international urban competition, none of the municipalities slacks on developing its potential in an attempt to enhance its international visibility. With respect to urban development, infrastructure is firstly emphasized and administrative division is considered to be the fundamental work to New Taipei City when administrative resource allocation is being made. It is New Taipei City government that has full authority to make an overall plan of the development of each administrative area. Therefore, the question “how to sketch the forthcoming version of the development of New Taipei City and the features of regional development on the most appropriate blueprint of administrative division?” becomes an important issue to the city government. The work of administrative division adjustment needs to be well planned and go with corresponding measures. Public opinion should be taken into account and the determination of “once only” and eliminating boundary ambiguity is also required. This study points out that, based on public choice theory and the concepts of regional governance, public service and cooperative administration, New Taipei City should make a blueprint of forthcoming administrative areas according to the present distribution of the service districts under jurisdiction of official departments, the division of the constituencies of city councilors and legislative committees, living domains, histories, and geographical surroundings. Meanwhile, to provide as references for the city government to make administrative division, the most appropriate blueprint of administrative division needs to be sought. It also helps on coming to a mutual understanding of the administrative division adjustment for New Taipei City.

台灣自1994年起由文建會推動社區營造，有別於中央主導的方式，，試圖以「在地行動」、「由下而上」的核心概念，讓社區發展以在地居民需求為導向，自發性地營造出各具特色的社區。但社造是涉及許多共用資源管理的複雜議題，早期臺灣地區居民缺乏社造經驗，參與公共事務的意願不高，加上未有一套完整的模式進行輔導，導致二十年來實際成功之案例並不多見。近年來隨著公眾議題發燒，臺灣民眾自主意識提升、開始重視公共事務，正是積極發展社造之際。但環顧國內社區對於共用資源的管理，能在期盼有一套良好的制度或模式得以依循。 本研究案例木柵二期重劃區，其自主組織「木柵二期重劃區促進發展協進會」透過社會生態系統(Social-Ecological System；以下簡稱SES)的應用，有效將自主治理理論(Self-governance Theory)運用於社造，用以解決共用資源的問題，甚至曾受邀請至世界衛生組織(WHO)，分享成功經驗。但本研究發現，將自主治理理論應用於社造之研究竟付之闕如，更沒有一套可供社造工作者參考的模型。故本研究試圖以木柵二期重劃區為案例，建立一套社造自主治理之量化模型。 本研究整理自主治理領域的相關文獻後發現，自主治理的研究雖以質化研究為主，但隨著SES的演進與簡化，是有建立量化模型之可能性。故本研究先對本案例「木柵二期重劃區」進行深度訪談及問卷調查，匯整其成功自主治理之社造沿革、社造過程、社造結果的要素，並將其與SES各種核心子系統進行對應，發現有其適用性。據此，再參考2014年的架構，提出資源體系、資源單體、治理體系、參與者四個構面皆顯著影響作用情境之假設，建立本案例之社造社會生態系統模型，於2014年11月對區內20歲以上居民發放問卷。 因素分析的結果顯示，模型整體的建構效度良好；但核心子系統需修正為三個(因本案例之資源體系與資源單體的重疊性較高，故歸納為資源體系稱之)。其次，迴歸分析驗證之結果亦顯示本案例所提出之資源體系、參與者顯著影響作用情境，此兩個假設獲得支持；另外由於當初將治理體系的設定為地方政府，將自主治理組織木柵二期重劃區促進發展協進會歸納為參與者，導致結果顯示治理體系不會顯著影響作用情境。 故本研究的結果顯示，透過SES模型將自主治理理論導入社造是一條可行的方式，然社造的議題涉及層面與考量因素甚廣，且於世界各地亦有許多官方、民間的組織仍不斷的實作以及推廣。唯本研究僅以自主治理理論是否可導入社造為角度切入，與當前主流理論不盡相同，須就其優缺點、以及對現象的解釋力進行比較，然受限於本研究之時間、人力、成本，仍待後續研究者的協助。 研究者本身為協進會理事長，經由近十年之實務操作經驗，並透過本研究之驗證，深知社造之特徵實與自主治理理論概念相近、本研究所建立之社造SES模型，亦有良好的建構效度。故期望能將此實證建構之模型推廣到更多地區，建立社造成功的模式、營造更多桃花源般的社區，使人安住休息，並希望人類從此幸福、和諧、安康。 / Ever since 1994, the Council for Cultural Affairs (CCA) in Taiwan has pro-moted a placemaking movement totally different from the programs previously offered. With the core concepts of “local activities” and “bottom-up” in mind, the movement aims to help develop the communities around the island that could meet the demands of the local residents and automatically display their unique-ness. In the early days, however, the residents in Taiwan did not seem to get very actively involved in public affairs and have access to a good model to follow. Successful cases were rare in the past two decades. In the recent years, public issues have been under heated discussion and autonomous consciousness, raised among the general public. The time has come to develop the placemaking. Considering the management of common-pool resources involved with placemaking and the people’s total lack of the experience, a good system or model is needed to follow. However, the problems faced with the management of common-pool resources, home or abroad, have not been solved, either through the free market or the government centralization, until 1990 when Ostrom proposed his self-governance theory. But no research has been found on the application of self-governance theory to placemaking so far. Taking this into account, this research is intended to apply self-governance theory to the placemaking in “the second phase of re-planning the Mu-zha District” as an example. Through depth interviews and questionnaire survey, this study tries to know how residents themselves have worked on their placemaking, what are the key factors for their success, and, further, have a good grip of how their self-governance organization—The Community Development Association of the Second Phase of Re-planning the Mu-zha District —has applied self-governance theory to the placemaking so successfully. To illustrate, first, through depth interviews with experts, scholars, and local opinion leaders, this researcher collected the data on the evolution of placemaking in the second phase of re-planning the Mu-zha District, its process and outcomes, finding that “community resources in place” and “leaders with strong leadership” are the key factors for residents’ high satisfaction. Then, in the qualitative study, this researcher compared each of the counterparts both in self-governance system and social-ecological system (SES), finding that the self-governance theory has its applicability. Next, to establish a SES framework suited for this study, this researcher adapted the SES set by McGinnis and Ostrom in 2014 and proposed the resource system, the resource unit, the governance system and participants for factor anal-ysis. In November, 2014, questionnaires were handed out to the district residents aged 20 and over. Through factor analysis, it is found that the construct validity of the so-cial-ecological system for this study is good. Since there is a considerable overlap between the resources system in this study and the resources unit, we called them the resources system. The regression analysis also concludes that the resources system and participants proposed in this study are gaining support. Because the hypothesis of governance system in this research is local government, the inhab-itant trusts the Development Association; therefore the governance system cannot obviously affect the focal action situation. With one decade’s practical experience in the placemaking and through the verification of this study, this researcher, also the chairman of Community De-velopment Association realizes that the features of placemaking are quite close to the concept of self-governance theory. And the construct validity of the estab-lished SES in this study also proves to be good.It is therefore highly expected that the model of placemaking proposed in this study could be promoted to more re-gions around the whole world in the hope of building more wonderful communi-ties, where people could live peacefully and happily.