Drawing upon the opportunity that the Internet and social media provides anyone with internet access to create, consume, publish and produce digital content, this study aims to examine one of the new means of communication. In today’s digital society creating content and communicating across boarders is easier than ever, but actually getting the point across is not – with an evergrowing number of posts, users and sites there is a struggle close the gap between posting a message and actually having it noticed. This study examines memes – normally seen as easily understood jokes – as means of accessible and simplistic communication by qualitatively examining fifteen feminist memes on Twitter. The study aims to see what the memes are conveying in means of social criticism and feminist orientations, their relation to the online feminist discourses and, lastly, explore the memes’ potential role in the political sphere. The theoretical framework firstly explains memes in relation to Henry Jenkins’ participatory culture, Lawrence Lessig’s remix culture and relates memes to the political sphere based on both Limor Shifman’s meme theory and the two theories mentioned above. Secondly, first-, second- and third-wave feminism is introduced along with radical feminism and the feminist concept of sisterhood. Lastly, the social constructivism sets the groundwork for the study’s choice of method; critical discourse analysis. The critical discourse analysis is used in a modified version along with the ‘verbal-visual unity’; a method designed to take the memes structure – the combination of text and images – into account. These methods are used to identify themes, connotations, modality, interdiscursivity, social criticism and the feminist orientation of the memes. The result reveals that there are four main points of social criticism emphasized in the memes; regarding body norms, regarding belittling of women’s opinions and actions, regarding patriarchal structures and regarding men in general. The main feminist orientation visible in more than half the memes is radical feminism, while second-wave feminism is visible in a third. Meanwhile, the memes’ relation to the feminist discourses varies; smaller discourses have low levels of interdiscoursivity, while the main discourse for online feminism show high levels. The study shows that memes’ – potential – roles in the political sphere are as means of spreading opinion, as ways of constituting new norms in a new reality, and as means of shifting the structures of power in society.

The aim of this thesis is to examine how Christianity and fascism can be concatenated. The thesis has been conducted as a descriptive content analysis of the Swedish Association of Religious Reform (Sveriges Religiösa Reformförbund), established in 1929. In order to identify the Association’s socio-theological project and agenda, a Foucauldian inspired social constructionism theory has been applied. This thesis argues that by relying on a mission to ‘complete’ the Lutheran Reformation, which considered religion and culture alike, the Association’s struggle for a religious ‘rebirth’ also referred to the rebirth of Swedish culture and society. This assumption was correlated with contemporary conceptions of ‘race’ and Jews, culminating into the perception of Jesus as a masculine Aryan ideal.

During the 20th century, our planet and its population have faced a number of environmental challenges. The climate on earth is changing and it is most likely due to human activity and the destruction of the earth's resources, ecosystems and waterways. More recently a very active environmental movement is taking up more space in people's lives. In many ways, it can be considered that climate change, and the movement that accompanied it, created a generation of people who proclaim a doom as a result of human destruction of the planet. I have conducted qualitative online interviews with nine representatives from the Church of Sweden, mainly church pastors from southern Sweden, to see how they relate to climate change, their views on judgement day and how they respond to people in their office who have anxiety and are concerned about climate change and the possible destruction of the human race. The result shows that all respondents in the survey place a great focus on man's individual and collective responsibility in the care for the earth, that is, according to them, God's creation. Through Berger’s social-constructivist theories of secularization, the study shows that the climate movement itself sometimes lacks Christian values of optimism and Christian concepts, such as God's grace, forgiveness, and hope. It thus gives the impression that the movement in some ways has a secular character. In contrast to this, the representatives of the Swedish Church claim to have a hopeful attitude and mostly believe that climate change is not part of the eschatological prophecies described in the Bible. However, they often reason that one cannot know for certain what the future holds, but as they hope and long for Christ's return, they have no fear but instead put their faith in hope and in God. They believe there is a clearer optimism on their part in the form of forgiveness, grace and hope and are willing to lead by example by caring for people who fear and encourage them to hope and the trust in God.

One in three women is exposed to intimate partner violence at some point during their lives. Exposure to violence can have severe negative effects on the victims’ working lives. This qualitative study intends to examine how intimate partner violence is understood and handled in six Swedish workplaces. The questions the study intends to answer is; How is intimate partner violence constructed in the workplaces? In what way does it affect the workplaces’ handling of the effects of intimate partner violence? The empirical material is collected through sex semi-structured interviews with women who work in managerial positions or in HR. The material is analyzed using theoretical tools from Berger & Luckmanns (1991) theory; objectivation and institutionalization. What emerged during the analysis of the empirical material was that the workplaces do not have any institutionalized processes for dealing with intimate partner violence, the phenomenon is objectivated as a private problem and lacks a concrete form in the workplaces. The understanding of intimate partner violence was twofold, where the respondents on a subjective level understood the phenomenon, but through the perspective of their professional role, that understanding is made more difficult. To understand the phenomenon in relation to the workplace, attempts were made to place it within existing institutionalized processes, however, there was no given place within any of them. To deal with intimate partner violence in the workplace informal structures arose, but they were temporary and dependent on the knowledge and awareness of the people who happen to be present when they occur. The fact that intimate partner violence is not institutionalized also means that there are limited resources for support in the workplace. The respondents are therefore forced to find out for themselves which other institutions in society that can be helpful for dealing with the problem. Consequently, it is unclear to everyone in the workplace how the problem should be handled. / En av tre kvinnor utsätts någon gång under sin livstid för våld i nära relationer. Utsatthet för våld kan geflera negativa effekter på utsattas arbetsliv. Denna kvalitativa studie ämnar undersöka av hur våld i närarelationer förstås och hanteras på sex svenska arbetsplatser. Problemformuleringen studien utgår från är: Hur konstrueras våld i nära relationer på arbetsplatserna? På vilka sätt påverkar det arbetsplatsernas hantering av effekterna av våld i nära relationer? Studiens empiriska material är insamlat genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor som arbetar på chefsposition eller inom HR. I analysenanvänds teoretiska verktyg från Berger & Luckmanns (1991) teori om det sociala, objektivering och institutionalisering. Det som framkom under analysen av det empiriska materialet var att arbetsplatserna inte har institutionaliserat processer för att hantera våld i nära relation, fenomenet är objektiverat som ett privatproblem och saknar en konkret form på arbetsplatserna. Förståelsen för våld i nära relationer var tvådelad där respondenterna på ett subjektivt plan hade en förståelse för fenomenet, genom perspektivet av sin yrkesroll försvåras dock den förståelsen. För att förstå fenomenet i relation till arbetsplatsen gjordes försök att placera in det inom befintliga institutionaliserade processer, det fanns dock ingen given plats inom någon av dem. För att hantera våld i nära relationer på arbetsplatsen uppstod informella strukturer, de var dock temporära och beroende av den kunskap och medvetenhet som finns hos depersoner som råkar närvara där de uppstår. Att hanteringen av våld i nära relationer inte är institutionaliserat gör också att det finns begränsade resurser för stöd på arbetsplatserna. Respondenterna tvingas därför själva utröna vilka andra institutioner i samhället som kan vara behjälpliga och hantera problemet med hjälp av dem. Konsekvensen blir att det är otydligt för samtliga som verkar inom institutionen hur problemet ska hanteras.

Socialarbetare verkar i en arbetsmiljö där de regelbundet utsätts för andra människors trauma och lidande. Det är svårt för den professionella att förbli oberörd i mötet med andras lidande och en specifik efterföljd av detta benämns som sekundärt trauma. Sekundär traumatisering är ett relativt okänt begrepp i Sverige men som kommit att bli allt mer uppmärksammat de senaste tio åren. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur begreppet sekundär traumatisering konstrueras i populärvetenskaplig litteratur. Studien har genom en tematisk innehållsanalys av text analyserat två populärvetenskapliga böcker och hur de bidrar till att konstruera begreppet sekundärt trauma. För att genomföra analysen har socialkonstruktivismen använts som teoretiskt ramverk. Studiens resultat visar på att sekundärt trauma konstrueras som ett vagt definierat begrepp och behöver ett samlat angreppssätt för att möjliggöra vidare forskning. Vidare visar resultatet på att sekundärt trauma konstrueras som ett problem inom socialt arbete vilket behöver tas på allvar och uppmärksammas. / Social workers act in a working environment where they regularly get exposed to other peoples trauma and suffering. It's hard for the professional to stay unaffected to others suffering and a specific follow to this is called secondary trauma. Secondary trauma is a relatively unknown concept in Sweden but has been increasingly paid attention to in the last ten years. This study aims to examine how the concept of secondary trauma is constructed in popular science litteratur. This study has through a thematic content analysis of text analyzed two popular science literature books and how they contribute to the construction of the concept of secondary trauma. To implement the analysis the social constructivism has been used as a theoretical framework. The result of the study shows that the construction of secondary trauma is still a weekley defined concept that needs a collected approach to enable further research. Furthermore the result shows that secondary trauma is constructed as a  problem within social work that needs to be taken seriously.

The aim of this study was to highlight and analyze how the understanding of elder abuse is phrased, enunciated and socially constructed by unit managers and care personnel in elderly care. Despite being globally recognized as a social problem, elder abuse is an under-researched field. The data collection consists of eight qualitative and semistructured interviews with unit manager and care personnel in swedish elderly care. The study has been analyzed by applying a theoretical framework consisting of social constructivism, ageism and role concepts. The results of the study shows that unit manager and care personnel has the tools and ambition to notice and perceive elder abuse. The results also shows that the lack of an coherent definition of elder abuse has an influence in how the phenomenon is constructed by care personnel.

This study examines the European council and its connection to CFSP and the European identity. It will give a perspective of the change in common foreign-security policy from the Maastricht Treaty to the Lissabon treaty. The study will reproduce a perspective through time and describe the main ideas in CFSP and make a connection to how it created a European identity. The empirical material will conclude the European council results. To give more perspective, an idea analysis will be operating to capture the ideas of the various materials describing European identity and the CFSP. Henceforth using the empirical material to conclude a result for the analysis. For the analysis to be complete subjects such as normative power and actorness will have a part in the work in CFSP. Social constructivism as a theory will help to understand the power that European identity has in international cooperation. To conclude this, abstract the study will structure a difference in the work of the CFSP and its strategy to promoted democracy, and peace.

Studiens syfte var att avtäcka de element som upplevs betydelsefulla för den enskilda individen i en återhämtningsprocess från beroende, i relation till deltagandet av NA-möten. Som bakgrund till studien presenteras en redogörelse för olika definitioner av beroendeproblematiken samt återhämtning, tillfrisknande, tolvstegsprogrammet och Anonyma Narkomaner. Datainsamlingsmetoden som har används är av kvalitativ art med semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra informanter. Bearbetning av data har skett genom tematisering som har resulterat i tre olika teman, som visar korrelation mellan det informanterna uttryckt. Temana sammanfattar fynden av verksamma mekanismer i deltagandet av NA-möten för en återhämtningsprocess mot tillfrisknande. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån ovan nämnd bakgrund, tidigare forskning samt två teoribildningar som ämnat att komplettera varandra. Studien visar att verksamma mekanismer i en återhämtningsprocess från beroende mot tillfrisknande är “gemenskap”, “unik förståelse” och “självutveckling” som kan återfinnas i deltagandet av NA-möten. / The aim of the study was to uncover the elements that are perceived as important for the individual in a recovery process from addiction, in relation to the participation of NA meetings. An introduction to the study is presented including a summary of various definitions of the addiction problem as well as recovery, the twelve-step program and Narcotics Anonymous. The data collection method used in the study was qualitative, through semi-structured interviews with four informants. Data processing was done through theme classification, which resulted in the identification of three themes based on common perceptions between the four informants. These themes summarize the findings of effective mechanisms in the participation in NA meetings for a recovery process. The result were analyzed on the basis of the aforementioned introduction, previous research and two theories that are intended to complement each other. The study shows that effective mechanisms in a recovery process from addiction are "community", "unique understanding" and "self-development" that can be found in the participation of NA meetings.

Arbetet har sin bakgrund i att Malmö stad under de senaste åren delar ut datorer till bland annat eleverna i de kommunala gymnasieskolorna. Arbetet har även sin grund i forskningen kring TV- och dataspelsbruk. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka hur Malmös kommunala gymnasieskolor arbetar för att uppmärksamma negativt bruk av TV- och dataspel bland sina elever. Vidare att undersöka hur de kommunala gymnasieskolorna i Malmö arbetar för att stödja de elever som fastnar i ett negativt bruk av TV- och dataspel. Arbetet syftar även till att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom kommunala gymnasieskolor, definierar ett negativt bruk av TV- och dataspel. I studien användes en kvalitativa design med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuer har genomförts med fyra kuratorer som arbetar vid olika kommunala gymnasieskolor i Malmö. Resultatet i detta arbete har analyserats utifrån teorin kring socialkonstruktivism och diskuterats med tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet TV- och dataspelsbruk. Arbetet visar bland annat att de kommunala gymnasieskolorna inte har något specifikt arbete kring frågan om negativt TV- och dataspelsbruk, utan utgår från ett generellt förhållningssätt för att uppmärksamma negativa förändringar bland sina elever. Vidare erbjuder skolorna stöd i form av samtalskontakt till de elever som har ett negativt bruk av TV- och dataspel. Resultatet visar även att de intervjuade definierar ett negativt bruk av TV- och dataspel utifrån de eventuella konsekvenser som drabbar individen av dennes spelande. / This work has its origin in that the city of Malmö in recent years, have been handing out computers to e.g. students in the municipal high schools. The work also has its basis in research on TV- and computer game use. This work aims to investigate how Malmo's municipal high schools work to pay attention to negative use of TV- and computer games among their students. Furthermore, to investigate how the local high schools in Malmö work to support those students who get stuck in a negative use of TV- and computer games. The work also aims to examine how professionals in the municipal high schools, defines a negative use of the TV- and computer games. The study used a qualitative design with semi-structured interviews . Interviews were conducted with four counselors working at various municipal high schools in Malmö. The results of this work have been analyzed based on the theory of social constructivism and discussed with previous research in the subject area TV and computer game use. The work shows that the municipal high schools do not have any specific work on the issue of negative TV and computer games use, but is based on a general attitude to notice negative changes among their students. Further schools offers support in the form of dialog-contact with those students who have a negative use of the TV- and computer games. The result also shows that the respondents define a negative use of TV and computer games based on the possible consequences faced by the individual of his or her gambling.

The aim of this study was to investigate how conceptions of gender are expressed in the construction of women and men in judgments on the Care of Substance Abusers (Special Provisions) Act (LVM). According to Swedish law everyone must be treated equally, regardless of gender. In addition, the social services have an important responsibility to promote gender equality. At the same time there are conceptions of gender in our society that have been shown to influence the treatment of women and men. It is therefore important to examine, from a gender perspective, whether and how conceptions of gender are expressed in judgments. The empirical material consisted of 30 court cases, whereof 14 cases concerned women and 16 cases concerned men. The data has been analysed through the method “critical discourse analysis”, which focuses on the implicit rather than the explicit. The method allowed us to examine the language in judgments. The main results showed that, despite of a neutral law, women and men were described different. Through the descriptions, four discourses were found. Two on each gender, which acted as opposites. Women as passive victims versus men as active agents. Women as deviant versus men as the norm. The gender discourses showed conceptions of gender that expressed a separation and a hierarchy between women and men.